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José Luís Pereira Rebelo Fernandes

Independent Researcher since 2005, Engineer, Graduated from the University of Porto

Abstract: Now we can deduct the variation of the atomic radius with the universal density of potential energy. We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”. In the same way as a lower ρ, gravitational radiation occurs more easily, so does electromagnetic radiation. With the decrease of ρ due to the expansion of the universe, the magnetic permeability of the vacuum U increases. Applying quantum mechanics, it turns out that the atomic radius varies in the inverse proportion of U, that is, in the inverse proportion of the expansion of the universe. Since all matter is made up of atoms, we conclude that matter in the future will shrink. This notion associated with the increase in G allows us to better understand the universal formation. The centers of mass due to the increase in G move away and the large amounts of mass made up of larger atoms shrink giving rise to the protostars that over time gave rise to the stars and their ignition as well as greater regiment to the planets and moons. The contraction of the rotating celestial bodies, among them the Earth, justifies the fact that the day is currently shorter, since the angular momentum will always be constant. Keeping the angular momentum indicates that if a mass that turns one day a day shrinks by half it will start to turn four times a day. The average increased surface speed of rotation will be proportional to the expansion of the universe. Heating of stars and universal heating. Now that we know about the contraction of atoms and, consequently, the contraction of celestial bodies, we have to admit that this process leads to its heating. Assuming that the temperature increases in proportion to the kinetic energy.

Keywords: relativity, space, time, dilation, gravity, gravitational, speed, density, energy, potential, mass, ligh, galaxy

Received February 03, 2021; Revised March 09, 2021; Accepted March 18, 2021

Citation: José Luís Pereira Rebelo Fernandes, . International Journal of Physics, 9 (2). 96-113. January 2021. doi:10.12691/ijp-9-2-5

1. Introduction

In this article, we will describe the journey taken to date, in order to understand in a clear way all the development of the theory created.

-We start with The Relativity of Time with the Universal Density of Potential Energy in Different Stationary References Frames.

We can look here and at “Ref. [1]”, where the time in the satellites is composed of two different times, one, regarding the speed at which the referential moves, and another, regarding the distance to the center of mass in whose field it gravitates. For example at the limit of the gravitational field, teremos, ( is the Universal Density of Potential Energy), It is concluded that time is inversely proportional to the root square of the potential energy density in each place.

The first finding is time variability, which means that the clock works more or less quickly, depending on the potential energy density No less important is to verify that is not constant in all places as previously believed.

We also conclude that the relativity of time in the same location over time will be inversely proportional to the square root of because with the expansion of the universe, the universal masses will be further and further away from the location and thus will generate a lower density of potential energy, causing the contraction of time everywhere. The measurements made up to today over time from the radiation coming from space will have to be corrected, otherwise they will be wrong, as the contraction of time pushes the measurement towards the red, giving an apparent reading in which the emitting source is is moving away with increasing and accelerated speed. I think this is the mistake of thinking that the universe grows in acelerate motion.

Developing the joint expression of the speed of the satellite and the distance in relation to the gravitational mass, we will have, the relative time between two references is inversely proportional to the square root of the Universal density of potential energy traversed by each reference frame.

-Now we can deduct the variation of the atomic radius with the universal density of potential energy. We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”. In the same way as a lower ρ, gravitational radiation occurs more easily, so does electromagnetic radiation. With the decrease of ρ due to the expansion of the universe, the magnetic permeability of the vacuum U increases.

Applying quantum mechanics, it turns out that the atomic radius varies in the inverse proportion of U, that is, in the inverse proportion of the expansion of the universe.

Since all matter is made up of atoms, we conclude that matter in the future will shrink.

Both shrinks in the future and in a place with a smaller ρ. An object carried from Earth to the Moon will shrink. We cannot measure with a tape measure as it will behave in the same way.

This notion associated with the increase in G allows us to better understand the universal formation. The centers of mass due to the increase in G move away and the large amounts of mass made up of larger atoms shrink giving rise to the protostars that over time gave rise to the stars and their ignition as well as greater regiment to the planets and moons.

The contraction of the rotating stars, among them the Earth, justifies the fact that the day is currently shorter, since the angular momentum will always be constant. Keeping the angular momentum indicates that if a mass that turns one day a day shrinks by half it will start to turn four times a day.

The average increased surface speed of rotation will be proportional to the expansion of the universe.

The next step is to complete the universal gravitational variable.

We can look here and at “Ref. [2]”, when we do the verification that ρ varies from place to place and that varies in time due to the distance from all universal masses, shows us that the Universal Gravitational Constant is Variable after all.

The Moon has moved away from the Earth at a constant value, 3.82 cm per year, since the last 51 years, which indicates that G increases at a constant value. It also indicates that the universal masses are moving away at a constant value, so the universe expands at a constant value, “C”.

For this purpose, just look at the concept of the potential of the constant speed of light, given by, which implies that G varies in the inverse proportion of , that is, it varies in proportion to the expansion of the universe.

