Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Pattern of Partial Edentulism in Correlation to Age and Gender among a Selected Saudi Population

Yasser A. Araby*, Abdurrahman S. Almutairy, Fawaz M. Alotaibi

Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Objective: Documenting the prevalence and pattern of partial tooth loss is very important for identifying the prosthetic needs of the studied community as well as aiding the provision of educational and preventive materials suitable for this population in terms of language and composition. The aim of this study was to find the patterns of partial edentulism among a selected Saudi population and to correlate the pattern of partial edentulism with age and gender. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on male and female dental patients of age above 21 years attending the screening clinics of King Fahad Hospital, Almadinah Province , Saudi Arabia. It was based on visual examination of the selected subjects for determining the pattern of the partial edentulism according to Kennedy’s Classification System with Applegate's modification rules. The cases belonged to Kennedy’s classes I, II, III and IV were categorized according to age and gender of the patient as well as the relation to the maxillary and mandibular arches. Results: The results of this study showed that; the patients with Kennedy’s Class III were found to be the most common pattern (56.5%), followed by Class II (23.6%) and class I (19.2%) while class IV was the least among the other classes (0.7%). It was also found that Kennedy’s Class III was founded more in the age group of 21–30 (78.5%) and least in the patients above 60 years old (31.8%). Conclusion: Kennedy’s Class III was the most commonly encountered pattern of partial edentulism in both upper and lower arches and Kennedy’s Class IV was the least common pattern. With age, an increase in the tendency to Class I & Class II and a decrease in Class III was shown with a statistical significant difference between the different age groups, on the other hand there was no statistical significant difference between both genders.

Keywords: partial edentulism, Kennedy classification

Citation: Yasser A. Araby, Abdurrahman S. Almutairy, Fawaz M. Alotaibi, Pattern of Partial Edentulism in Correlation to Age and Gender among a Selected Saudi Population. International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research, 5 (1). 1-4. January 2017. doi:10.12691/ijdsr-5-1-1

1. Introduction

Edentulism (partial or complete) is an indicator of the oral health of a population. [1] It may also be a reflection of the success of various preventive and treatment modalities put in place by the health care delivery system. [2] With the changing trends in dental treatment that favor retention of natural teeth, a decline in the number of complete dentures with an increase in the number of removable partial dentures (RPDs) is anticipated. [3] Partially edentulous patients exhibit a wide range of physical variations and health conditions. Teeth loss effects speech, mastication and may result in poor esthetics which in turn affect the quality of life. [4]

Several methods of classification of partially edentulous arches have been proposed and are in use e.g. by Beckett, Godfrey, Swenson, Friedman, Wilson, Skinner, Applegate, Avant, Miller and others. At present, Kennedy’s classification is the most widely used and accepted because of its simplicity, ease of application, immediate visualization of the type of partially edentulous arch being considered and differentiation between tooth borne and tooth tissue borne partial dentures. [5] It also permits a logical approach to the problems of design apart from making possible the application of sound principles of partial denture design. Kennedy’s classification was originally proposed by Edward Kennedy in 1925 by this classification a tremendous number of possible semi dentulous combinations have been reduced to four simple groups namely Class I, Class II, Class III and Class IV. Application of Kennedy’s classification is however difficult in every situation without employment of certain rules, recommended by Applegate aimed at integrating, the factual clinical situations and appliance designs within the classification. [6,7]

The trends in the incidence of the various classes of removable partial dentures should be reviewed periodically to serve as teaching guidelines. [8] Also documenting the prevalence and pattern of partial tooth loss is very important for identifying the prosthetic needs of the studied community as well as aiding the provision of educational and preventive materials suitable for this population in terms of language and composition. [9]

Publications on the prevalence of partial edentulism among the Saudi population are scarce, the earliest survey was in 1995 by Idouw AT & Al-Shamrani SM which examined a selected population attending the dental school at King Saud University (KSU) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and reported the Mandibular first molar to be the most frequently missing tooth with a tendency for higher tooth loss in females compared to males. Loss of anteriors and premolars in the maxilla was found to be more frequent than the mandible in which loss of molars was more prevalent. [9] A later survey conducted at 2002 by Sadiq W. and Idouw A of patients receiving removable partial dentures (RPD) at KSU reported that Kennedy Class III RPD was the most commonly constructed with higher prevalence in Saudi male subjects. [3] In another study of RPD usage in Saudi male patients conducted by Akeel R (2010), he found that the most commonly provided definitive RPD constructed by undergraduate students at KSU were Kennedy Class III in both arches, while Class IV RPDs were the least common. [10]

In (2012) a five year survey on the prevalence and pattern of tooth loss in a sample of patients attending King AbdulAziz University - Faculty of Dentistry was conducted by Shinawi L, a total of 293 charts were reviewed and Kennedy Class III was found to be the most common classification in the entire sample and definitive partial dentures was the first choice for treatment with removable prosthesis. [11] Although these previous studies there is no specific study about the pattern of partial edentulism in Almadinah Province, Saudi Arabia.

