Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Assessment of Ambient Magnetic Field Exposure Emitted from Underground Transmission Lines in Some Areas of Riyadh

AL-rajhi M.A.

Department of Physics, College of Science Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to measure the magnetic field emitted from underground transmission lines and camper with international limit. The measurements of magnetic field were performed with the aid of TRIAXIAL ELF Magnetic Field Meter. The level of magnetic field were found in the range 1 to 197 with mean value of 51.6 ± 44.2 mG.The survey of magnetic field measurements revealed that the level of radiation dose found to be far below than the international standard dose limit for the public exposure set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection ICNIRP 830 mG.

Keywords: magnetic field, underground transmission lines, ICNIRP

Received May 03, 2014; Revised May 18, 2014; Accepted May 18, 2014

Citation: AL-rajhi M.A., Assessment of Ambient Magnetic Field Exposure Emitted from Underground Transmission Lines in Some Areas of Riyadh. International Journal of Physics, 2 (3). 76-77. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ijp-2-3-1

1. Introduction

The transmission lines are one of the most important sources of a magnetic field. Recently, considerable people concern has arisen because of reports on adverse health effects due to Magnetic fields. Public interest to the potential link between human health effects and exposure to 60 Hz magnetic field has increased dramatically and concern continues to concentrate on electric power facilities. Owing to the vicinity of distribution facilities to housing zones, magnetic field exposures from distribution systems can be higher than those related with transmission lines. Moreover, measurements of magnetic fields at the earth's surface from inhumed distribution cables may be greater than those from overhead lines carrying the same currents because buried cables are closer to the measurement point than overhead lines. Numerous publications in the scientific literature have raised concern about the individual and public health impact of adverse non-ionizing radiation from electromagnetic field exposure emanating from certain power, electrical and wireless devices commonly found in the home, workplace, school and community. Modern epidemiological survey has proposed that magnetic fields exposures might be related to increased risk of leukemia (Floderus et al., 1993)(Theriault et al., 1994), brain cancer (Savitz and Loomis, 1995), breast cancer (Coogan et al., 1996) (Sobel et al., 1995), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Davanipour et al., 1997) (AL-rajhi,2006). Though in vivo studies have indicated that no increase in either leukaemias or brain cancers from field exposures, such animal experiments have limitations as predictors of human carcinogenesis with environmental EMF (EMF RAPID Program, 1998). Epidemiological researches have proposed that exposure to magnetic fields greater than ICNIRP limit could double the relative risk of leukemia in childhood. However, a possible biological mechanism has not been created. Overall, the evidence for a carcinogenic effect is still too weak to influence exposure restrictions recommended by the Health Protection Agency. The survey of magnetic field measurements in current investigation has revealed that the level of radiation dose fall far below the standard dose limit for the public exposure set by the ICNIRP (AL-rajhi, 2008). Rely only on epidemiologic associations with leukaemia, a recent US government review classified ELF magnetic fields (MFs) as a ‘possible carcinogen (Portier and Wolfe, 1998).This study deals with the survey of the magnetic field radiation emitted from underground transmission lines in north area of Riyadh.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

The study area is North region of Riyadh city, the capital city of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with an area of about 1554 km². It is located centrally in the Najd region and lies between latitude 34°–38° north and longitude 43°– 46° east (Figure 1).

2.2. Magnetic Fields Measurement

Magnetic fields radiation intensity produced from underground transmission lines measurements were performed with the aid of TRIAXIAL ELF Magnetic Field Meter TM-192/TM-192D (detection range 0 – 500 mG) in 185 location around north area of Riyadh city .The instrument were previously calibrated to measure electromagnetic field radiation at different bandwidths down to 50Hz/60Hz.All measurements are taken at one meter above the ground from underground transmission line. Voltage of the transmission lines during the measurements was 127 V (AL-rajhi, 2008).

