Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

The Modified Bi-quintic B-spline Base Functions: An Application to Diffusion Equation

S. Kutluay, N. M. Yagmurlu*

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey

Abstract: In this paper, the bi-quintic B-spline base functions are modified on a general 2-dimensional problem and then they are applied to two-dimensional Diffusion problem in order to obtain its numerical solutions. The computed results are compared with the results given in the literature.

Keywords: Galerkin Finite Element Method, Bi-quintic B-splines, Two-dimensional B-splines, Modified bi-quintic B-splines, Two-dimensional Diffusion Equation

Citation: S. Kutluay, N. M. Yagmurlu, The Modified Bi-quintic B-spline Base Functions: An Application to Diffusion Equation. International Journal of Partial Differential Equations and Applications, 5 (1). 26-32. January 2017. doi:10.12691/ijpdea-5-1-4

1. Introduction

In this paper, we will consider two dimensional Diffusion equation of the form

[picture] | (1)

with the initial condition

[picture] | (2)

and boundary conditions

[picture] | (3)

[picture] | (4)

[picture] | (5)

[picture] | (6)

on the region The exact solution of this problem is [1]

[picture] | (7)

where K is a diffusion coefficent.

The finite element method has been widely applied to physics, solid and fluid mechanics, engineering, medicine and so on [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]. Particularly, Kasi and Koneru [13] have used the Galerkin finite element method for onedimensional and two-dimensional time dependent problems by modifying bicubic B-spline base functions. Moon et al. [1] have obtained a non-separable solution of the diffusion equation based on the Galerkin’s method using cubic splines. Tavakoli and Davami [14] have developed a parallel unconditionally stable fully explicit finite difference scheme for solution of the diffusion equation. Ang [15] has proposed a boundary integral equation method for the numerical solution of the two-dimensional diffusion equation subject to a non-local condition. Velivelli and Bryden [16] have examined cache optimization for the Lattice Boltzmann method in both serial and parallel implementations by utilizing the two-dimesional diffusion equation. Aboanber and Hamada [17] have developed a generalized Runge-Kutta method for the numerical integration of the stiff space-time diffusion equations. Bhaskar et al. [18] have developed Heatlets, the fundamental solutions of heat equation using wavelets, for numerically solving inhomogeneous and homogeneous initial value problems of diffusion equation on unbounded domains. Sterk and Trobec [19] have given the derivation and implementation of a numerical solution of a time-dependent diffusion equation in detail, based on the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method.

In this paper, we have first modified bi-quintic b-spline functions on the boundary of a general two dimensional dimensional problem and used them to obtain numerical solutions of the Diffusion problem by the Galerkin finite element method. The modified bi-quintic B-splines are used as basis functions and rectangles as element shapes.

We try a bi-quintic B-spline function of the form

as an approximation solution to two dimensional diffusion problem. In order to find an approximate solution in the above form to the problem by the Galerkin method, first of all we have to redefine the B-spline basis functions into a new set of functions, namely modified bi-quintic B-spline functions. This redefining process was successfully applied to cubic B-spline functions to obtain modified bi-cubic B-spline functions [13]. The newly obtained set of modified functions are identically zero on the boundary of the given problem. It should be pointed out that this process is necessary, since B-spline basis functions Bi(x)(i = −2(1)(n + 2) in the x-direction and the B-spline basis functions Bj(y)(j = −2(1)(m + 2) in the y-direction are not zero on the boundary of the problem. After the redefining process of the basis functions, we can now try the modified bi-quintic B-spline functions of the form

as its approximate solution, where and are the quintic B-splines to be modified only on the boundary in the x and y- directions, respectively. Since all of the modified quintic B-splines are zero on the boundary of the problem, non-homogenous boundary conditions are satisfied by the term

2. Derivation of the Modified Bi-quintic B-splines

2.1. Bi-quintic B-spline Element

The rectangular region D of the problem is subdivided into a number of uniform rectangular finite elements of sides and by the knots where An approximation with quintic B-spline functions to is taken of the form

[picture] | (8)

where are the amplitudes of bi-quintic B-splines given by

[picture] | (9)

and Bi(x) is defined as

[20]. Bj(y) can easily be found by replacing i with j and x with y. Figure 1 depicts a region, where hx = hy = 1, so that it is divided into finite elements by the integer knots (i, j), and a single bi-quintic B-spline B₃₃ which peaks on the point (3, 3) and also covers a total of 36 square elements. When the entire set of bi-quintic splines Bij, each of which peaks on a knot (i, j), where 0 ≤ i ≤ 6, 0 ≤ j ≤ 6, are added to this figure, a total of 36 splines cover each finite element [21].