The smaller the greater G. A vacuum with a lower density of facilitates gravitational radiation, which is the same as saying that G increases. In a gravitational field, with the increase of G, a certain gravitational potential generated at a certain distance will in the future happen at a greater distance, causing the masses that gravitate in that field to move away from the field's generating mass, maintaining the speed of constant translation, the same potential in the void. This distance will increase in proportion to the universal expansion because G increases in that proportion.

We can say that in a homogeneous Universe, when the whole expands, the part expands in the same proportion. The expansion and balance of the gravitational fields occurs automatically.

The gravitational orbits of all universal masses are increasing in proportion to universal expansion.

The Black Energy that was thought necessary to expand the Universe does not exist, we do not need it to understand universal expansion. G increases and the centers of mass move apart in proportion to its increase. In the Solar System, we learn that the planets are moving away from the Sun and that the Moons are moving away from the respective planets. The Sun is also moving away from the center of Via Lacteal.

We will now calculate the annual removal of the Moon from the Earth.

We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”,. With the current knowledge, that with the expansion of the universe, time and bodies contract, we have to take these phenomena into account, in order to determine the real distance, from the apparent annual measurement of 3.82 cm from the Moon in relation to Earth.

After that analysis we conclude that the centers of mass of the Earth and the Moon are moving away 2.53 cm by year much less than what is apparently measured.

With the previously calculated value we were able to determine the age of the Universe. Obtaining the value of the age / size of the universe, is of paramount importance in order to be able to quantify the behavior of the universe and the movements of celestial bodies in the future. We will then have the Age given by the ratio of the distance between the centers of mass of the Earth and the Moon by the annual displacement. I = 385000600 / 0.0253 = 15 224 021 588 years.

We can evaluate:

Hubble constant. The definition of the Hubble constant.

We can look here and at “Ref. [4]”, refers to the expansion of the universe based on 1 mega parsec = 3.0856775815x10 ^ + 22 m, indicating the growth rate of that length. V=64,226kms⁻¹Mpc⁻¹ was the value found.

The annual go away of all masses from the centers of mass that gravitate. To calculate the annual deviation of any mass from the center of the gravitational field to which it belongs, it is enough to divide this distance by the age of the Universe. Example Earth. The Earth is 1,496x10 ^ 11 m from the Sun, so the value of the annual distance from the Sun will come from d=1,496x10^11/15224021588 = 9,827 m per year.

The contraction of time on Earth with an interval of 1 year will then be given by tt = to ((I + 1) / I) ^ 0.5 = 1.0000000000328, that is to say in a year, one day you will take more 2837 ns ( nanoseconds).

- The value of the contraction of the bodies. In turn, the radius of the Earth will decrease l = (1- (i / (I + 1))) * 6378100m = 0.000419 m / year.

The abandonment of the planets and moons of the respective proto-sun and proto-planets. For example, the Earth's abandonment of the proto-sun will be given by the product of the age of the universe by the square root of the ratio of the sum of the raises of the stars by the distance between their centers of mass, i=I*((Rsol+Rterra)/D(Sol-terra))^0.5=15224021588*((696000000+ + 6378100) / (1,496x10 ^ 11)) ^ 0.5 = 1 043 429 635 years

Shorter rotation period and translation due to the variation of ρu. Regarding the translation period, account must be taken of the increase in the perimeter and the contraction of time due to the expansion of the Universe.

As for the re-rotation period in addition to the contraction of time, we have to take into account the conservation of angular momentum, because if with an initial volume it would rotate once in a certain time, with half the volume it would start to rotate (2 ^ 2) four times during the same time.

In the case of the Earth, in addition to what was previously mentioned in relation to the rotation period, we have to consider the expansion of the Universe, the variation in the distance to the Sun, the speed of translation of the Earth around the Sun, the speed of the Earth's rotation and the contraction of the Earth. When the Earth approaches the Sun (December) the Earth increases its volume because ρu increases due to the Sun's influence, it will rotate more slowly because it swelled and time expande. In June, the opposite happens, the Earth shrinks, rotates faster and time contract.

Heating of stars and universal heating. Now that we know about the contraction of atoms and, consequently, the contraction of celestial bodies, we have to admit that this process leads to its heating. Assuming that the temperature increases in proportion to the kinetic energy.

The Galaxies and the Dark Matter.

We can look here and at “Ref. [5]”. From the speed of rotation of the Sun in the galaxy we were able to calculate the mass of the galaxy and the type of distribution of its matter. The difference between the speeds found in the model and the apparent speeds measured from the Solar System is perfectly explained by the autonomous rotation of the Solar System in the same direction as the rotation of the galaxy. We conclude too, that we don't need Dark Matter to explain the rotation of galaxies. We reevaluate this article taking into account the new data made available by the GAIA Project.

