Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Eosinophilic Granulomata in a 4 Year Old Girl – A Rare Condition

JaiGanesh Inbanathan*, Revathy Suresh

Dr. MGR University and Research Center, India

Abstract: Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a destructive osseous lesion characterized by eosinophils and histiocytes. Eosinophilic granulomata is a localized and mildest form of LCH. A four year old girl presented with mild pain and mobility of prematurely seen mandibular permanent first molar and primary molars on the right side of mandibular region. The gingiva in the involved area was inflamed. A well-defined radioluceny approximately 2cm in diameter with scooped out effect was seen in panoramic radiograph. Extraction of the involved teeth and surgical curettage of the lesion was done under general anesthesia. Obtained bony tissues were histopathologically examined which revealed histiocytic infiltration, further the condition was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The child underwent chemotherapy and steroidtherapy and responded good.

Keywords: histiocytosis, eosinophillic granulomata

Citation: JaiGanesh Inbanathan, Revathy Suresh, Eosinophilic Granulomata in a 4 Year Old Girl – A Rare Condition. International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research, 3 (5). 120-123. January 2015. doi:10.12691/ijdsr-3-5-3

1. Introduction

Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (LCH) was formerly known as histiocytosis X refers to a group of conditions characterized by the uncontrolled stimulation and proliferation of a normal antigen-processing cell, the Langerhans’ cell. [1] These Langerhans’ cells can be identified by the presence of characteristic organelles, the Birbeck granules seen under electron microscopy and they are positive for S-lOO antigen and CD1a surface antigen [2].

LCH is classified into three groups [3] - unifocal, multifocal unisystem, and multifocal multisystem. Unifocal LCH, also called eosinophilic granuloma is a slowly-progressing disease characterized by an expanding proliferation of Langerhans cells in various bones. Eosinophilic granuloma arises predominantly as a solitary bony lesion with mandiblular involvement. [4] Multifocal unisystem LCH is characterized by fever, bone lesions and diffuse eruptions on the scalp and in the ear canals, known as the Hand -schuller- christain triad. Multifocal multisystem LCH, also called as Letterer-siwe disease, is a rapidly-progressing disease in which Langerhans cells proliferate in many tissues. Oral lesions may be the earliest manifestation of the condition, and in many cases, the mouth may be the only site of involvement. [5,6] The mandible was more involved than the maxilla and the posterior region was the predominant site. [7] LCH usually affects children between 1year and 15 years old, with a peak incidence between 5years and 10 years of age with a male sex predilection [8].

The purpose of this report is to describe a case of unifocal bony Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis with mandibular involvement and to discuss the appropriate diagnosis and management of such cases seen in children.

2. Case Report

A 4-year old girl reported to the Department of Paediatric dentistry, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore,India with a chief complaint of food lodgement and dull pain while chewing in lower right back teeth region since 5 months and completely stopped chewing since 1 month due to the mobility of the teeth at the involved side. The child was alert, moderately built and had no relavent medical history. Extraoral examination showed presence of a mild swelling present in the right side of angle of the mandible region along with palpable submandibular lymph nodes. Intra-oral examination showed marked mobility of mandibular right primary molars and permanent first molar,which was seen prematurely and mesially drifted due to severe bone loss. Gingiva of the involved area was inflamed and had a granular texture and bled on probing. There was also inflammation and recession of the gingiva of maxillary primary molars on the right side. The oral hygiene status of the involved side was poor. The clinical appearance of the rest of the dentition appeared normal. Haematological picture was within normal limits with elevated ESR.

A panoramic radiograph showed a large radiolucency with scooped-out effect in the mandible extending from the distal surface of the first primary molar to the distal surface of the permanent first molar involving the premolar germs (Figure 1). These teeth appeared ‘floating in space’. There was no expansion of the buccal and lingual cortical plates. A complete skeletal survey revealed no involvement of the other bones. The provisional diagnosis of eosinophilic granulomata was made based on the above mentioned findings.

