Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) among Private Dental Sterilization Service Unit (SSU) Staff in Riyadh City

Ahlam Alamri, Amal Almedaini*, Aisha Alshehri, Ashwag Alshweegi, Riyadh Alshehri, Adel Alanazi, Rayed Alasiri, Fahad Alqahtani, Salem Aldhubayb, Ghazail Albeshi, Maha Almdherbi, Mutlaq Alotaibi

General Directorate of Infection Prevention and Control (GDIPC), Ministry of Health (MOH), PO Box: 11176, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding sterilization among SSU staff working in privet dental center in Riyadh city. STUDY DESIGN: cross-sectional study. METHODOLOGY: This study carried out over 9 months from Mar 2023 till Dec 2023 targeted 150 private Dental Centers Sterilization Services Units (SSU) working staffs’ who are directly involved in reprocessing surgical instruments and medical equipment in Private Dental Centers in Riyadh city , self-administered questionnaire consisting of close-ended questions has been used and collected through an online survey. RESULTS: The results suggest a positive correlation between nursing specialization and the proper execution of sterilization practices. CONCLUSION: In privet dental centers, SSU staff demonstrate excellent knowledge, a positive attitude, and efficient practice of sterilization techniques. However, there is a notable absence of studies in Saudi Arabia emphasizing the significance of sterilization knowledge in infection prevention and control. It is recommended to conduct broader studies encompassing all hospital types and SSU staff nationwide to obtain a comprehensive understanding and enhance infection prevention measures across privet dental centers in Saudi Arabia.

Keywords: dental sterilization service unit (SSU), comprehensive sterilization program (CSP), attitude, reusable medical device (RMD)

Received December 25, 2023; Revised January 28, 2024; Accepted February 04, 2024

Citation: Ahlam Alamri, Amal Almedaini, Aisha Alshehri, Ashwag Alshweegi, Riyadh Alshehri, Adel Alanazi, Rayed Alasiri, Fahad Alqahtani, Salem Aldhubayb, Ghazail Albeshi, Maha Almdherbi, Mutlaq Alotaibi, Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) among Private Dental Sterilization Service Unit (SSU) Staff in Riyadh City. International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research, 12 (1). 13-18. January 2024. doi:10.12691/ijdsr-12-1-3

1. Introduction

Dental instrument sterilization is a critical aspect of infection control in dental practice. Sterilization kills all microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, on dental instruments to stop the spread of infections between patients and dental healthcare workers. Dental instruments can become contaminated with infectious agents such as hepatitis B, HIV, and bacteria. If these contaminated instruments are not properly sterilized, they can transmit these infectious agents to patients and dental healthcare workers [1]. Dental centers are required to comply with the approved regulations & standards that set at national level such as the Ministry of Health (MOH) guidelines and the Saudi Central Board for Accreditation of Healthcare Institutions (CBAHI) and the international organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These regulations mandate proper sterilization of dental instruments to prevent the spread of infectious agents [1].

Marcelo W B Araujo 2022 conformed that “Dental healthcare workers, through occupational exposure, may have a ten times greater risk of becoming a chronic hepatitis B carrier than the average citizen ” Dental healthcare workers are at risk of exposure to infectious agents if contaminated RMD are not properly sterilized. Proper sterilization of dental appliances can protect dental healthcare workers from acquiring infectious diseases [3].

The research conducted in Lebanon by Jihad Dagher in 2017 mentions that 90.2% of dentists take the hepatitis B vaccine, which indicates the seriousness of these procedures and the importance of properly instrument sterilizing [2]. Patients expect and deserve a safe and clean environment when receiving dental care. Proper sterilization of dental RMD can help ensure patient safety and prevent the transmission of infectious agents.

According to (WHO) Standard precautions are a set of guidelines that help prevent the spread of infectious diseases between patients and dental healthcare workers. These guidelines include practices such as hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment, and environmental controls. Standard precautions are essential in dental instrument sterilization because they help ensure that dental instruments are properly cleaned and sterilized to prevent the transmission of infectious agents. By following standard precautions, dental healthcare workers can protect themselves and their patients from healthcare-associated infections and provide safe and effective dental care [7].