This papper covers all subjects published to date; “Ref. [1] ”,“ Ref. [2] ”,“ Ref. [3] ”,“ Ref. [4] ”,“ Ref. [5] ”, explaining them with greater care.

2. The The Relativity of the Time with the Universal Density of Potential Energy at Different Stationary Reference Frame, “Ref. [1]”

2.1. Methods Used for the Analysis

2.1.1. Method 1- Schwarzschild Geometry

Through the analysis in GR, of Einstein's relativity throw the metric derived from the Schwarzschild geometry for a static field with spherical symmetry it is proposed to vary the time between the reference frame A, within the gravitational field of the mass M, with a radius located on its surface and another reference frame C on the limit of the gravitational field,

This expression is the one usually used to calculate time on satellites.

The relativity of time between A and B.

[picture] | (1.2)

At C, on the limit of the gravitational field, with

[picture] | (2.2)

2.1.2. Method 2- The Variation of Time between Different Locations belonging to the Perpendicular Path

We will study the difference between the times at different reference frame belonging to a gravitational field, created by a mass with a radius . We will study the time difference found along the path of the escape of object launched at a speed with a potential U from the reference frame located on the surface of mass . We will measure the differential time between reference frame A, the reference frame C located on the limit of the gravitational field and the reference frame B located at a distance from the center of mass M. Mediation will be based on the observer's referential O the observer's referential.

[picture] | (3.2)

[picture] | (4.2)

[picture] | (5.2)

[picture] | (6.2)

This differential is independent of U. Whatever, the time difference between A and B will always be the same.

When subtracting the time of reference frame B from the time of reference frame A, we take the time of B

[picture] | (7.2)

[picture] | (8.2)

[picture] | (9.2)

At C, on the limit of the gravitational field, with = ∞

[picture] | (10.2)

2.2. The Relativity of Time with the Universal Density of Potential Energy at Local

We learned from Einstein that the speed of light is a structuring element of the theory of relativity it makes its potential, depend on G and which in turn will also be structuring elements of physics. When analyzing the expression Eq.(9.2 and 10.2), we senses the importance of

Multiplying the numerator and denominator in Eq. (1.2) or in Eq. (8.2) by we have:

[picture] | (11.2)

[picture] | (12.2)

[picture] | (13.2)

- Universal density of potential enegy, generated by all the universal masses, at A,

- Universal density of potential enegy, generated by all the universal masses, we have to subtract the influence of the Earth on its surface , at C,

If we managed to remove the part of the whole, it is a sign that this part is part of that whole.

The density of potential energy created by the Earth on its surface is part of the

Yes, the time is inversely proportional to the square root of the Universal Density of Potential Energy at local.

The universal density of potential energy varies from one location to another location. If this didn’t happen we would have the same time in all referential frames.

It's not just the speed variation that makes time vary, now we know that the Universal Density of Potential Energy at local also makes varies the time.

2.3. The Relativity of Time with the Universal Density of Potential Energy at Local and Different Speeds

Now, we have the relativity between two reference frames, A and B, given by:

[picture] | (14.2)

Expression deduced from:

[picture] | (15.2)

Time is inversely proportional to the square root of traversed by the moving object.

2.4. The Variation of Time with the Universal Expansion

– Tempo futuro.

[picture] | (16.2)

The contraction of time will have an implication in the values read from the universe over time. The reading of radiation from space will also, be altered due to the contraction of time. The radiation is, pushed to the red, giving the apparent reading that the source is moving away with increasing speed. A constant removal will appear to be occurring at an accelerated rate.

2.5. The Time on Satellites in a Gravitational Field

To do the calculation we need:

M – Generating mass of the gravitational field.

– Mass radius

– Satellite gravitational radius

– The rotational velocity of the mass

[picture] | (17.2)

[picture] | (18.2)

2.5.1. The Time on Satellites in the Earth Gravitational Field

To do the calculation we need:

M – Generating mass of the gravitational field.

– Mass radius

– Satellite gravitational radius

– The rotational velocity of the mass, Earth 355,313 m/s.

To do the calculation we need:

[picture] | (19.2)

Within a day, we will have:

Table 1. Satellite Radius, relative time satellite / Earth, Daily time delay

3. The Universal Gravitational Variable, “Ref. [2]”

3.1. The Constant Velocity of Light

There is a data in the local universe that has come to us through Einstein, the constancy of the "speed of light" C in all directions. This is the maximum speed allowed in any direction of space. We are in the presence of local maximum escape potential, given by:

Where:

– Universal density of potential energy at in place, generated at the locality by all the universal masses.

G – "Universal gravitational constant":

As postulated, C constant.

[picture] | (1.3)

[picture] | (2.3)

In an expanding Universe, with the removal of all masses from the location, we will have in time:

[picture] | (3.3)

[picture] | (4.3)

G is inversely proportional to

G is no more than the coefficient of the gravity radiation capacity through the vacuum, through the

The lower the lower the resistance to radiation propagation through the void, causing G to increase in inverse proportion.