Figure 1. The bi-quintic B-spline B₃₃ centered on (3,3) covering 36 finite elements of side 1

2.2. A Modified Bi-quintic B-spline Element

To show how to modify bi-quintic spline functions on the boundary, we consider the two-dimensional general linear equation of the form

[picture] | (10)

subject to the initial condition

[picture] | (11)

and boundary conditions

[picture] | (12)

[picture] | (13)

[picture] | (14)

[picture] | (15)

where and are given functions, D is a rectangular region in R² with boundary ∂D.

Now, it is supposed that both the x-space variable domain and y-space variable domain of the system (10)-(15) are divided into n and m subintervals, respectively, by the set of n + 1 distinct grid points and m + 1 distinct grid points such that

Since a quintic B-spline function covers six consecutive elements, we add ten additional grid points in the x-direction and ten additional grid points in the y-direction such that

To find an approximate solution in the form of Eq. (8) to the problem given by Eqs. (10)-(15) with the Galerkin method, we do need to redefine the basis functions into a new set of basis functions which all vanish on ∂D. The redefining process of the basis functions is done in the following three steps.

Step 1. The approximate solution given by Eq. (8) can also be written as [13]

[picture] | (16)

where

[picture] | (17)

Allowing the approximate solution given by Eq. (16) to satisfy the boundary conditions (14) and (15) and eliminating and from the resulting equations, we obtain

[picture] | (18)

where

[picture] | (19)

[picture] | (20)

[picture] | (21)

Step 2. By evaluating the expression given by Eq. (17) at and and eliminating and from the resulting equations, we obtain

[picture] | (22)

where

[picture] | (23)

[picture] | (24)

[picture] | (25)

Step 3. Finally, substituting in Eq. (22) into Eq. (18) and allowing the resulting equation to satisfy the boundary conditions (12) and (13), we obtain

[picture] | (26)

where

[picture] | (27)

Applying exactly the same three steps, but now writing the approximate solution (8) as [13]

[picture] | (28)

where

[picture] | (29)

we obtain

[picture] | (30)

where

[picture] | (31)

Figure 2. Modified B-spline functions

By taking the average of Eq. (27) and Eq. (31), we obtain the general approximation to of the form

[picture] | (32)

where the new set of basis functions are for which all vanish on and given in Eq. (32) satisfies the boundary conditions given by Eqs. (12)-(15). The profiles of the modified quintic B-splines are shown in Figure 2 for 4 elements.

3. Numerical Example and Results

In this section, we will try to obtain the numerical solutions of the diffusion problem given by Eqs. (1)-(6) using the Galerkin finite element method with the modified bi-quintic B-spline base functions. The diffusion equation is integrated in space variables x and y. To apply the method to the problem, first of all we need to construct the weak form of the problem.

3.1. Weak Form of the Model Problem

For this purpose, all terms in Eq. (1) are taken to the right hand side of the equation and then multiplied by the weight function Ψ(x, y). Finally, by integrating the resulting equation over the region D and setting it to zero, we get

[picture] | (33)

where for k = 0(1)n and l = 0(1)m. By applying the Green Theorem (see, e.g. Reddy [22]) to Eq. (33), the weak form of the model problem in the global coordinate system is obtained as follows

[picture] | (34)

To change from the global coordinate system into the local one, we use the transformations and Thus, the weak form (34) transforms to the form

[picture] | (35)

3.2. Galerkin Finite Element Solutions of the Model Problem

In this subsection, the numerical solutions of the model problem are obtained by the Galerkin finite element method using the modified bi-quintic Bspline basis functions. The numerical scheme is implemented by dividing the region into and elements. The obtained solutions are compared with those existing in the literature and tabulated with error norms and In all numerical calculations, the coefficient in Eq. (1) is taken as

For this, the approximate solution for each element is written in the weak form (35) and then a coefficient matrix is obtained for each element. By combining the coefficient matrix for each element, we obtain an algebraic equation in the form

[picture] | (36)

and an iterative equation in the form

[picture] | (37)

[picture] | (38)

[picture] | (39)

[picture] | (40a)

[picture] | (41)

where i, j, k, l = 0(1)n, il = j(n + 1) + i and jl = l(n + 1) + k

[picture] | (42)

where i, j, k, l = 0(1)n, il = j(n + 1) + 1 and jl = l(n + 1) + k

[picture] | (43)

where i, j = 0(1)1, il = j(n + 1) + 1.

