Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Celiac Disease and Cancer – Are There Potential Links? Is the Vigilance of Immune System in Celiac Disease a Double-edged Sword?

Jana Cizkova, Monika Cervinkova*

Laboratory of Tumour Biology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic

Abstract: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune – mediated inflammatory intestinal disorder with prevalence about 1% of the West European population. The emergence of the disease is dependent on presence of grain storage proteins from wheat, barley, and rye (collectively called gluten) and genetic predisposition. After diagnosis is immediately deployed lifelong gluten free diet (GFD) to promote villous healing. In the case of CD - like other autoimmune disease, additional complications are observed especially if dietary compliance is poor. The most serious complications are malignancies including predominantly various types of lymphomas. On the other hand recent studies indicate lower risk of colon cancer in contrast to cutaneous malignant melanoma where the results are contradictory.

Keywords: celiac disease, malignancies, lymphomas

Citation: Jana Cizkova, Monika Cervinkova, Celiac Disease and Cancer – Are There Potential Links? Is the Vigilance of Immune System in Celiac Disease a Double-edged Sword?. International Journal of Celiac Disease, 3 (4). 148-150. January 2015. doi:10.12691/ijcd-3-4-6

1. Introduction

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune – mediated inflammatory intestinal disorder and it is ranked among the autoimmune disease. Typical symptoms are seemingly unrelated complaints, such as diarrhea, flatulence, cramps, weight loss, fatigue, decreased bone density, unexplained iron deficiency and infertility. CD can occur at any time during childhood and adulthood with different manifestations. Unfortunately, nowadays celiac disease is causally incurable and the only treatment option is a gluten free diet (GFD). However, GFD causes very rapid alleviation of symptoms and promotes villous healing. Diagnosis is determined primarily by biopsy from the intestinal mucosa and on the results of specific serological tests, which especially include the level of enzyme transglutaminase. This enzyme is directly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease - binds to glutamine residues in gliadin molecule, a major component of gluten.

Like other autoimmune diseases CD have a genetic basis and therefore almost exclusively occurs in people having HLA - DQ2 or DQ8 antigens. CD incidence is higher in families where the CD has already been diagnosed. Trigger of CD in susceptible individuals is gluten, contained in some cereals, which is then digested in the digestive tract into smaller peptides. They bind to specific lymphocytes CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ thus triggering cell response in the mucosa of the small intestine [1], leading to the typical histological changes of the damaged mucosa, which can appear in a wide range from a minimum damage of the mucosa (increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes) to total villous atrophy with crypt hyperplasia and increased inflammation of lamina propria [1,2]. All these changes may regress in compliance with GFD. Recent studies in Western Europe countries report prevalence of CD about 1 % of all population, with a higher rate in female gender (ratio of 2:1) [1,3,4,5].

In addition to the active form of CD, which is characterized by the presence of increased levels of specific antibodies and typical pathology in intestinal mucosa, in the population occur also other forms of CD. Subclinical form is without presence of symptoms, but with typical findings in the small intestine. GFD is fully indicated also in this case. In latent form occurs only positive serological test, but during the examination of the small intestine is not present any pathology [6].

The CD is associated with a lot of complications, and this review is focused on the relationship between CD and malignancy, particularly lymphoma. The objective of this paper is to perform a study of recent literature on CD and cancer.

2. Material and Methods

A review for the potential links between CD and cancer was performed. Only relevant papers were included and the topic was discussed interesting form.

3. Results

3.1. Celiac Disease and Cancer

One of the most serious complications in CD is the development of malignancy. Celiac patients have higher risk of malignancy than healthy population (incidence observed / expected = 1,2 - 1,5). Compared with expected rates the risk of lymphomas was increased significantly, but in other cancers results are inconclusive. CD is also associated with a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases particularly with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroiditis [4,7,8].