We have a Universal Gravitational Variable and not a Constant.

But why will G be variable and increasing?

The contraction of time will have an implication in the values read from the universe over time. The reading of radiation from space will also, be altered due to the contraction of time. The radiation is, pushed to the red, giving the apparent reading that the source is moving away with increasing speed. A constant removal will appear to be occurring at an accelerated rate

3.2. G and ρu

In universal terms:

Einstein characterized the speed of light as result of the escape potential anywhere and in all directions.

The same happens in the local escape potential where the escape velocity to abandon a mass is the same in all directions.

In gravitational potential, M/R is the density of potential energy created by mass M at distance r. Since we are facing a universal escape potential, then can only be the density of potential energy created by all the universal mass, in the place.

[picture] | (5.3)

[picture] | (6.3)

Where:

- The Universal average distance that creates density of potential energy in location.

[picture] | (7.3)

The amount of universal mass / energy will always be constant.

[picture] | (8.3)

In an expanding universe, all the universal masses will be more and more distant from location i, so the average radius of universal mass emission to the site will be increasing.

If the average radius of radiation increases, then the local density of universal potential energy decreases.

On the other hand, as we have seen, and according to Eq. (3.3):

[picture] | (9.3)

[picture] | (10.3)

[picture] | (11.3)

G increases in proportion to the increase of the average universal emission radius, then G will also grow at the ratio of the average radius of universal mass emission to the local. Because we are in a homogeneous Universe, then we can say that G increases in proportion to the expansion of the Universe.

[picture] | (12.3)

[picture] | (13.3)

We have a Universal Gravitational Variable and not a Constant.

3.3. Black Holes and the Nature of ρu

Most of the time we discover the existence of a Black Hole through the gravitational field it generates.

If the radiation that generates and the gravitational fields were corpuscular, it would not be able to abandon the black hole. Either it is very low energy radiation or it will be immaterial radiation (pure energy?), Not directly detectable by our material equipment. Its effect would be felt only indirectly.

If they are not subject to gravity, then it will move in a straight line, at speed “C”, creating the void impregnated with at the outer limit.

3.4. Impact of the Universal Gravitational Variable on Local Gravitational Fields

With the available information, that the Moon is moving away from Earth, at a rate of a constant 3.82 0.07 cm per year [11] obtained as measured since 1969, i.e. measurements taken for over 51 years, through the Apollo Laser Ranging Experiments Yield Results and “Jupiter has more than 60 natural satellites, but only the top four deserve particular attention: Io, Europe, Ganymede and Calisto. They have nearly circular orbits, and exhibit the same face toward Jupiter. They are also slowly moving away from the planet. Saturn has over forty satellites, except for two, always run with the same face toward the planet, and they are slowly moving away."(Extracted from the book "Discovering the Universe", PhD Teresa Lago from the Astrophysics Center of the University of Porto), [3].

These phenomena require an analysis of the local universe and the laws that govern it.

It´s known by all the expression that allows us to calculate the gravitational potential of a body around the other:

[picture] | (14.3)

The gravitational potential will always be constant. (Constant velocity of the gravitational bodies in void U=): A body in the void, in a null working system is always constant. U= Constant.

The mass generanting the gravitational field will also remain constant, solving Eq.(1.1): M= Constant

[picture] | (15.3)

[picture] | (16.3)

[picture] | (17.3)

In an expanding Universe, with the removal of all masses from the location, we will have in time:

[picture] | (18.3)

As we have seen before, bodies belonging to a gravitational field are moving away from the masses that generate these fields. In the Earth / Moon System, the Moon is moving away from the Earth every year, that is, the radius of gravitation increases, r_1>r_0. The same happens with the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. From Eq. (5.3), we know that the gravitational radius increases indicating that G increases proportionally to the radius.

Increasing G, we have the same gravitational potential, generated the largest distance of mass M and hence the Moon to adjust to the location of this potential, moving away.

4. The Variation of the Atomic Radius with the Universal Density of Potential Energy, “Ref. [3]”and “Ref. [4]”

Remember, the variation of G with the Universal density of Potential Energy.

- Time on our site

- Time on future site

[picture] | (1.4)

The permeability of vacuum.

Transformer, to

[picture] | (2.4)

[picture] | (3.4)

[picture] | (4.4)

4.1. The Relativity of the Atomic Radius with (ρ)

Applying the expression for the calculation of the atomic radius and taking into account the Magnetic Permeability Variable of the Vacuum,

As:

[picture] | (5.4)

[picture] | (6.4)

[picture] | (7.4)

[picture] | (8.4)

The atomic radius of the matter is directly proportional to the local universal density of potential energy.

As is inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe, as such the atomic rays will always tend to decrease.

4.1.1. Potential Electron Energy

[picture] | (9.4)

[picture] | (10.4)

Given relativity:

[picture] | (11.4)

[picture] | (12.4)

[picture] | (13.4)

4.2. The Evolution of the Radius of the Celestial Bodies in Time

Since the radius of the atoms varies in the inverse proportion of ρ, so the radius of the celestial bodies that are made up of atoms will also vary in the same proportion.

