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Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method for Steady State Convection-Diffusion-Radiation problems

Hassan Zakerdoost*, Hassan Ghassemi

Department of Ocean Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract: Many problems in fluid dynamics and heat transfer are defined by nonlinear equations. In this paper steady state convection-diffusion-reaction (SSCDR) equations are solved by dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM). DRBEM is employed to transform the domain integrals into the boundary only integrals by employing the fundamental solution of the Laplace Equation. The linear Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) is used in the dual reciprocity technique. To verify the accuracy of the approach, the numerical results of an examples is calculated and compared with the analytical solution. The comparison demonstrates the usefulness of the approach for diffusion-dominated problems with low velocity values.

Keywords: fluid dynamics, convection-diffusion equation; dual reciprocity method; radial functions

Received September 17, 2014; Revised September 26, 2014; Accepted September 29, 2014

Citation: Hassan Zakerdoost, Hassan Ghassemi, Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method for Steady State Convection-Diffusion-Radiation problems. International Journal of Partial Differential Equations and Applications, 2 (4). 68-71. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ijpdea-2-4-2

1. Introduction

The two dimensional (2D) steady state convection-diffusion-reaction (SSCDR) discussed in this paper is combining of 2D steady state convection equation and 2D steady state diffusion equation with a linear reaction term. These equations and their combinations can be governed many transport problems in fluid dynamics [1,2,3]. Modeling chemical, physical, environmental and biological phenomena mathematically are samples of these transport problems.

Some researchers used different methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) [4,5,6]. The presence of the first-order derivatives in the CDR equations causes skew-symmetric coefficient matrices with potentially destabilizing effects. Thus some authors attempted to solve this problem by different numerical schemes but today we are still required better numerical technique for more accurate approximating PDEs that include first order spatial derivatives (convective term) and hence it is an attractive and challenging issue in fluid dynamics problems [7].

The DRBEM which was originally introduced by Nardini and Brebbia [8], is thus the most successful method since it reduces the dimension of the problem by one unit and then saves computational time and memory. The DRBEM rearranges the PDE terms into equations of the forms and (the coefficients and are constants), that have the fundamental solutions and then approximates the non-homogeneous term by interpolating functions, called radial basis functions (RBFs) in terms of its values at the collocation. Dehghan and Mirzaei [9] have applied the boundary integral equation and DRBEM for solving 1D Cahn–Hilliard equation. Yun and Ang [10] treated the DRBEM for axisymmetric thermo-elastostatic analysis of non-homogeneous materials. In [8] the dual reciprocity boundary integral equation technique has been presented to solve the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation. Purbolaksono and Aliabadi employed the DRBEM to evaluate large deformations of shear deformable plates [12]. Recently, Damapack et al applied boundary element method to the bending analysis of thin functionally graded plates [13].

In the present paper, the well-known DRBEM is applied to numerically solve the 2D steady state convection-diffusion-reaction problems. The outline of this work is as follows: In Section 2, the governing equation and boundary condition of problem are presented. The discretization of the steady state convection-diffusion-reaction equation using dual reciprocity boundary element method is described in Section 3. The numerical and analytical results are compared in Section 4. And, last section summarizes conclusions of the numerical results.

2. Problem Statement

Consider a temperature field in a homogeneous isotropic domain bounded by a piece-wise smooth boundary such that and with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions respectively. The mathematical equation governing steady state convection-diffusion-reaction type problems in 2D is:

[picture] | (1)

With respect to a particular problem, u can demonstrate a temperature or the concentration of a chemical species. D > 0 is the diffusion coefficient of the temperature or the species, is the velocity field of fluid flow and k > 0 is a reaction coefficient.

Boundary conditions of the problem are of the form:

[picture] | (2)

where n is the outward normal vector to the boundary , and are known boundary functions.

3. DRBEM Formulation

There are several analytical and numerical methods for solving the above steady state boundary value problem. We employ boundary integral equation and the DRBEM for Equation (1) subject to boundary conditions (2) to find the BEM solution. Because the velocity field may be variable and the fundamental solution of the Laplace operator is available, the convective and reaction terms are shifted to the right hand side (RHS) and then the Equation (1) can be rewritten as:

[picture] | (3)

Now to expand the non-homogeneity of the above equation (i.e. function ) in terms of its values at each nodes based on the idea of the DRBEM, we utilize a set of RBFs such that

[picture] | (4)

where a set of undetermined interpolation coefficients, N is the number of collocation nodes on the boundary, L is the number of collocation points in the domain and is defined as the distance between the node under consideration and the node k.