Figure 1. Map of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia showing the study area

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 2. Plot of magnetic field measured at one meter above the ground from the underground transmission line

As of late, global endeavors to present efficient people health prevention against an electronic magnetic field have prompted an extent of national and universal rules. One of these organizations, for instance, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEE that publish safety standards for exposure to electronic magnetic field (ICNIRP, 2002, 1998).The result of magnetic field level on the one meter above the ground from underground transmission line studied is characterized with high variation ranging from 1 to 197 mG with a mean of 51.6 ± 44.2 mG as shown in (Figure 2). The survey of magnetic field measurements revealed that the level of radiation dose far below the standard dose limit for the public exposure set by the ICNIRP 830 (ICNIRP, 1998). The results indicate that the high values of the dose have been measured within the area close to the underground transmission line while the low dose was recorded in an area far distance from the transmission line. However there are some areas far away from the underground transmission line showed high doses compared to nearby areas. This can be attributed to the depth at which the transmission line is buried in addition to the presence of net current(. In this study the range of the magnetic field dose was higher than similar reported study range of 0.15 to 22.6 mG in the USA (George, 1994).

4. Conclusions

The levels of magnetic field measurement of the underground transmission line fall within acceptable levels recommended by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank Mr. Asim Al-Rajhi to help me in accomplishing this work.

References

[1]   | AL-rajhi, M.A. (2006), Evaluation of the Risks of Very Low Frequency and Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiations Emitted by Electric Current of 50/60 Hz, its Biological Effects, and Organizations of Legislating Exposure, Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Science, Volume: 18 Issue: 1.
[2]   | AL-rajhi, M.A. (2008), Magnetic Field Irradiative Pollutions due to Technical Faults in the Internal Electrical Wiring in Buildings, Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Science, Volume: 18 Issue: 1.Volume: 20 Issue: 2.
[3]   | AL-rajhi, M.A. (2008), Radioactive Pollution by the Electric and Magnetic Fluxes Resulting from the Domestic and Offices Appliances, Journal of King Abdulaziz University, Science, Volume: 20 Issue: 2.
[4]   | Coogan, P. R., Clapp, R. W., Newcomb, P. A., Wenzl, T. B., Bogda, G., Mittendorf, R., Baron, J. A. and Longnecker, M.P. (1996) Occupational exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields and risk of breast cancer in women. Epidemiology 7, 459-464.
[5]   | Davanipour, Z., Sobel, E., Bowman, J. D., Qian, Z. and Will, A. D. (1997) Amylotrophic lateral sclerosis and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrictromagnetics 18, 28-35.
[6]   | EMF RAPID (Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination) Program (1998) EMF Science Review Symposium: Breakout Group Reports for InVivo and Clinical Research Findings. National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
[7]   | Floderus, B., Persson, T., Stenlund, C., Wennberg, A., Ost, A. and Knave, B. (1993) Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in relation to leukemia and brain tumors: A casecontrol study in Sweden. Cancer, Causes and Control 4, 465-476.
[8]   | George G. Karady , Carlos V. Nunez , William Frix , Kate B. Maracas ,Arthur J. Kroese .A novel magnetic field management method for undergroundpower cables. Electric Power Systems Research 31 (1994) 103-110.
[9]   | George G. Karady, Carlos V. Nunez , William Frix , Kate B. Maracas ,Arthur J. Kroese . A novel magnetic field management method for underground power cables, Electric Power Systems Research 31 (1994) 103-110.
[10]   | ICNIRP, General Approach to Protection against Non-Ionizing Radiation. Health Phys.Vol. 82, pp. 540-548, 2002.
[11]   | ICNIRP,Guidelines for limiting exposure to time varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)”, International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Health Physics, Vol. 74, No.4, 494-522, 1998.
[12]   | Portier, C. J. and Wolfe, M. S. (Eds.) (1998) Assessment of Health Effects from Exposure to Power-line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields: Working Group Report National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC.
[13]   | Savitz, D. A. and Loomis, D. P. (1995) Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility workers. American Journal of Epidemiology 141, 123-134.
[14]   | Theriault, G., Goldberg, M.Miller, A. B. et al. (1994) Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada and France 1970–1989. American Journal of Epidemiology139, 550-572.