[picture] | (14.4)

In an expanding universe, the universal density of potential energy will decrease, so the atomic radius will decrease, which will cause the celestial bodies to shrink.

Our planet Earth is shrinking.

Our moon is shrinking, too.

The Sun, for this purpose, without taking into account the loss of mass, will shrink too.

Por exemplo, o comprimento dos mesmos objetos na superfície lunar será menor do que a mesma superfície da Terra

Dois habitantes locais medirão, a e b,

4.3. The Speed of Rotation of the Shrinking Celestial Bodies

We need take into account the contraction of the celestial bodies.

As a better approximation we will consider the sphere as the usual form of the masses in question. So we will have;

Ith the conservation of angular momentum, w. we will have:

[picture] | (15.4)

[picture] | (16.4)

[picture] | (17.4)

[picture] | (18.4)

The angular velocity of the celestial bodies will vary in inverse proportion to the square of the universal density of potential energy, ρ, in place, that is, in proportion to the square of the universal expansion.

As the radius contracts, then we will have a surface rotation speed inversely proportional to ρ.

In other words, the surface rotation speed will be proportional to the expansion of the Universe.

4.3.1. Relativity of time Earth/Planets.

4.3.1.1. Dependent on and v

[picture] | (19.4)

[picture] | (20.4)

[picture] | (21.4)

[picture] | (22.4)

Table 2. Mass, Radius, translation radius, Translation velocity and rotation velocity.Differential in length, Time dependent on ρ, Time dependent on speed, v, and relative Time

4.4. Celestial Mechanics

Locally with the increase of G the centers of mass move away in proportion of the growth of the universe and with the increase of U the radius of the atoms vary in inverse proportion to that growth, will decrease, therefore all celestial bodies vary too in inverse proportion to that growth, will shrink.

The increase in G will stabilize our Universe. The same gravitational potentials will remain but the greatest distance from the generating mass of the field. The gravitational field will be increasing.

From our perspective we now have a clearer idea of the evolution of the universe.

The stars were created from large clouds formed by large atoms that with the passer of time were subject to a higher G due to the decrease of ρ, causing their contraction, increased pressure and temperature. The planets were formed within these protostars in places where the local gravitic potential was able to concentrate the original masses. If we look at the past we will have to imagine much larger and more fluid stars and planets. In the future the Earth will shrink and become more rigid.

When the universe was half the age that it is today, the Earth would have twice the diameter, 25512.4 km, the our Moon would have a diameter of 6949.6 km, the Sun would have a radius of 1392600 km. The Earth had an average density of 689.4 km / m3 much less dense than today's water. The Earth gravitated in an orbit to the Sun of 7.48x10^10 km and the Moon in an orbit to the Earth of 192500.3 Km.)

4.5. LIGO, Gravitational Wave Detector or ρ Variation?

We are convinced that the gravitational wave detector is nothing more than a detector for the variation of ρ (Universal density of potential energy).

As we saw earlier, ρ interferes with the size of atoms, therefore with the size of objects.

In the case of the detection of waves in the Ligo, it is two black holes with a mass of 29 and 36 solar masses located at a distance of 1.3 thousand millions light years separated from 3000 km gravitating around each other. The impact of this movement on ρ is around ∓ 2.76x10 ^ -13 Kg / m which seems very low and difficult to detect.

On the other hand, the variation in the distance between Earth and the Sun in its annual translation movement causes a much greater variation of ρ, in the order of 4,45x10^ 17 kg / m between perihelion and aphelion, causing a variation of 6.60E -10 parts, in the length of the objects. In the 4000 m of LIGO the variation should be in the order of 2640 nm.

The terrestrial equatorial diameter will vary between the periods considered above, of 8.42 millimeter.

5. The Annual Removal of the Moon from the Earth, “Ref. [4]”

There are values already known such as:

Dc – Actual distance between center of the Earth and center of the Moon, 385 000 600 meters.

Rt – Radius of the Earth, 6 378 100 m

Rl – Radius of the Moon, 1 737 400 m

D= 385 000 600-6 378 100-1 737 400

D= 376 885 100 meters

Dm – Aparent removal, actualy calculated, 3.82+-0.07 cm per year.

d – Real annual average removal of the Moon.

– Value of the measure of the time of the light beam.

– Value of the measure of the time of the light beam, conseding the variation of time.

[picture] | (1.5)

Taking into account the shrinking of the Earth and the Moon, we will have:

[picture] | (2.5)

is inversely proportional to the expansion of the Universe [1]"and this proportional to the increase in the radius of gravitation, we will have:

[picture] | (3.5)

[picture] | (4.5)

[picture] | (5.5)

The reading made will be conditioned by the contraction of time on the watch.

In the following year, the clock will mark more time. So it is necessary to take this into account and make the correction.