The division of the region into 4×4=16 elements

If the solution domain D of the problem is equally divided into 4×4 = 16 elements, 16 squares having the sides of hx = hy = h = 1/4 are obtained. If the approximate solution is constructed for each element, a total number of 7 × 7 = 49 global element parameters over the region D are obtained depending on the local element parameters αi(t) and βj(t), (i, j =−1(1)5). It is obvious that we need to find the global element parameters Ai(t), (i = 1(1)49) in order to obtain the approximate solution for each element. By solving these algebraic equations, element parameters Ai(t), (i=1(1)49) are obtained at times t = 0.0 and t = 1.0.The obtained element parameters are put in their places in the element equations, and then the approximate solution for each element at times t = 0.0 and t = 1.0 is found.

The division of the region into 10×10=100 elements

Now the solution domain D of the problem is equally divided into 10 × 10 = 100 elements, 100 squares having the sides of hx = hy = h = 1/10 are obtained.

As in 4 × 4 = 16 elements, if the approximate solution is constructed for each element, a total number of 13×13 = 169 global element parameters over the region D are obtained depending on the local element parameters and (i = −1(1)11). It is obvious that we need to find the global element parameters (i = 1(1)49) in order to obtain the approximate solution for each element. For this, the approximate solution for each element is written in the weak form (35) and then a coefficient matrix is obtained for each element. By combining the coefficient matrices for each element, first we obtain an algebraic equation in the form Eq. (36) then an iterative equation in the form of Eq. (38) by applying forward difference and Crank-Nicolson finite difference formula to Eq. (37). By solving these equations with the help of a computer program we obtain the global element parameters (i = 1(1)169) at times t = 0.0 and t = 1.0, respectively. These obtained element parameters are put in their places in the element equations, and then the approximate solutions for each element at times t = 0.0 and t = 1.0 are found.

The obtained numerical results by the present method using the modified bi-quintic B-splines have been displayed and also compared with its exact ones in Table 3 – Table 6. It is obviously seen from the tables that the numerical results are in good agreement with the exact ones. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show graphically how closely the approximate solution matches with the exact solution at times t = 0.0 and t = 0.05, respectively. Since the numerical solution is very close to the exact solution, their graphs are indiscriminately similar to each other. In Table 5 and Table 6, the numerical solutions obtained by the Galerkin finite element method with modified biquintic B-spline basis functions are compared with the exact ones at times t = 0.0 and t = 1.0, respectively.

Figure 3. (a) Exact solution (b) Numerical solution for 4 × 4 = 16 elements and (c) Numerical solution for 10 × 10 = 100 elements at t = 0

Figure 4. (a) Exact solution (b) Numerical solution for 4 × 4 = 16 elements and (c) Numerical solution for 10 × 10 = 100 elements at t = 1.0 with Δt = 0.05

Table 1. Numerical and exact solutions of the model problem for 4 × 4 = 16 elements at t = 0.0

Table 2. Numerical and exact solutions of the model problem for 4 × 4 = 16 elements and Δt = 0.05 at t = 1.0

Table 3. Numerical and exact solutions of the problem for 10 × 10 = 100 elements at t = 0.0

Table 4. Numerical and exact solutions of the problem for 10 × 10 = 100 elements at t = 1.0 with Δt = 0.05

Table 5. Numerical and exact solutions of the problem for 4 × 4 = 16 and 10 × 10 = 100 elements at t = 0.0

Table 6. Numerical and exact solutions of the problem for 4 × 4 = 16 and 10 × 10 = 100 elements at t = 1.0 with Δt = 0.05

In order to measure how good the numerical solutions obtained by the Galerkin finite element method with the bi-quintic B-spline basis functions, the error norms and defined as

are computed and tabulated in Table 7. In and is the number of inner points, and are the exact and approximate solutions at the point i., respectively. The error norms and are computed by taking the values and at 41×41 = 1681(=) points obtained by dividing the region D = [0, 1] × [0, 1] into 40 equal elements in the directions x and y. As seen from the table, the approximate solutions become better as the number of elements increase.