Figure 1. Preoperative radiograph illustrating scooped out radiolucency in the involved side

Figure 2. Extracted teeth and Bony tissues obtained after surgical curettage

Figure 3. Histopathological picture illustrating increased eosinophillic infiltration

Subsequently, under general anaesthesia an open biopsy was carried out with curettage of the abnormal bony tissue and extraction of four teeth (Figure 2), the primary first molar, primary second molar and the developing second premolar and permanent first molar. Histopathological examination revealed chronic inflammatory cells, a mass of histiocytic cells and numerous eosinophils suggestive of Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis (Figure 3). Immunohistochemistry was performed and the cells responded to CD1a surface antigen marker giving a confirmatory diagnosis of LCH (Figure 4). The patient responded well for chemotherapy and steroid therapy. Postoperative radiographic evaluation after 4months showed good bone healing (Figure 5).

Figure 4. Immunohistochemistry positive for CD1a surface marker

Figure 5. post operative radiograph illustrating good bone healing

3. Discussion

Generally superior than adults, children possess a very good host immune response and when this itself turned against a child, makes the condition fatal if not intervened on time. Unifocal LCH, eosinophilic granuloma is a solitary lesion predominantly involves bone, typically the skull, vertebrae, pelvis and the jaws, with posterior region of mandible as a common site of bone destruction. [4] Multifocal LCH infiltrate various organs, such as the bone, skin, liver, spleen, lung and brain [8].

LCH is a very rare disease in head and neck region as the etiology and pathogenesis still remain unclear. Varieties of etiological factors have been proposed including immunologic reactions, viruses, bacteria and genetic influences. Possible development of LCH under the influence of colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha have also been suggested, and recently, cytogenic studies have proposed the role of tumor suppressor genes (p53), oncogenes (c-myc, h-ras), growth factors, cell surface immunologic markers and apoptotic factors in LCH as well [9].

The Langerhans cells are immunocomponent cells originate from the bone marrow and then migrate into the epithelium to perform the function of antigen recognition and presentation. [10] The early diagnosis of unifocal LCH with mandibular lesion in this patient was facilitated by clinical and radiological evaluation. The patient’s oral findings includes pain and mobility of the teeth with evident bone loss in the mandidular posterior region.

In this case the radiographical evaluation revealed a large radiolucency, well circumscribed and sharp unilocular image. Complete radiographic survey is required to substantiate the condition as unifocal or multifocal LCH. Dagenais et al have delineated seven different radiographic characteristics of the jaw lesions of Histiocytosis X, including solitary intraosseous lesions, a multiplicity of alveolar bone lesions, a well defined periphery, a scooped-out effect in the alveolar process, sclerosis in the alveolar bone lesions, periosteal new bone formation and slight root resorption [4].

The microscopical aspects of the lesion, which showed histiocytes, typical feature of LCH and immunohistochemical positivity to CDIa and S-100, confirmed the diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry has been employed as an ancillary tool for the confirmation of LCH, since the presence of Birbeck granules in proliferating cells helps to distinguish the latter from other histiocytic lesions [11].

Eosinophillic granulomata is usually misunderstood as periodontal disease. The pattern of bone loss is quite unlike the phenomenon of "floating teeth" which has been well-documented as occurring in histiocytosis X [12].

Rapidly progressive periodontitis has been claimed to be the form of periodontitis that is seen in individuals who have systemic diseases such as Down's syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, insulin-dependent diabetes and Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. [13] Microbiological evaluation provides an essential aid to differentiate between periodontal disease and eosinophilic granulomata. High proportions of Gram-negative anaerobic rods, including black pigmenting Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Capnocytophaga, spirochetes and motile rods are typical for a periodontal pocket flora in untreated periodontitis [14,15].

Surgical management of jaw lesions in the young patient is complicated by the presence of developing teeth which may easily be damaged or inadvertently removed. It has been stated that not all teeth involved by the disease require removal but teeth with marked mobility or with periapical lytic lesions should be sacrificed. [8] As in this case the primary first molar, primary second molar and the developing second premolar and permanent first molar teeth was extracted inevitably.