[picture] | (6.5)

[picture] | (7.5)

[picture] | (8.5)

6. The Age of the Universe, “Ref. [4]”

Now we can calculate how many years it took the mass centers to move away as far as today.

[picture] | (1.6)

[picture] | (2.6)

7. The Hubble Constant, “Ref. [4]”

We have the distance from the Earth to the Moon and the value of the moon's annual remoteness from the Earth. In order to obtain the equivalent value of Hubble constant, let's consider Megaparsec.

[picture] | (1.7)

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Finally, we were able to determine the Huble Constant from very close and thus more reliable data. We avoid errors in measurements made from distant points over time caused by the contraction of time over time.

8. Annual Removal of the Masses in Relation to the Mass Generating the Gravitational Field and the Contraction of Their Radius, “Ref. [4]”

– Annual increase in gravitational radius.

- Annual retraction in mass radius.

I - Age of the Universe

8.1. Annual Removal by Year of Planets belonging to the Solar System in Relation to the Sun and Mass Radius Retraction: m (E à 10^)

Table 3. Star, Gravitational radius, Annual away from Sun, Star radius, Annual radius retraction

8.2. Annual Removal of Moons belonging to the Solar System in Relation to Their Planets: cm

Table 4. Planet, Gravitational radius, Annual away from Planet, moon radius, Annual radius retraction

8.3. Annual Removal of Sun in Relation to the Center of Milk Way: m (E à 10^)

Table 5. Gravitational radius, Annual away from center galaxy, Sun radius, Annual radius retraction

9. Calculation of the Age when Planets and Moons Left Their Original Mass, “Ref. ”

As we have already seen, in balanced gravitational fields, the centers of mass will move apart between them and the masses will shrink.

If we go back to the past, the process is reversed, the centers of mass will be much closer and the masses will be much larger. If we step back significantly we will see the moons plunge into their protoplanets and planets in the proto-star.

Will be:

– Current radius of the generating mass of the field.

- Radius of the mass belonging to the field

- Gravity radius.

On the date of abandon, the gravity radius must be equal to the sum of the radii of the two masses.

9.1. We Will Indicate the Ages when the Planets Left the Protostar Sun. Years

Although the sun is essentially a gas, we will consider that it maintains the plastic conditions as a result of this forecast. We will not take into account the loss of matter by radiation for now.

Table 6. Universe’s Age, Proto-Sun and Planets radius

9.2. We Will Indicate the Ages when the Moons Left Ther Proto Planet. (E ◊ 10^)

If we notice, 2 210 325 983 years after the Big Bang, when the Moon separated from Earth, the density was extremely low, about 16.82 kg / m3. Only after counting another 6 415 000 000 years did the density reach a value similar to that of water today.

Note that at the time of the separation, the Sun had a radius of 4.7938E + 09m and an average density of 4.3 kg / m3.

Table 7. Universe’s Age, Proto-planet and Moons radius

10. Calculation of the Delay in the Gravitational Translation Period, “Ref. ”

10.1. Delay in the Earth's Translation Period

One of the consequences of the contraction of time and the expansion of the universe is the delay in the Earth's translation period.

Will be:

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10.2. Delay in the Moon's Translation Period

One of the consequences of the contraction of time and the expansion of the universe is the delay in the Moon's translation period.

With an interval of one year, we will have:

- -Distance Moon/Earth – 385000600m

- -Moon's translation speed – 1022 m/s

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11. The Contraction of the Earth and Its Period of Rotation

One of the consequences of the contraction of time due to the expansion of the universe is the delay in the Earth's translation period, but, on the other hand, the shrinking of bodies causes an increase in the angular velocity of bodies, reducing the period of Earth's rotation. We will see.

With an interval of one year, we will have:

- -Earth's rotation speed – 355,313 m/s

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Bearing in mind the three factors that we said earlier, we will have monthly during the year: August is the first month

Figure 1. 1-year forecast graph for measuring day differential.

The cycle of increasing and decreasing is fundamentally due to the greater or lesser proximity to the Sun. The decreasing direction is due to the decrease in the rotation period.

Since the Earth is not a sphere or other of perfect contour, then its real behavior will depend on the real deformed ones. Phenomena such as erosion, transporting materials from the highest to the lowest areas, including the ocean beds, the current melting with the descent of glaciers and the movement of tectonic plates (earthquakes), can also increase the process of decreasing the Earth's rotation period . The global model is presented.

An article was published on this subject in Sience / Space magazine, entitled The Earth is Spinning Faster Now Than the Last 50 Years

https://interestingengineering.com/the-earth-is-spinning-faster-now-than-the-last-50-years?fbclid=IwAR0WM6i86ohVsrGGN1qUXmO-vi5SGlvnoxWA40ImockAdWKU3CxIU9TkbHM

Figure 2. The Earth is Spinning Faster Now Than the Last 50 Years Sience / Space magazine

In the next 5 years, we will have:

Figure 3. 5-year forecast graph for measuring day differential.