A questionnaire was conducted through which questions measuring KAP were asked, including the point of use step, which constitutes an important step in this type of practice. It was mentioned in the study that ineffectiveness effects on sterilization and the spread of infection. "Without proper point of use care, effective decontamination and subsequent sterilization though not impossible, is more challenging and time consuming. When blood and other body fluids, bits of tissue are allowed to dry on the surface of an instrument, the proteins tend to coagulate and create a barrier along with micro-organisms forming a biofilm. Biofilm is an accumulated mass of bacteria and extracellular material that is tightly adhered to a surface and cannot be easily removed. Since it is difficult to remove and it can further reduce the efficacy of sterilization by preventing access of sterilant into the micro-organism contaminated device. Therefore it is important that used RMD are promptly cleaned at patient source to minimize the opportunity of biofilm formation and then sent to SSU for further processing" [4].

It should also be noted that tools that have been opened and not used should be treated as contaminated tools, as there is confusion at this stage. It causes the spread of infection among patients. "All instruments opened in the operating or procedure room should be considered contaminated whether or not they have been used. Rationale: Scrubbed persons might touch instruments without being aware of it. Used instruments also might come in contact with other instruments" [6].

Dental clinics should also have a system in place for tracking and monitoring the sterilization process to ensure that all RMD are properly sterilized and to maintain a record of the sterilization cycle for each device. This may involve using indicators or labels that change color when the sterilization cycle is complete. The proper execution of these practices relies solely on the SSU worker's ability to apply them accurately [6].

The sterilization service unit plays a crucial role in the dental centers setting, contributing significantly to the safety and quality of patient care. By properly sterilizing medical instruments and equipment, the unit eliminates or reduces the presence of microorganisms. This ensures that reusable devices are safe for use on multiple patients, minimizing the risk of cross-contamination and the spread of infections. Sterilization is an essential component of patient safety. When medical instruments are not adequately sterilized, patients are at risk of developing serious infections, which can lead to complications, prolonged hospital stays, and even mortality. By maintaining a well-equipped and efficiently operated sterilization unit, dental centers can prioritize patient safety and reduce the occurrence of healthcare-associated infections.

In recent years, the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia has established courses known as the Comprehensive Sterilization Program (CSP) and Guideline that aim to increase awareness of correct practices inside the Central Sterilization Service Department (CSSD) and Sterilization Service Unit (SSU).

SSU workers may have long experience, but without adequate knowledge, Familiarity with the importance of sterilization and correct practices within these units is essential, so we prepared a questionnaire and tried to measure the extent of knowledge, practices and attitude between SSU staff. Besides, some of the backgrounds of SSU staff are not related to the sterilization field (e.g. Figure 1). The chart illustrates that 67% of the SSU staff consists of nurses.

We observe that the male ratio is 24, while the female ratio is 76. The variation in ratios could indeed be attributed to the training program initiated by the Saudi commotion for health specialties in 2018, specifically targeting the graduation of female sterilization technicians.In addition we observe that the majority, comprising 58.67% of the workforce, falls within the age range of 31-40."

This study aimed to investigate the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of sterilization among staff working in the Sterilization Service Unit (SSU) in a private dental center in Riyadh.

Figure 1. Job title of the study population

2. Method

Study Design and setting: This is a cross-sectional study carried out over 9 months from Mar 2023 till Dec 2023 targeted all Private Dental Centers Sterilization Services Unit (SSU) working staff who are directly involved in reprocessing surgical instruments and medical equipment in Private Dental Centers in Riyadh city.

Sample size: 150 private dental centers were selected from Riyadh city. Each center contains a sterilization unit, and each unit contains a sterilization employee, who filled out the questionnaire designated for this research. The 150 dental centers represent 30% of the number of centers in Riyadh city. They were distributed into the following division:58 private dental centers east of Riyadh city,20 private dental centers in southern Riyadh city,19 private dental centers west of Riyadh city,29 private dental centers in northern Riyadh city,24 private dental centers in central Riyadh city.

These centers were chosen randomly, and they all represent 30 percent of the private dental centers in the city of Riyadh.