In [14,15,16], authors found that the following RBF is effective and has good results with most of problems.

[picture] | (5)

The vector is obtained from Equation (4) as

[picture] | (6)

Where is the inverse of matrix f. we can find a particular solution associated with each function satisfying the following equation

[picture] | (7)

Substituting Equation (8) into Equation (4), we have

[picture] | (8)

Let us consider as the weighting function and the fundamental solution of Laplace equation , is the Dirac delta function and P and Q are a field point and a source point respectively. The fundamental solution or weighting function is given as

[picture] | (9)

As defined previous in Equation (3) is a function of the first order derivative of . We can utilize a global interpolation function for to approximate the values of its derivatives at all the collocation points in similar way to that of for [17]. We choose

[picture] | (10)

where is the RBF that is appropriate and compatible for the problems contained derivatives in the function [18] and it is defined as

[picture] | (11)

and are unknown coefficients for each collocation point that is determined as

[picture] | (12)

where is the inverse of matrix q. Applying the weighted residual technique to Equation (3) and after some matrix manipulation (for more details see [19]) we have

[picture] | (13)

For the constant element case, where for and for , the prime symbol denotes the normal derivative of the functions, is the Identity matrix and

[picture] | (14)

The Equation (13) is the discretized version of the Poisson equation using DRBEM and the problem has been reduced from a mixed formulation containing boundary integrals and a domain integral to a boundary only formulation [11,19]. The source point i is moved to all N boundary and L DRM nodes on the boundary and in the interior to develop N+L linear equation in N+L unknowns and to close the problem. Introducing the boundary conditions (2) into Equation (13) and rearranging by taking known variables to the right hand side, and unknown variables to the left hand side, we can get a linear algebra system of equations that may be solved by employing the usual Gauss elimination method or the efficient LU decomposition technique.

4. Numerical Results

This example is a two-dimensional SSCDR problem on the square domain that the convective coefficient is a function of the second order in direction y coordinate. Here, 200 boundary nodes and 513 internal nodes have been used. The code of the method procedure is written in DVF-FORTRAN 95. The convective coefficient is a second order function of y-coordinate. The Equation is given by

[picture] | (15)

whereand . Here, the value of parameter A is assumed by two values as A=0.5 and A=0.25 to make respectively the profile of the convective coefficient and the function symmetric and non-symmetric with respect to the y-coordinate. The boundary conditions correspond to the problems are defined as

[picture] | (16)

A particular solution of the above equation can be obtained

[picture] | (17)

Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the comparison between the obtained horizontal profile and the corresponding analytical solution along the faces y=0 and y=1 for A=0.5 and A=0.25 respectively. Figure 3 and Figure 4 present relative errors of the normal derivative (|(numerical − analytical)/analytical|). With respect to the accuracy achieved, it can be seen from these figures good numerical results for the normal derivative have been obtained along the vertical boundary x=0 and x=1. The differences between the analytical solution and the numerical solution for several horizontal lines of the domain can be demonstrated from Figure 5 and Figure 6 for A=0.5 and A=0.25 respectively. These both figures indicate that as the term limits to zero the relative errors decrease to zero.

Figure 1. Comparison of numerical and analytical solutions for the function u(x) along horizontal boundaries, y=0, y=1 for A=0.50

Figure 2. Comparison of numerical and analytical solutions for the function u(x) along horizontal boundaries y=0, y=1 for A=0.25

Figure 3. Relative errors between numerical and analytical solutions for the normal derivate along the vertical boundary x=1 for A=0.50 and A=0.25

Figure 4. Relative errors between Numerical and analytical solutions for the normal derivate along the vertical boundary x=0 for A=0.50 and A=0.25

Figure 5. Relative errors of function u(x,y) for five horizontal faces for A=0.5

Figure 6. Relative errors of function u(x,y) for five horizontal faces for A=0.25

5. Conclusions

In this study the formulation of the boundary integral Equation and the dual reciprocity boundary element method were employed for solving the SSCDR equation on two-dimensional domain. Discretized form of the Equation was obtained by using the proposed method and its procedure was described in detail. Moreover, the significant advantage and robustness of the DRBEM permitted us to implement it for SSCDR transport problems with variable convective coefficient. The accuracy and efficiency of this technique were evaluated and good agreement between numerical results and the corresponding analytical solutions was achieved.

References

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