12. The Sun's Contraction. Solar Heating

Now that we know about the contraction of atoms and consequently the contraction of celestial bodies, we have to admit that this process leads to the heating of the stars.

Assuming that the temperature increases in proportion to the kinetic energy, we will have;

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The temperature that reaches a planet will be given by:

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We also have to take into account the contraction of the Sun due to loss of mass.

A)- Theoretical abandonment from the protostar.

B)- Real abandon from protostar.

C)- Radius of the planets

D)– Temperature on the planets

The temperatures on the planets were analyzed in three phases. When the planet was created, when it had an average temperature of -25ºc and when it had or will have an average temperature of + 35ºc.

We consider these last two temperatures because we think they are necessary to make human life viable. - Mass of the planet.

Table 8. Theoretical abandonment from the protostar. Real abandon from protostar, Sun’s radius and solar temperature Radius of the planets, Radius of the planets, Value of gravitational variable, Mass of the planet and value of gravity (Eà10^)

Regarding mercury, we see that a period of 441,000,000 years was possible in which life would be bearable. The gravity value was very low, making it impossible to create an atmosphere and therefore life.

We found no continuity on Venus, whose life span began 195,000,000 years after it ended on Mercury and lasted 462,000,000 years. Gravity would be lower than we currently have on Earth so it would have a more rarefied atmosphere.

The life possibility period on Earth, on the other hand, started 120,000,000 years before it ended on Venus, will continue for a period of 471,000,000 years. At the end of that period, 156,000,000 years are still to go.

On Mars, life will be possible for a period of 486,000,000 years, with an overlap with the life span on Earth of 15,000,000 years. The value of gravity will be lower than that of Earth, so the atmosphere should be rarer.

13. Galaxies and Dark Matter (After information gathered in the GAIA Project.) “Ref. [5]”

13.1. Dark Matter Concept

In cosmology, dark matter is a speculative type of matter that interacts only gravitationally and, therefore, its presence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as galaxies. Although not directly observable, scientists believe that dark matter exists due to its consequences on gravitational effects, as visible matter moves and distributes itself in space, explaining the rotation curves of galaxies.

Figure 4. Rotation curve of a typical spiral galaxy: predicted (A) and observed (B). Dark matter can explain the 'flat' appearance of the velocity curve out to a large radius. Dark matter – Wikipedia

13.2. Study Method

13.2.1. Galactic Structure Analysis

Four arms were drawn, the outer arm in orange, the Scutum-Centaurus arm in yellow, the Sagittarius arm in blue and the Perseus arm in red.

We divided the plane of the galaxy into eight quadrants, 0.125 turns, to study the radius value of each arm between each quadrant.

We consider that there is a symmetry at the moment of the galaxy's initial creation and, therefore, we measure what the gravitational radius is for an initial exterior location and which gravitational radii for the locations located in multiple positions of +0.125 turn, that is, in the locations of n + 0125, n + 0.25, n + 0.375, etc.

Figure 5. Milk Way, Marking of arms and 8 quadrants from Milky Way – Wikipedia

It can be seen that the masses located at the same distance from the center of the Galaxy made about the same number of turns. So we can consider the largest radius in which matter is, 62570 ly and make the calculations for every tenth of that radius.

Table 9. Radius and nº of laps

13.2.2. Motion Analysis

We take for granted the information that the Sun is 26100 ly (light years) from the center of the galaxy and that it has a rotation speed of 240,000 ms⁻¹ within the galaxy. We were thus able to define the number of turns taken at each point in the galaxy.

For this purpose, we must not forget that the galaxy is expanding, "Ref. [2]", "Ref. [3]", "Ref. [4]" and as such we should consider the average translation perimeter of the Sun, for calculations.

The average perimeter.

Being:

L – Total distance traveled by the Sun in its translation movement.

– Average translation perimeter of the Sun.

I – Age of the universe, 15 224 021 588 years, "Ref. [4]"

– Sun's translation speed.

C – Speed of Light

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Table 10. Radius, Average Perimeter and Rotation Velocity (Eà10^)

Table 11. Radius, Travelled distance, nº of laps and Mass (Eà10^)

Table 12. Radius, Mass variation, Volume density, Density Accretion Disc with 5 ly thickness. (Eà10^)

13.2.3. Analysis of the Quantity of Matter and Its Distribution

Figure 6. Speed measured from the Solar System (Blue), speed calculated based on the visible masses (orange). Milky Way - Wikipedia

For the calculation of the material necessary to bring about the balance of the previous table, we will consider that only the material inside the calculation radius participates in the calculation of its potential.

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When considering the measured masses, from Figure 4. we will have an external speed of 183000 m/s for a radius of 51500 ly which will imply a quantity of matter of 2,445 x 10 ^ 41 Kg.