The aim of this study was to determine the patterns of partial edentulism among dental patients attending King Fahad Hospital, Almadinah Province, Saudi Arabia and to find the association of the pattern of partial edentulism with age and gender.

2. Subjects and Methods

This cross-sectional study, which was conducted on male and female dental patients of age above 21 years attending the screening clinics of King Fahad Hospital, Almadinah Province, Saudi Arabia was based on visual examination of the selected subjects for determining the pattern of the partial edentulism according to Kennedy’s Classification System with Applegate's modification rules. The clinical findings were recorded on a specially designed form, and the study was approved by the Research Ethical Committee of College of Dentistry, Qassim University.

The inclusion criteria included patients from both genders, above the age of 21 years and having partially edentulous areas in either or both jaws. While the exclusion criteria included completely edentulous patients, patients with full dentition and those with only missing maxillary and mandibular third molars.

The cases belonged to Kennedy’s classes I, II, III and IV were categorized according to age and gender of the patient as well as the relation to the maxillary and mandibular arches.

The selected sample was divided into 5 groups according to their age (21 -30), (31-40), (41-50), (51-60) and (above 60 year old).

Data collection was planned to continue for 2 months with a minimum sample size goal of 400 subjects. After the data collection, statistical analysis was performed using chi square test with the data presented in frequency and percentages using SPSS software program version 20.0 for windows.

3. Results

The data were collected from 484 Saudi patients aged from 21 to more than 60 years of both genders who were attend the screening clinics of King Fahad Hospital, Almadinah. The gender distribution was 215 (44.4%) males and 269 females (55.6%) (Table 1).

Out of the selected sample; 86 patients had a maxillary full dentition and 8 patients were maxillary completely edentulous while 67 patients had a mandibular full dentition and 3 patients were mandibular completely edentulous, these results were excluded from the study and the total number of studied arches were 804 arches.

The age distribution of the sample (Table 1) showed that; the age range of (31-40) was the most prevalent (32.4%) and the patients above 60 years were the least prevalent (10.1%).

Regarding the pattern of partial edentulism (Table 2); class III (56.5%) was the most common pattern in both dental arches followed by class II (23.6%) then class I (19.2%), while class IV was the least among the other classes (0.7%) (Table 2). Regarding the correlation of the pattern of partial edentulism with the gender there was no statistical significant difference between both genders.

Regarding the relation of the partial edentulism pattern to the age (Table 3 & Figure 1) there was a high statistical significance difference between different age groups. It was found that with an increase in age, there is an increase in the tendency to Class I & Class II and a decrease in Class III. Class III is the most prevalent class in the younger three age groups (21-30), (31-40) and (41-50 years old) while class I is the most prevalent in the 2 older age groups ( 51-60) and ( > 60 years old).

Regarding the Pattern of modification among patients with Class I those with no modification were the most prevalent (60.4%), the same was noted in Class III patients with no modification (52.4%), while in patients with Class II those with modification 1 were the most common (52.1%). (Table 4)

Table 1. Age and Gender Distribution of the Sample Population

Table 2. Pattern of Partial Edentulism in Relation to Gender

Table 3. Pattern of Partial Edentulism in Relation to Age

Figure 1. Change in the pattern of partial edentulism according to age

Table 4. Prevalence of Kennedy’s Classes According to the Pattern of Modification

4. Discussion

The primary purpose in using a classification for RPDs is to simplify the description of potential combinations of teeth to ridges. [3] In the present study, the Kennedy classification was preferred to fulfill this purpose. One of the principal advantages of the Kennedy classification is that; it permits the immediate visualization of the partially edentulous arch, and enables a logical approach to the problems of design. In addition it makes possible the application of sound principles of partial denture design, and is therefore a logical method of classification. [12]

A comparison of percentage distribution of various Kennedy’s classes of the present study are in line with the similar studies performed by Filiz KEYF (2001) [13], Bharathi M (2004) [14].

In a study carried out on a Saudi population, Sadig and Idowu [3] concluded that out of the 422 partially dentate arches examined, Kennedy’s Class III was the most commonly encountered pattern of partial edentulism in both upper and lower arches and Kennedy’s Class IV was the least common pattern which is in accordance with the results of this study.

