Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
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David Rain
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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

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Beyond “Worker-Only” Integration: An ESP-Sustainability Intervention Model for Employability and Civic Outcomes in Saudi TVET

Abdullah M.A. Alhomaidan

Arrass College of Technology, Technical & Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC), Arrass, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Research on vocational–academic integration consistently highlights a risk of narrowing integration towards labor-market content, often at the expense of democratic and civic education. Building on these discussions, this study investigates whether an English for Specific Purposes (ESP)-mediated sustainability intervention can achieve employability gains without perpetuating civic exclusion by embedding democratic "voice" and ethical reasoning within workplace-relevant sustainability tasks. A mixed-methods intervention, spanning 8 weeks and involving 60 Saudi Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) students, operationalized the ESP–Sustainability Employability Framework (ESEF) through task-based projects grounded in SDG-aligned workplace scenarios. Quantitative outcomes, including communication, critical thinking, problem-solving, and civic awareness, were measured pre- and post-intervention and analyzed using paired t-tests, Cohen's d, and 95% confidence intervals. Qualitative evidence, derived from 18 focus groups and 120 reflective journal entries, was subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. The findings revealed significant improvements across all outcomes from pre- to post-test: communication (d = .84, 95% CI [.59, 1.11]), critical thinking (d = .82, 95% CI [.54, 1.03]), problem-solving (d = .79, 95% CI [.45, .90]), civic awareness (d = .79, 95% CI [.47, .92]), and authentic performance task scores (d = .98, 95% CI [2.56, 4.38]). Qualitative themes further indicated: (1) strengthened vocational identity through language-for-work genres; (2) sustainability as a motivating "real problem" context; (3) expanded civic agency via rights/voice discourse embedded in workplace cases; and (4) implementation constraints necessitating differentiated scaffolding. This study advances integration theory by offering an intervention-based alternative to purely diagnostic accounts of exclusion. It specifies a replicable pedagogy (ESEF), introduces a Dual Integration Model (DIM) to prevent democratic "dropout," and provides empirical outcome evidence alongside student perspectives. The implications suggest that TVET systems can effectively integrate employability, green skills, and civic competence through ESP tasks, thereby supporting broader workforce preparation aligned with national reforms and international Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) agendas.

Keywords: TVET, vocational–academic integration, English for Specific Purposes (ESP), sustainability education, employability skills, civic education, green transition, mixed methods

Received April 19, 2026; Revised May 21, 2026; Accepted May 29, 2026

Citation: Abdullah M.A. Alhomaidan, Beyond “Worker-Only” Integration: An ESP-Sustainability Intervention Model for Employability and Civic Outcomes in Saudi TVET. American Journal of Educational Research, 14 (5). 134-140. January 2026. doi:10.12691/education-14-5-2

1. Introduction

Vocational education and training (VET) systems face intensifying pressure to deliver on three intersecting agendas: employability, green transition capacity, and democratic/civic education. Across OECD contexts, the green transition is reshaping skill demands and widening the need for transversal capabilities—communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving—alongside technical competence [1]. Yet research in VET has repeatedly warned that curricular integration can drift toward a narrow "worker-only" orientation in which education reduces to labor-market adjustment, leaving democratic rights and civic agency marginalized [2,3].

Recent scholarship has made this risk visible: integration is often constructed around what is administratively convenient, assessable, or "naturally" connected to vocational content, producing subtle but consequential exclusion patterns for students' citizenship preparation. Ekström [4] exemplifies this diagnostic strength by showing how civics teachers' interpretative repertoires can prioritize students as workers and consumers, thereby deprioritizing democratic training in vocational tracks. While analytically powerful, such work remains primarily diagnostic: it shows how exclusion happens but offers limited evidence on how to design and test pedagogies that prevent it.

