eng Science and Education Publishing Frontiers of Astronomy Astrophysics and Cosmology 2019-12-26 5 1 6 10 10.12691/faac-5-1-2 FAAC2019512 article Shi-Hao Chen shchen@nenu.edu.cn 1 Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China S-matter and s-galaxies in s-empty holes must be very scarce. A s-galaxy existing inside a s-empty hole must have the following characteristics. The s-galaxy is an emission galaxy; In addition to the cosmological red shift, the s-light emitted by the s-galaxy will also have a violet shift. The greater the density of the color singlets and the distance from the s-galaxy to the nearest boundary of the s-empty hole, is greater the violet shift. A spherical s-empty hole for s-light is equivalent to a concave lens. When the Milky Way and a s-galaxy are respectively on the two side of an oblong empty hole or inside a huge s-empty hole, an observer on the earth will observe the s-galaxy to be brighter than its real brightness. The luminous arc structure of galaxies which is near the central part of an elliptical clusters is explained. A cosmic island with an accelerating expansion cannot expand forever. There is no necessity that a galaxy will be torn apart during the expansion process of the cosmic island. The expansion rate of a s-empty hole is higher than that of a s-galaxy. The s-empty holes in a s-cosmic island with an accelerating expansion occupy more space than the s-galaxies in the s-cosmic island. http://pubs.sciepub.com/faac/5/1/2/faac-5-1-2.pdf huge hole cluster of galaxies color singlets cosmic island red shift violet shift