3.2. Link to Lymphomas

Gastrointestinal lymphomas are the most frequently occurring neoplasms in the celiac population, but the diagnosis of lymphoma may be difficult, because the most of lymphomas occurs in small intestine. Basic classification divides lymphomas into Hodgkin's lymphomas and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Non-Hodkin's lymphomas are further divided according to their origin into two major group T-cell type and B-cell type. Both of them occur in CD. However, the presence of a T-cell type is more frequent [9].

By the WHO classification is primary intestinal T-cell lymphoma recognized as enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (ETL or EATL) with prevalence about 5 % of all gastrointestinal lymphomas [10]. In 2008, the WHO has introduced EATL classification into two types according to morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic differences [11]. Both of them can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. The most commonly affected parts are jejunum and proximal ileum, but EATL can occur also in the stomach, duodenum and colon. Extra-intestinal manifestation is rare [12].

The original type or type I EATL represents the majority of EATL, and its incidence is strongly linked to CD. The tumour cells in type I EATL are medium-to-large with a pleomorphic appearance and an increased mitotic index. Morphologically these are seen as a prominent inflammatory background composed of histiocytes and eosinophils, which in some cases can obscure the population of neoplastic cells [12,13].

The monomorphic variant of EATL, also called type II, is defined as an intestinal tumour composed of small-to medium-sized monomorphic T-cells and comprises approximately 10 - 34% of cases [14]. Unlike type I is observed a lateral spread of tumour within the mucosa, and the absence of an inflammatory background. This type of EATL also may occur in the CD, but only in the isolated cases [12].

EATL may precede refractory celiac disease (RCD), which is a form of CD that is resistant to GFD. Type I RCD is very similar to CD, except for persistence of inflammatory processes in the intestine and there are less than 20% of intraepithelial lymphocytes with normal phenotype [12,13]. However, a significant influence on development of EATL has RCD type II. RCD type II is characterized by an increase of aberrant intraepithelial lymphocytes above 20 % [12,15].

In patients with CD were also observed Burkitt-like lymphoma (BLL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma [16,17]. The first observation of BLL was in a patient with CD in his eight decade of life. This high grade B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders is probably caused by chronic inflammation, profound immunosuppression and nutritional deficit [16].

MALT lymphoma is quite rare disease, but it was described a case, in which a celiac patient had synchronous gastric and colonic MALT lymphoma with re-evaluation in 3 years. Usually gluten withdrawal generally leads to disappearance of acquired gastric MALT, probably due to disappearance of the antigenic stimulation [18]. Unfortunately, the patient refused a new colonoscopic evaluation, so the reasons for the return of disease are only speculative, but it is possible, that one of the reasons was the failure of GFD diet, as confirmed by the patient [17].

In the case of Hodgkin's lymphoma is 9 – fold increased risk in patients afflicted by CD [8]. Other study reports 5-fold increased risk in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 10-fold increased risk in Hodgkin's lymphoma [4].

3.3. Link to CRC

One of the most common types of cancer is colorectal cancer (CRC), but in the population of patients with celiac disease is the risk of colorectal carcinoma lower than in the healthy population, as it is evidenced by recent studies [9,19,20].

3.4. Link to Other Malignancies

Except lymphoma, patients with CD are further threatened by small-bowel adenocarcinomas (SBA). Even though it is a rare tumour, CD patients have an 80-fold greater risk than the general population [21,22,23]. Most common location of SBA is duodenum. If the disease is detected in time, surgical resection follows. Unfortunately early diagnosis of SBA is not easy despite significant radiological and endoscopic progress. The main prognostic factor after surgical resection is node invasion. Increase in the risk of SBA in the event of CD is the lymphocytic infiltration, which induces damage to intestinal epithelial cells [24].

Previous publications demonstrated that the CD is also associated with an increased risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), but recent studies have not confirmed this phenomenon, on the contrary, they found no association between CD and the incidence of CMM [25].