This study responds with an explicit design question: Can an ESP-mediated sustainability intervention produce measurable employability gains while simultaneously strengthening civic awareness and democratic "voice" rather than excluding it? The intervention is situated in Saudi Arabia's TVET context, where reform agendas emphasize labor-market alignment and human capital development under Vision 2030 [5]. The study's logic also aligns with UNESCO's ESD for 2030 roadmap emphasizing action-oriented pedagogy [6].

2. Research Questions

• RQ1: To what extent does an 8-week ESEF intervention improve TVET students' communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving?

• RQ2: To what extent does the intervention strengthen civic awareness (rights/voice/ethics) rather than reproducing civic exclusion?

• RQ3: How do students explain changes in relevance, engagement, identity, and agency?

• RQ4: What design features prevent democratic "dropout" in integrated curricula?

3. Literature Review

This section reviews the literature related to vocational–academic integration, civic education in TVET, ESP-mediated learning, and sustainability-oriented pedagogies to establish the theoretical and empirical foundation of the study.

3.1. Vocational–Academic Integration as a Contested Project

Integration is often framed as connecting school knowledge and workplace practice, strengthening coherence between academic and vocational learning, and enhancing transition outcomes [7,8]. Yet integration is not neutral: it is a political and epistemic project about which knowledge counts, whose futures are imagined, and how learners are positioned [2,3]. Research shows that integration can either broaden access to powerful knowledge or reinforce stratification by narrowing content for vocational students [9].

Work on citizenship preparation in VET underscores that democratic competence is not automatically supported by vocational curricula; it requires deliberate pedagogic design and attention to "pedagogic rights" [10]. Citizenship education frameworks distinguish between personally responsible citizenship, participatory citizenship, and justice-oriented citizenship—an important lens because "responsible worker" discourses can masquerade as citizenship while excluding participation and critique [11].

3.2. Exclusion Dynamics in Integration Practices

Ekström [4] demonstrates a crucial exclusion mechanism: integration practices in civics drift toward labor-market relevance, while democratic training (rights, voice, collective agency) becomes harder to integrate and therefore more likely to be deprioritized. This aligns with broader concerns that vocational tracks may encode "middle-class bias" in democratic theory, placing vocational learners outside the imagined political subject [3]. The broader implication is not merely that "democracy is missing," but that integration itself can amplify exclusion if governed by convenience and employability-only logic.

3.3. Language, Integration, and ESP/CLIL

Research on content-and-language integration in vocational settings suggests that language can function as a bridge when treated as part of vocational learning rather than peripheral remediation. Studies on CLIL in technical vocational education show that teachers' language awareness shapes whether integration supports learning or becomes superficial [12]. ESP scholarship emphasizes that needs analysis, genre awareness, and workplace discourse practices enable learners to access the communicative demands of occupations [13,14].

In VET contexts, the strongest rationale for ESP is not only employability but also participation: learners gain access to workplace communities of practice through communicative competence [15]. A key theoretical claim of this study is thus: if ESP can teach the discourse of work, it can also teach the discourse of ethical and civic participation in work contexts.

3.4. Sustainability Education as an Integration Context

Sustainability provides a uniquely powerful integration context linking technical practice, ethical reasoning, systems thinking, and policy constraints. Competency frameworks identify systems thinking, anticipatory thinking, normative competence, strategic competence, and interpersonal competence as core [16]. For VET specifically, the green transition requires curricula updates and combinations of STEM and transversal capabilities [1]. Literature on "green skills integration" warns against cosmetic reform: sustainability language may appear in curricula without deep pedagogic change [17].

3.5. Synthesis and Gap

The literature converges on a problem: integration is desirable but risky; it can privilege employability while excluding democracy. The gap is an empirically tested, replicable intervention model that (1) uses an integrative pedagogy (ESP), (2) uses a high-value context (sustainability), and (3) safeguards civic/democratic learning through deliberate design.

4. Theoretical Framework

This study is grounded in an integrated theoretical perspective combining ESP pedagogy, sustainability competence frameworks, and vocational–academic integration theory. The framework supports the development of employability and civic outcomes within sustainability-oriented TVET contexts.