If we take into account the speeds measured by man, from Figure 4. we will have a speed of 238000 m/s, for a radius of 51800 ly which will imply a quantity of matter of 4.159x10 ^ 41 Kg.

As we see the calculation we did, it gives us a quantity of matter of 2,9024x10^42 kg for a speed of 572048 m/s in a radius of 62570 ly, which is 7 and 12 times more than we imagined.

Thus, most of the matter continues to gravitate out of the Accretion Disc.

The distribution of matter necessary to obtain the results we can see, is practically a density of constant, in volume proportion, distributed in the Accretion Disc. There is a variation in density from the periphery to the central zone of +2.13%.

This distribution did not seem unreal to us because the galaxy, before presenting a significant accretion disk, started like all other structures in its spherical shape and the accretion disk captured much of the matter in the respective gravity ray, that is, it maintained the position now associated with the accretion disk.

The existence of Dark Matter does not seem necessary to explain the movement in galaxies.

Perhaps some feel that there is a flaw in the number of stars in the periphery, but if we take into account that considering 5 ly of the disk thickness, we can have between a maximum density around 7,9057^-17kgm^(-3) and a minimum of less than 5,6764x10^-18kgm^(-3). If we discount the star material then this density drops significantly. As the largest amount of this gas will undoubtedly be hydrogen and helium, they would be very dispersed. Much of that gas and others elements, will continue to belong to the initial spherical surface. If the material is hydrogen, we would have a maximum part in volume of 1,002x10^-23. In the case of being helium we would have a maximum part in volume of 1.663x10^-24, which seems to be undetectable.

Today it is news that the solar system is going through material from a supernova and in reality nothing tells us that it is not residual material that gravitates our galaxy. It can also happen that the phenomenon called star rain is also material that gravitates in the Galaxy crossing the stratosphere.

13.2.4. Values Measured from the Solar System.

The values measured from the Solar System regarding the rotation of the galaxy are apparently at odds with the proposal previously made.

13.2.4.1. Regarding Speeds

We will now analyze these measured values in Figure 4. Corrected the 20,000 m / s to obtain the 240 000 m / s measured by the GAIA project.

Table 13. Radius and Speeds

What will be equivalent for the radius considered previously to:

Table 14. – Radius and Speeds equivalents

Let us compare the two speeds obtained, the apparent measured from the Solar System, the theoretical and the differential between them.

Table 15. Radius, Apparent speed. Theoretical speed and Differential Speeds

Let see its graphic representation.

Figure 7. Radius, V Apparent Med, V theoretical and differential

Now, we see that the Solar System rotates about itself in the same direction as the Milky Way.

Discounting the translation speed of the solar system, we will have:

Table 16. Differential of speeds and respective rotation

Let's see its graphic representation.

Figure 8. Radius, V Apparent Med, V theoretical and differential centered on the Solar System.

As it turns out, Milk Way has an apparent rotation of 0,6560 mms⁻¹ly theoretical of 9,1425 mms⁻¹ly, t follows that the solar system has a same rotation to the Milk Way of 8,886 ms⁻¹ly. This rotation is what causes the discrepancy between measured and actual values.

13.3. Verification, Pinwheel Galaxy

We are going to look at another galaxy in order to verify if the theory pointed out is verifiable in other galaxies with Accretion Discs and arms.

For this purpose, we chose the Pinwheel galaxy, with a diameter of 170000 ly.

Pinwheel Galaxy has a rotation speed of 241000 m / s on its periphery

Figure 9. Pinwheel Galaxy, Marking of arms and 8 quadrants from Milky Way – Wikipedia

Table 17. Radius and nº of laps

13.3.1. Motion Analysis

We take for granted the information that it has a rotation speed of 241.000 ms⁻¹ at the outer edge of the galaxy. We were thus able to define the number of turns taken at each point in the galaxy.

For that purpose we must not forget that the galaxy is expanding, "Ref. [2]", "Ref. [3]" and "Ref.[4]" as such we should consider the average perimeter for the calculations.

Being:

L – Total distance traveled by the stars at the outer edge of the galaxy.

– Average translation perimeter.

I – Age of the universe 15 224 021 588 years.

– Travel speed at the edge of the galaxy.

C – Speed of light

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Table 18. Radius, Average Perimeter and Rotation Velocity (Eà10^)

Table 19. Radius, Travelled distance, nº of laps and Mass (Eà10^)

Table 20. Radius, Mass variation, Volume density, Density Accretion Disc with 5 ly thickness. (Eà10^)

13.3.2. Analysis of the Quantity of Matter and Its Distribution

Analysis of the quantity of matter and its distribution.

[picture] | (6.13)

Once again we verify that the mass distribution is very close to the proportionality to the radius cube and that its density is practically constant throughout the radius. In this galaxy we find that this density decreases from the periphery to the center by -4.47%.

The distribution of matter necessary to obtain the results we can see, is practically a density of constant, in volume proportion, distributed in the Accretion Disc and all spherical gravitational field.

References

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