Data Collection tools and procedure: A self-administered questionnaire consisting of close ended questions has been used and collected through an online survey. The questionnaire includes two sections; the first part involves personal information of the participants, such as Region, Age, Gender, nationality. Second part was the Knowledge Attitude and practice scale (KAP) that contained 34 validated questions covering all three standards; Knowledge (with 15 items), Attitude (with 9 items), and Practice (with 10 items). Likert scales 3 point used to assess the level of Knowledge Attitude and practice ranked as; Knowledge [K1-K15]: (3-Yes, 2-maybe, 1-No). Attitude [A1 & A9]: (3-Yes, 2-maybe, 1-No). Practice[P1-P10]: (3-Yes, 2-maybe, 1-No).

Statistical Analysis: The data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 1.0.0.1406, then it will be presented in descriptive statistics tables with frequency, percentage, mean, p-value, and standard deviation. Besides, the proportional allocation of the study sample was done and distributed using random generator software.

Ethical Consideration: Participants' information will be kept confidential. Also, approval will be needed from the ethical review board at ministry of health.

3. Results

Table 1 presents the participant characteristics by specialty type (Nursing and other specialties). The majority of study participants were nurses (64%), females (76%), non-Saudis (77%), and in the age group 31 – 40 years (59%). The results show significant differences in both gender and nationality between the two groups, while there is no significant difference in the age groups.

Table 1. Summary of Sample Characteristics by Type of Specialty: Private Dental Settings, Riyadh, KSA, 2023

Table 2 depicts the knowledge of both, nurses and other health workers, toward sterilization practice in privet dental clinics. In general, both groups have good knowledge about sterilization practice. However, the results show that nurses have better knowledge in all elements of sterilization practice. For both groups, the lowest rate of reporting having knowledge (yes) was regarding how to use tracking systems (54% of nurses and 52% of others).

Table 2. Knowledge of Study Population Toward Sterilization Practice

Table 3 presents the attitude of both groups of participants toward sterilization practice. The results indicate that both groups have positive attitude toward sterilization practice. Similar to the Knowledge, nurses, compared to other health workers, reported more positive attitude toward sterilization practice. It’s notable that high rate of both groups reported less positive attitude toward that the SSU staff should wear minimum PPE (gloves & mask) inside clean area, compared to other practices.

Table 3. Attitude of Study Population Toward Sterilization Practice

Table 4 shows the results of sterilization practice related questions. Most of the study participants from both groups reported good sterilization practices. The results show that, compared to other health workers, nurses were more likely to apply all sterilization practices properly except checking the sterilizer parameters print out for each cycle.

Table 4. Practice of Study Population Toward Sterilization Practice

We found statistically significant correlations between knowledge and practice, knowledge and attitude, and attitude and practice (p < 0.001) among all study subjects toward sterilization.

Table 5. Correlation among Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice

Table 6 illustrates the mean of knowledge, practice and attitude among nurses versus other health workers. The results show no statistically significant differences between nurses and other health workers in the average knowledge, practice and attitude toward sterilization in dental clinics.

Table 6. Mean, Standard Deviation of Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude by Nursing Profession

4. Discussion

The study addressed a crucial topic by examining the cognitive levels and correct practices among personnel in sterilization units at private dental centers in Riyadh City, totaling 150 centers. The noteworthy finding was that the percentage of nurses implementing sterilization practices correctly surpassed other classifications. This could be attributed to the fact that nursing education includes fundamental training in infection control and sterilization throughout their academic journey, unlike other specialized fields included in the study.

The results suggest a positive correlation between nursing specialization and the proper execution of sterilization practices. The emphasis on infection control in nursing education seems to contribute to a higher level of competence among nurses in this regard, compared to professionals in other disciplines. According to the previous study that consensus among the vast majority of nurses was in favor of upholding and implementing guidelines for disinfection and sterilization practices [8].

This underscores the significance of tailored training programs and educational interventions in promoting effective infection control practices across various healthcare specialties. The study highlights the need for comprehensive and specialized training to ensure a consistent and high standard of sterilization practices in dental healthcare settings.