4.1. ESP–Sustainability Employability Framework (ESEF)

ESEF proposes that ESP tasks (workplace genres, interaction routines, report writing, presentations, negotiation) can be designed around sustainability scenarios (resource efficiency, waste reduction, safety/environmental compliance, ethical dilemmas, community impact), producing employability outcomes while also embedding civic elements such as rights, voice, and responsibility.

ESEF synthesizes:

• Sociocultural learning [15]

• ESP curriculum design [13,14]

• Sustainability competence frameworks [16,18]

• Employability-as-capital [19]

Figure 1. ESP–Sustainability Employability Framework (ESEF)

4.2. Dual Integration Model (DIM)

DIM extends integration theory by distinguishing two integration pathways:

• Single-sided integration: Vocational + employability alignment, often excluding democratic/civic content because it is "harder" to integrate, assess, or justify under time pressure.

• Dual integration: Vocational + academic + civic integration, where democratic competence is protected by design through explicit learning outcomes and assessment supports.

Table 1. Dual Integration Model (DIM) Comparison vs. Diagnostic Approaches

Figure 2. Dual Integration Model (DIM): Comparing Dual Integration and Single-Sided Integration Pathways

5. Methodology

This section outlines the research design, participant characteristics, intervention procedures, data collection instruments, and analytical methods employed to examine the effectiveness of the ESEF intervention in the Saudi TVET context.

5.1. Design

A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was used: quantitative pre/post assessment followed by qualitative exploration to explain how and why changes occurred [20]. The intervention ran for 8 weeks, two 90-minute sessions per week, integrated into an ESP module embedded in a diploma-level TVET program.

5.2. Setting and Participants

Participants were N = 60 second-year students enrolled in a Saudi TVET college program aligned with technical specializations (mechanical, electrical, and construction tracks).

5.3. Ethical Procedures

Students participated voluntarily with informed consent. Data were de-identified and stored securely. Participation/nonparticipation had no effect on course grades. Ethics approval was obtained from the TVTC Institutional Review Board (Protocol #TVTC-EDU-2024-087).

Table 2. Participant Demographics (N = 60)

Figure 3. Participant Distribution across Technical Specializations

5.4. Intervention Design (ESEF Operationalization)

The ESEF intervention consisted of four task cycles (2 weeks each).

Figure 4. ESEF Intervention Timeline (8 Weeks)

Table 3. ESEF Intervention Task Cycles

Each cycle integrated:

• Workplace genre (incident report, toolbox talk, compliance memo, sustainability pitch)

• Sustainability problem scenario (energy efficiency, waste reduction, safety/environment compliance, circularity)

• Civic/voice component (rights/responsibilities, stakeholder impact, collective decision-making, reporting mechanisms)

• Performance output (written product + oral presentation + peer feedback)

• Reflection (short journal entry on learning, ethics, and communication)

5.5. Measures

Quantitative measures (all scales 1–5 unless noted):

• Communication: ESP workplace communication self-assessment adapted from communication competence measures (Cronbach's α = .87 pre, .89 post)

• Critical thinking: Items targeting evaluative reasoning, evidence use, and justification (α = .84 pre, .86 post)

• Problem-solving: Scenario-based self-assessment aligned with VET integration literature (α = .82 pre, .85 post)

• Civic awareness: Items reflecting workplace rights, voice, reporting channels, and community impact (α = .79 pre, .83 post)

• Authentic performance task (0–20): Rubric-scored integrated task combining written workplace product and oral briefing (interrater agreement = 92%)

Qualitative sources

• Focus groups: 3 groups (6 students each; total n = 18), audio-recorded and transcribed

• Reflective journals: weekly entries (120 total entries analyzed)

5.6. Data Analysis

Prior to conducting the parametric analyses, the assumptions of normality were examined using the Shapiro–Wilk test together with inspection of skewness and kurtosis values. The results indicated no substantial deviations from normality across the measured variables; therefore, paired-samples t-tests were considered appropriate for the quantitative analysis.