3.5. Immune System Function in Cancer Predisposition

According to previously mentioned data, there are mentioned links with lymphomas rather than CRC where links are not proven or more precisely the risk of CRC is noted to be decreased [19]. It is even mentioned that CD can act as a protective condition against other cancers than lymphomas [9]. It is hypothesized that an extreme immune response elicited from damaged intestinal mucosa results in depletion of cellular components of lymph nodes manifesting as involution or cavitation and hyposplenism in CD patients [26]. This is evidence that immune system is persistently alert. Maybe alertness of immune system could be also the mechanism underlying protection against cancer in CD, because lymph nodes are known to be effective barrier in cancer spreading in organism.

Concerning lymphomas various types are described as was already mentioned above [9,16,17,27,28]. Underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Immunological mechanisms are obviously predominantly involved in pathogenesis. There is suggested link with lymphocytic infiltration of gastric and colonic mucosa. Increased numbers of these lymphocytes are responding to gluten exposure probably due to cytokine-dependent mechanisms [28]. The chronic antigenic stimulation by gluten can result to an increased risk of lymfoproliferation [17]. Previously mentioned facts show that the vigilance of immune system may be in CD patients a double-edged sword. Thus, it is worth to pay attention to immune system functions in CD in further studies.

4. Conclusions

CD is a worldwide disease with permanently increasing prevalence. CD patients are more prone to some types of cancer, but on the other hand CD seems to be protective for other types. Mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of malignancies in CD are not completely known, but alertness of immune system is probably the reason why CD patients are more predisposed for concrete malignancies and contrary less to another ones. Concrete mechanisms contributing to these outcomes have to be revealed thoroughly, but we can conclude that immune system actions may be a double-edged sword in cancer predisposition of CD patients.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the project ExAM from European Regional Development Fund CZ.1.05./2.1.00/03.0124.

References

[1]   | Levy J, Bernstein L, Silber N: Celiac Disease: An Immune Dysregulation Syndrome. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care 2014, 44(11):324-327.
[2]   | Bao F, Bhagat G: Histopathology of celiac disease. Gastrointestinal endoscopy clinics of North America 2012, 22(4):679-694.
[3]   | Dube C, Rostom A, Sy R, Cranney A, Saloojee N, Garritty C, Sampson M, Zhang L, Yazdi F, Mamaladze V et al: The prevalence of celiac disease in average-risk and at-risk Western European populations: A systematic review. Gastroenterology 2005, 128(4):S57-S67.
[4]   | Silano M, Volta U, Mecchia AM, Dessi M, Di Benedetto R, De Vincenzi M, Italian Registry Complications C: Delayed diagnosis of coeliac disease increases cancer risk. Bmc Gastroenterology 2007, 7.
[5]   | Tonutti E, Bizzaro N: Diagnosis and classification of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. Autoimmunity Reviews 2014, 13(4-5):472-476.
[6]   | Walker MM, Woodward J: A clinicopathological approach to the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Diagnostic Histopathology 2012, 18(10):402-410.
[7]   | Viljamaa M, Kaukinen K, Pukkala E, Hervonen K, Reunala T, Collin P: Malignancies and mortality in patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis: 30-year population-based study. Digestive and Liver Disease 2006, 38(6):374-380.
[8]   | Green PHR, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, Goyal R, Jabri B, Neugut AI: Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease. American Journal of Medicine 2003, 115(3):191-195.
[9]   | Freeman HJ: Adult Celiac Disease and Its Malignant Complications. Gut and Liver 2009, 3(4):237-246.
[10]   | Meijer JWR, Mulder CJJ, Goerres MG, Boot H, Schweizer JJ: Coeliac disease and (extra)intestinal T-cell lymphomas: definition, diagnosis and treatment. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology Supplement 2004(241):78-84.
[11]   | Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, Pileri S, Stein H, Jaffe ES: The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood 2011, 117(19):5019-5032.
[12]   | Shroff S, Ganapathi KA: Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma: a review of diagnostic findings and therapeutic strategies. Diagnostic Histopathology 2014, 20(4):151-155.