Table 7. Comparison of the error norms L₂ and L∞ of the model problem with results from [23]

4. Conclusion

In this paper, a modified bi-quintic B-spline finite element method is proposed and successfully applied to two dimensional Diffusion problem to obtain its numerical solutions. The agreement between our numerical results and the exact solution is satisfactorily good. The obtained numerical results showed that the present method is a remarkably successful numerical technique and can also be applied to a large number of physically important two dimensional non-linear problems.

References

[1]   | B. S. Moon, D. S. Yoo, Y.H. Lee, I.S. Oh, J.W. Lee, D.Y. Lee and K.C. Kwon, A non-separable solution of the diffusion equation based on the Galerkin’s method using cubic splines , Appl. Math. and Comput., 217 (2010) 1831-1837.
[2]   | D. L. Logan, A First Course in the Finite Element Method, Thomson Learning, part of the Thomson Corporation, New York, 2007.
[3]   | M. A. Bhatti, Fundamental Finite Element Analysis and Applications: with Mathematica and Matlab Computations, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2005.
[4]   | J.N. Reddy, An introduction to Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.
[5]   | E. G. Thompson, Introduction To The Finite Element Method, Theory, Programming, and Applications, John Wiley Sons, Inc., USA, 2005.
[6]   | J. Wu, X. Zhang, Finite Element Method by Using Quartic B-Splines, Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations, 10 (2011) 818-828.
[7]   | O.C. Zienkiewicz, The finite element method, McGraw-Hill, London, 1977.
[8]   | S.Kutluay, A. Esen, I.Dağ, Numerical solutions of the Burgers equation by the least-squares quadratic B-spline finite element method, J Comput Appl Math 167 (2004) 21-33.
[9]   | H.Bateman, Some recent researcher on the motion of fluids, Mon. Weather Rev. 43 (1915) 163-170.
[10]   | J.M. Burger, A matematical model illustrating the theory of turbulence, Advances in Applied Mechanics I, Academic Press, New York, (1948) 171-19.
[11]   | J.D. Cole, On A Quasi Linear Parabolic Equaion Occuring in Aerodynamics, Quart. Appl. Math. 9 (1951) 225-236.
[12]   | P. Jamet, R. Bonnoret, Numerical solution of compressible flow by finite element method which flows the free boundary and the interfaces, J. Comput. Phys. 18 (1975) 21-45.
[13]   | K.N.S. Kasi Viswanadham, S.R. Koneru, Finite element method for onedimensional and two-dimensional time dependent problems with B-splines, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 108, (1993) 201-222.
[14]   | R. Tavakoli and P. Davami, 2D parallel and stable group explicit finite difference method for solution of diffusion equation, Appl. Math. and Comput.,188 (2007) 1184-1192
[15]   | W.T. Ang, A boundary integral equation method for the two-dimensional diffusion equation subject to a non-local condition, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 25 (2001) 1-6.
[16]   | A. C. Velivelli and K. M. Bryden, A cache-efficient implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method for the two-dimensional diffusion equation, Concurrency Computat. Pract. Exper., 16 (2004) 1415-1432.
[17]   | A.E. Aboanber and Y.M. Hamada, Generalized Runge–Kutta method for two- and three-dimensional space–time diffusion equations with a variable time step, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 35 (2008) 1024-1040.
[18]   | T. Gnana Bhaskar, S. Hariharan and Neela Nataraj, Heatlet approach to diffusion equation on unbounded domains, Appl. Math. and Comput., 197 (2008) 891-903.
[19]   | M. Sterk and R.Trobec, Meshless solution of a diffusion equation with parameter optimization and error analysis, Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 32 (2008) 567-577.
[20]   | P.M. Prenter, Splines and variational methods, Wiles New York, 1975.
[21]   | L.R.T. Gardner, G.A. Gardner, A two dimensional bi-cubic B-spline finite element: used in a study of MHD-duct flow, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 124 (1995) 365-375.
[22]   | J.N. Reddy, An introduction to the finite element method, McGraw-Hill International Editions, third ed., New York, 2006.
[23]   | N.M. Yagmurlu, “Numerical Solutions of 2-Dimensional Partial Differential Equations with B-spline Finite Element Methods”, Ph.D. Thesis, ˙In¨on¨u University, Malatya (Turkey), 2011.