Quantitative analysis used paired-samples t-tests, effect sizes (Cohen's d for paired designs), and 95% confidence intervals. Holm adjustment was used to check robustness against multiple comparisons. Qualitative codes were iteratively developed using reflexive thematic analysis [21], with an audit trail and peer debriefing.

6. Results

The quantitative findings indicate consistent improvements across all measured outcomes following the ESEF intervention. Table 4 summarizes the pre–post comparisons, effect sizes, and confidence intervals for the main study variables.

6.1. Quantitative Results

All outcomes improved significantly from pre- to post-test. Communication showed a mean increase of 0.85 points (d = .84, 95% CI [.59, 1.11]), critical thinking increased by 0.79 points (d = .82, 95% CI [.54, 1.03]), problem-solving increased by 0.67 points (d = .79, 95% CI [.45, .90]), civic awareness increased by 0.70 points (d = .79, 95% CI [.47, .92]), and the authentic performance task improved by 3.47 points (d = .98, 95% CI [2.56, 4.38]).

Holm-adjusted p-values remained significant for all four main outcomes (adjusted p < .001), indicating the pattern is not an artifact of multiple testing.

Figure 5. Pre–Post Outcomes with 95% Confidence Intervals

Table 4. Pre–Post Outcomes (Paired t-Tests; N = 60, df = 59)

6.2. Qualitative Findings

Four themes explained how the intervention produced change and why civic competence did not "drop out" of integration.

• Theme 1: "English became part of my trade, not a separate subject" Students described a shift from viewing English as generic schooling to seeing it as vocational participation.

• "Before this class, English was memorizing words and grammar exercises. Now it's the report I would actually write in the workshop. I feel like I'm learning my job, not just a language." (Student 23, Focus Group 1)

• Theme 2: Sustainability problems created 'seriousness' and motivation Sustainability scenarios were repeatedly framed as real, consequential, and future-oriented.

• "When we talk about waste and energy costs, it's not just class. It's real money. It's our reputation. It makes you want to find the right words." (Student 45, Focus Group 2)

• Theme 3: Civic voice was learned as a workplace practice Civic awareness increased because "voice" was embedded in workplace ethics and reporting.

• "We practiced how to disagree respectfully in a toolbox meeting and still be professional. I never thought about 'rights' at work before. Now I know I can speak up about safety without being punished." (Student 31, Focus Group 3)

• Theme 4: Constraints and uneven starting points Students reported time pressure, varying proficiency, and fear of speaking as constraints.

• "If you are weak in English, you need more scaffolding. Sometimes I only copied what my partner said because I was afraid to make mistakes." (Student 19, Focus Group 1)

Table 5. Qualitative Theme Summary

7. Discussion

This study provides evidence—quantitative outcome gains plus qualitative explanations—that vocational–academic integration can be designed to broaden citizenship preparation rather than narrow it. The ESEF intervention uses sustainability as an authentic problem space where vocational practice, academic reasoning, and civic agency are naturally interdependent. In this sense, sustainability serves as a structural bridge for dual integration.

The effect sizes (d = .79–.98) are comparable to or larger than those reported in similar ESP/CLIL intervention studies [12], suggesting practical significance. Notably, civic awareness gains (d = .79) matched problem-solving gains, countering the concern that civic outcomes are inherently harder to achieve in integrated settings.

8. Conclusion

This study demonstrates how TVET can avoid "worker-only" integration by deploying ESP-mediated sustainability tasks that simultaneously build employability and civic competence. The contribution is both conceptual (ESEF, DIM) and practical (replicable intervention), offering a solution-oriented advance beyond descriptive accounts of integration and exclusion. The findings suggest that when democratic "voice" is embedded into sustainability-relevant workplace scenarios, integration can broaden rather than narrow citizenship preparation—a crucial finding for VET systems navigating employability pressures and broader educational missions.

References

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