[13]  
Chandesris MO, Malamut G, Verkarre V, Meresse B, Macintyre E, Delarue R, Rubio MT, Suarez F, Deau-Fischer B, Cerf-Bensussan N et al: Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: A review on clinical presentation, diagnosis, therapeutic strategies and perspectives. Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique 2010, 34(11):590-605.

[14]   | Delabie J, Holte H, Vose JM, Ullrich F, Jaffe ES, Savage KJ, Connors JM, Rimsza L, Harris NL, Mueller-Hermelink K et al: Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma: clinical and histological findings from the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project. Blood 2011, 118(1):148-155.
[15]   | van de Water JMW, Cillessen SAGM, Visser OJ, Verbeek WHM, Meijer CJLM, Mulder CJJ: Enteropathy associated T-cell lymphoma and its precursor lesions. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Gastroenterology 2010, 24(1):43-56.
[16]   | Ahluwalia M, Gotlieb V, Damerla V, Saif MW: Aggressive Burkitt-like lymphoma of colon in a patient with prior celiac disease. The Yale journal of biology and medicine 2006, 79(3-4):173-175.
[17]   | Tursi A, Inchingolo CD: Synchronous gastric and colonic MALT-lymphoma in coeliac disease: A long-term follow-up on gluten-free diet. Digestive and Liver Disease 2007, 39(11):1035-1038.
[18]   | Cuoco L, Cammarota G, Tursi A, Papa A, Certo M, Cianci R, Fedeli G, Gasbarrini G: Disappearance of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in coeliac patients after gluten withdrawal. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1998, 33(4):401-405.
[19]   | Volta U, Quintarelli F, Felli C, Silano M, Italian Registry Complications C: Low risk of colon cancer in patients with celiac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2014, 49(5):564-568.
[20]   | Pereyra L, Gonzalez R, Mohaidle A, Fischer C, Mella JM, Panigadi GN, Manazzoni D, Matoso MD, Lasa JS, Novillo A et al: Risk of colorectal neoplasia in patients with celiac disease: a multicenter study. Journal of Crohn's & colitis 2013, 7(12):e672-677.
[21]   | Green PHR, Jabri B: Celiac disease and other precursors to small-bowel malignancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 2002, 31(2):625-+.
[22]   | Green PHR, Jabri B: Coeliac disease. Lancet 2003, 362(9381):383-391.
[23]   | Potter DD, Murray JA, Donohue JH, Burgart LJ, Nagorney DM, van Heerden JA, Plevak MF, Zinsmeister AR, Thibodeau SN: The role of defective mismatch repair in small bowel adenocarcinoma in celiac disease. Cancer Research 2004, 64(19):7073-7077.
[24]   | Aparicio T, Zaanan A, Svrcek M, Laurent-Puig P, Carrere N, Manfredi S, Locher C, Afchain P: Small bowel adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Digestive and Liver Disease 2014, 46(2):97-104.
[25]   | Lebwohl B, Eriksson H, Hansson J, Green PHR, Ludvigsson JF: Risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma in patients with celiac disease: A population-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014, 71(2):245-248.
[26]   | Schmitz F, Herzig KH, Stuber E, Tiemann N, Reinecke-Luthge A, Nitsche R, Folsch UR: On the pathogenesis and clinical course of mesenteric lymph node cavitation and hyposplenism in coeliac disease. International Journal of Colorectal Disease 2002, 17(3):192-198.
[27]   | Koo V, Armstrong A, Harvey C: Coeliac disease presenting with colonic lymphoma. Ulster Medical Journal 2002, 71(2):136-138.
[28]   | Pulte D, Murray J: Celiac disease and diffuse T-cell lymphoma of the colon. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001, 53(3):379-381.