Gender has been one of the key factors analyzed by various authors. Most of the authors have concluded that there is no significant gender correlation with occurrence of partial edentulism. However, few studies have observed that there has been significant relationship between gender and various Classes of partial edentulism. [15] The results of this study reinforced the first opinion as the results showed that there was no statistical significant difference between both genders.

In 2010, Zaigham AM et al [16] examined 367 patients attending the prosthodontics OPD – Lahore Medical & Dental College, Lahore for partial denture to find the pattern of tooth loss and its relationship with age and gender he concluded that with an increase in age, there was an increase in Class I & Class II dental arch tendency and a decrease in Class III which in line with the results of the present study.

The majority of Kennedy’s Class I in both the arches was without modification areas; this finding is comparable with the results of earlier reported studies. [3,17] Class II modification 1 was the most prevalent class II pattern which is in line with the results of a previous study [18] conducted by Abdel-Rehman et al, 2013.

5. Conclusion

According to this study Kennedy’s Class III is the most commonly encountered pattern of partial edentulism in both upper and lower arches and Kennedy’s Class IV is the least common pattern. Gender has no significant relationship with the pattern of partial edentulism, While age significantly affects the pattern of partial edentulism and there is an increase in Class I & Class II dental arch tendency and a decrease in Class III.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank College of Dentistry, Qassim University and Dental Specialty Center, King Fahad Hospital, Almadinah Province for approval and supporting of this study. Special thanks to Dr. Ramy Elmoazen for his great help in achieving the statistical analysis and to Dr. Shatha Lamfoon for her help and assistance in examination of the patients.

References

[1]   | Brodeur JM, Benigeri M, Naccache H, Olivier M, Payette M: Trends in the level of Edentulism in Quebec between 1980 and 1993. J Can Dent Assoc. 1996, 62 (2): 159-160. 162-166.
[2]   | Temitope AE, Adeyemi O, Patricia AA, et. al. Sociodemographic factors and edentulism: the Nigerian experience. BMC Oral Health 2004; 4: 3.
[3]   | Sadig WM, Idowu AT. Removable partial denture design: A study of a selected population in Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002; (3)4: 040-053.
[4]   | McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH, Arbree NS. Classification system for partial edentulism. J Prosthodont 2002; 11(3): 181-193.
[5]   | Bjorn Al, Owall B. Partial edentulism and its prosthetictreatment: A frequency study within a Swedish population. Swed Dent J. 1989; 3: 15-25.
[6]   | Applegate DC. The rationale of partial denture choice. JProsthet Dent 1960; 10: 891-907.
[7]   | Carr BA, McGivney PG, Brown DT. Classification of partially edentulous arches. In: Removable Partial Prosthodontics. 11thed Elsevier; 2005: 19-23.
[8]   | Curtis DA, Curtis TA, Wagnild GW, Finzen FC. Incidence of various classes of removable partial dentures. J Prosthet Dent 1992; 67: 664-67.
[9]   | Idowu AT. Al-Shamrani SM. Pattern of tooth loss in a selected population at King Saud University College of Dentistry. The Saudi Dental Journal. 1995, 7, (3): 135-140.
[10]   | Akeel R. Usage of removable partial dentures in Saudi male patients after 1 year telephone interview. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2010, 22: 125-128.
[11]   | Lana A. Shinawi. Prevalence and pattern of tooth loss. Life Science Journal 2012; 9(4): 1-7.
[12]   | Henderson D, McGivney GP, Castleberry DJ. McCracken’s removable partial prosthodontics. 7th ed. CV Mosby. St. Louis, Toronto, Princeton 1985; pp: 21-126.
[13]   | Keyf F. Frequency of the various Classes of removable partial dentures and selection of major connectors and direct/indirect retainers. Turk J med sci. 2001; 445-49.
[14]   | Bharathi M, Reddy KMB, Reddy G, Gupta N, Misuriya A, Vinod V. Partial edentulism based on Kennedy’s classification: An Epidemiological study. JCDP. 2004; 15(2): 229-31.
[15]   | Jeyapalan V, KriShna S. Partial Edentulism and its Correlation to Age, Gender, Socio-economic Status and Incidence of Various Kennedy’s Classes– A Literature Review. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2015 Jun, Vol-9(6): 14-17.
[16]   | Zaigham AM, Muneer MU. Pattern of partial edentulism and its association with age and gender. Pakistan Oral and Dental Journal. 2010; 30(1): 260-63.
[17]   | AL-Dwairi ZN. Partial edentulism and removable denture construction: a frequency study in Jordanians. Eur J Prosthodon Restor Dent. 2006; 14 (1): 13-17.
[18]   | Abdel-Rahman HK, Tahir CD, Saleh MM. Incidence of partial edentulism and its relation with age and gender. Zanco J. Med. Sci. 2013; 17 (2): 463-70.