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Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
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Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
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Are Parasitic Infections a Solution in the Treatment of Celiac Disease?

Anamaria Girbovan, Gabriel Samasca*, Iulia Lupan

Emergency Hospital for Children, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Abstract: In this issue, Rahmoune et al. present two pediatric patients with infectious associations leading to a transient positive celiac disease serology. The question is: Are parasitic infections a solution for the treatment of celiac disease?

Keywords: celiac disease, parasitic infections, benefit

Citation: Anamaria Girbovan, Gabriel Samasca, Iulia Lupan, Are Parasitic Infections a Solution in the Treatment of Celiac Disease?. International Journal of Celiac Disease, 5 (3). 125-126. January 2017. doi:10.12691/ijcd-5-3-10

1. Introduction

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed people, furthermore, it remains a disease with only one available treatment : the gluten free-diet. However, recent studies are suggesting that parasites may improve the outcome of CD patients [1]. So far parasites have been used in the treatment of disease such as inflammatory bowel diseases: Chron’s disease, ulcerative colitis, chronic idiopathic colitis, asthma [2,3].

2. The Beneficial Effects of Parasitic Infections on CD Patients

One study conducted by Croese et al. on 12 CD patients inoculated with Necator americanuslarvae undergoing a gluten-diet concluded that helminths stimulate gluten tolerance among CD patients. Moreover, after gluten intake the villous atrophy did not increase, IgA-tissue transglutaminase titers declined and the quality of life improved. However, intra-epithelial lymphocytes, Marsh scores remained unchanged [4]. Furthermore, another study compared a group of 10 CD patients with 10 CD patients inoculated percutaneously with 10 infective larvae of Necator americanus. After 20 weeks both groups underwent a gluten diet for 5 days. The doudenal biopsies revealed that the levels of IFN-ϒ, IL-17A declined in the hook-worm group compared to the control group [5].

3. Parasites could improve the dysbiosis in CD patients

Another important aspect of parasitic infections is the effect on the gut microbiota. Giacomin P et al conducted a study on 8 CD patients undergoing gluten-free diet which were infected with Necator americanus larvae diet and a CD control group revealed that there are differences between the fecal microbita of the helminth infected group and the control group after gluten intake. While in the control group the Firmicuteswere more abundant, in the helminth infected group phylum Bacteroidetes was more profuse. It was sugested that hookworm infection helps the intestinal microbiota homeostasis by increasing the microbial species richness [6]. More studies are needed in order to improve our apprehension on the helminth-microbiota-host relationships [7]. However, another double-blinded placebo controlled trial conducted by Daveson et al concluded that the infection with Necator americanus although it proved to be safe, there no concrete benefits from a pathological point of view [8].

4. Opportunistic Infections are More Frequent in CD Patients

In CD patients due to the villous atrophy and reduced immunity, bacterial, viral and parasitic infections may develop faster than in healthy subjects [9]. Blastocystis hominis more than five per field it should be considered opportunistic in symptomatic patients with subtotal-total villous atrophy and low weight [10]. Furthermore, Giardia lamblia infection symptoms, serological and histopathological aspects resemble with celiac disease, thus it is recommended a fecal test to be conducted in order to exclude G. lamblia infection [11].

5. Conclusions

In CD patients some parasitic opportunistic infections may occur with parasites such as: Blastocystishominis, Giardia lamblia. Moreover, with a newly diagnosed patient parasitic infections should be excluded. However, recent studies have shown the benefit of parasite inoculation on CD patients: reduced levels of IFN-ϒ, IL-17A in the duodenal mucosa, stable villous atrophy, decrease in IgA-tissue transglutaminase titers, improving the gut microbiota richness. However, more trial studies are required in order to design a pharmaceutical agent available for CD patients.

References

[1]   | Mohammadi R, Hosseini-Safa A, Ehsani Ardakani MJ et al. The relationship between intestinal parasites and some immune-mediated intestinal conditions. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2015;8: 123-131.
[2]   | Weinstock JV. Autoimmunity: The worm returns. Nature. 2012;491:183-185.
[3]   | Feary JR Venn AJ, Mortimer K,, et al. Experimental hookworm infection: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010;40:299-306.
[4]   | Croese J, Giacomin P, Navarro S et al. Experimental hookworm infection and gluten microchallenge promote tolerance in celiac disease. J Allergy ClinImmunol 2015;135:508516.
[5]   | McSorley HJ, Gaze S, Daveson J, et al. Suppression of inflammatory immune responses in celiac disease by experimental hookworm infection. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24092.
[6]   | Giacomin P, Zakrzewski M, Croese J, et al. Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13797.
[7]   | P’ng Loke, Yvonne A.L. Lim. Can helminth infection reverse microbial dysbiosis? Trends Parasitol. 2015;31:534-535.
[8]   | Daveson AJ, Jones DM, Gaze S, et al. Effect of hookworm infection on wheat challenge in celiac disease--a randomised double-blinded placebo controlled trial. PLoS One. 2011;6:e17366.
[9]   | Rostami Nejad M, Ishaq S, Al Dulaimi D, et al. The role of infectious mediators and gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Arch Iran Med. 2015;18:244-249.
[10]   | Jiménez OM, Carbonell AE, García OM, et al. Blastocystis hominis in symptomatic celiac patients. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam. 2012;42:175-181.
[11]   | Edling L, Rathsman S, Eriksson S, et al. Celiac disease and giardiasis: a case report. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;24:984-987.