The low affirmative response rates across all categories regarding electronic monitoring for tracking surgical instruments highlight a notable absence of electronic tracking systems within private dental centers. This suggests that these facilities may not have established or implemented electronic tracking system for dental instruments. The lack of such systems could potentially impact the efficiency, traceability, and overall management of surgical tools within these dental settings. Consideration of implementing electronic tracking mechanisms may enhance the overall quality and safety of surgical instrument management in private dental facilities. According to the previous study, establishing computerized tracking systems for surgical devices is crucial in hospital administration, aiding in quality management and clinical risk assessment [9].

Checking the parameters printout is important in SSU.one of the study said (to guarantee sterility, the process of sterilization must be validated. Because there is no direct way to measure sterility, the techniques applied to validate the sterilization process are based on statistical principles. Steam sterilization is the most frequently applied sterilization method worldwide and can be validated either by indicators chemical or biological or physical measurements. The steam sterilization conditions are described in the literature. Starting from these conditions, criteria for the validation of steam sterilization are derived and can be described in terms of physical parameters), Utilizing this study, we note the significance of examining physical parameters. However, our study reveals that nurses exhibit lower commitment to assessing these indicators compared to other groups. This underscores the need to educate nurses on the importance of scrutinizing these physical parameters to ensure the validity of sterilization and the quality of outputs in the sterilization unit [10].

This paper presents more positive attitude toward sterilization practice. It’s notable that high rate of both groups reported less positive attitude toward that the SSU staff should wear minimum PPE (gloves & mask) inside clean area, compared to other practices. (health& safety executive) refers to the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to control risks at work The selection is made based on specific data, as mentioned Before selecting PPE, consider: Who is exposed? What they are exposed to How long are they exposed to? How much are they exposed to? Taking into account the aforementioned data, the clean area is considered safe, and there is no need to wear a mask and gloves, as there is no unsafe exposure during work [11].

5. Conclusion

In privet dental centers, SSU staff demonstrate excellent knowledge, a positive attitude, and efficient practice of sterilization techniques. However, there is a notable absence of studies in Saudi Arabia emphasizing the significance of sterilization knowledge in infection prevention and control. It is recommended to conduct broader studies encompassing all hospital types and CSSD staff nationwide to obtain a comprehensive understanding and enhance infection prevention measures across privet dental centers in Saudi Arabia.

References

[1]   | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/ (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
[2]   | Dagher, J. et al. (2017) Infection control measures in private dental clinics in Lebanon, International Journal of Dentistry. Available at: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijd/2017/5057248/ (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
[3]   | Araujo MW, Andreana S. Risk and prevention of transmission of infectious diseases in dentistry. Quintessence Int. 2002 May; 33(5): 376-82. PMID: 12014168. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12014168/ (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
[4]   | STUDENTS, B.Sc.N. (1994) ‘Cost effectiveness and efficiency of CSSD’, Nursing Journal of India, LXXXV(02), pp. 26.
[5]   | Ling ML;Ching P;Widitaputra A;Stewart A;Sirijindadirat N;Thu LTA; (no date) APSIC guidelines for disinfection and sterilization of instruments in health care facilities, Antimicrobial resistance and infection control. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29468053/ (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
[6]   | IAHCSMM Central Service Technical Training course (2007). Chicago, IL: International Association of Healthcare Central Service Materiel Management.
[7]   | World Health Organization (WHO) (no date) World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/ (Accessed: 25 July 2023).
[8]   | Angelillo IF, Mazziotta A, Nicotera G. Nurses and hospital infection control: knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of Italian operating theatre staff. J Hosp Infect. 1999 Jun; 42(2): 105-12.
[9]   | Armenise D, Bonacina S, Pinciroli F. A database for a computerized tracking system of surgical devices. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2008 Nov 6: 883. PMID: 18998851.
[10]   | van Doornmalen J, Kopinga K. Review of surface steam sterilization for validation purposes. Am J Infect Control. 2008 Mar; 36(2): 86-92.
[11]   | Selection and use - Using personal protective equipment (PPE) to control risks at work - HSE. (n.d.). HSE: Information about health and safety at work. https://www.hse.gov.uk/ppe/selection-and-use.htm.