The management of LCH involves a wide spectrum of treatment modalities which includes surgical curretage together with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. [16] Surgical trauma and removal of the primary lesion may lead to an increased number of circulating lesion cells which accelerates micrometastases. [17,18,19] So to avoid future recurrence and taking the young age of the child into consideration adjuvant chemotherapy was preferred with vinblastin and oral prednisolone.

4. Conclusion

The prognosis of patients with unifocal LCH, eosinophilic granulomata is excellent. Nevertheless, LCH can be unpredictable and it is mandatory that all cases are subject to a careful follow-up programme, so as to identify any signs of local recurrence or dissemination [7].

The aetiology of the disease should be better understood for definitive treatment programmes. The most beneficial factors towards patient care are early detection of the disease and appropriate referral for the treatment and follow-up measures.

References

[1]   | Broadbent V, Pritchard J. Histiocytosis X: current controversies. Archives of Diseases in Childhood, 60: 605-607, 1985.
[2]   | Emile JF, Wechsler J, Brousse N, Boulland ML, Cologon R, et al. Langerhans' cell histiocytosis. Definitive diagnosis with the use of monoclonal antibody Ol0 on roulinely paraffin-embedded samples. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 19: 636-641, 1995.
[3]   | Eden OB. Oncology and terminal care. In: Campbell AG, McIntosh N (eds). Forfar and Arneil’s Textbook of Paediatrics, 4th edn. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1001-1002, 1992.
[4]   | Dagenais M, Pharoah MJ, Sikorski PA. The radiographic characteristics Of histiocytosis X- A study of 29 cases that involve the jaws. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 74: 230-236, 1992.
[5]   | Cleveland DB, Goldberg KM, Greenspan JS, Seitz TE, Milleer AS. Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis: report of three cases with unusual oral soft tissue involvement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 82: 541-548, 1996.
[6]   | Hartsfield JK. Premature exfoliation of teeth in childhood and adolescence. Adv Pediatr, 41: 453-470, 1994.
[7]   | Bartnick A, Friedrich RE, Roeser K, Schmelzle R. Oral Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis. J Craniomaxillofac Surg, 30: 91-96, 2002.
[8]   | Hartman KS, Colonel L. Histiocytosis X: a review of 114 cases with oral involvement. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol, 49: 38-54, 1980.
[9]   | M Gunashekhar, A Ponnudurai. Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving maxilla and mandible. Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2009; 6(2).
[10]   | Jaitley S, Saraswathi TR. Pathophysiology of Langerhans cells. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol, 16(2): 239-244, 2012.
[11]   | Ukan S, Gurol M, Durmus E. Recurrent multifocal Langerhans’ cell eosinophilic granuloma of the jaws: report of a case. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 54: 906-909, 1996.
[12]   | Keusch KD, Poole CA, King DR. Significance of "floating teeth" in children. Radiology, 86: 215-219, 1966.
[13]   | Page RC, Schroeder HE. Periodontal disease in man and other animals. Karger, Basel, Switzerland, 1982.
[14]   | Dzink JL, Tanner ACR, Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Gram negative species associated with active destructive periodontal lesions. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 12: 648-659, 1985.
[15]   | Loesche WJ, Syed SA. Morrison EC. Bacterial profiles of subgingival plaque in periodontitis. Journal of Periodontology, 56: 447-456, 1985.
[16]   | Glover AT, Grove AS. Eosinophilic granuloma of the orbit with spontaneous healing. Ophthalmology, 94: 1008-1012, 1987.
[17]   | McCulloch P, Choy A: Effect of menstrual phase on surgical treatment of breast cancer. Lancet, 344: 402-403, 1994.
[18]   | Gunduz N, Fisher B, Saffer EA: Effect of surgical removal on the growth and kinetics of residual tumor. Cancer Res, 39: 3861-3865, 1979.
[19]   | Fidler IJ, Ellis LM: The implication of angiogenesis for the biology and therapy of cancer metastasis. Cell, 79: 185-188, 1994.