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Novel Solution of Wheeler-DeWitt Theory

Lukasz Andrzej Glinka

B.M. Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad, India

Abstract: Taking into account the global one-dimensionality conjecture recently proposed by the author, the Cauchy-like analytical wave functional of the Wheeler-DeWitt theory is derived. The crucial point of the integration strategy is canceling of the singular behavior of the effective potential, which is performed through the suitable change of variables introducing the invariant global dimension. In addition, the conjecture is extended onto the wave functionals dependent on both Matter felids as well as the invariant global dimension. Through application of the reduction within the quantum gravity model, the appropriate Dirac equation is obtained and than solved. The case of superposition is also briey discussed.

Keywords: global one-dimensionality conjecture, quantum gravity, quantum geometrodynamics, Wheeler-DeWitt equation, Cauchy-like analytical wave functional

Received May 24, 2014; Revised June 02, 2014; Accepted June 09, 2014

Citation: Lukasz Andrzej Glinka, Novel Solution of Wheeler-DeWitt Theory. Applied Mathematics and Physics, 2 (3). 73-81. January 2014. doi:10.12691/amp-2-3-3

1. Introduction

The Wheeler-DeWitt theory, also known as quantum geometrodynamics or quantum General Relativity, is the foundational model of quantum gravity considered in modern theoretical physics, Cf. Ref. [1-38]. This model straightforwardly arises from the canonical General Relativity, formulated on the basis of the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner decomposition, well known as the 3 + 1 splitting, of a four-dimensional space-time metric, applied to the Einstein-Hilbert action supplemented by the York-Gibbons-Hawking boundary term. This procedure produces the Hamiltonian action, as well as the primary and secondary constraints satisfying the first-class algebra whose are canonically quantized according to the Dirac method. The quantized Hamiltonian constraint is the quantum evolution known as the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, which is the second order functional differential equation on the abstract configuration space known as the Wheeler superspace and containing all three-dimensional embedded geometries, whose solutions known as wave functionals in general depend on an induced three-metric and Matter fields.

The heart of the matter, however, is the question of integrability of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, and, for this reason, the possible new physical meaning of the quantum geometrodynamics could arise along with the integration strategy. Since the 1970s, S. W. Hawking and his coauthors [39-63] have proposed to solve the Wheeler-DeWitt equation through making use of the formal analogy with the Schrödinger equation of usual quantum mechanics, and applied the Feynman path integral method which, however, generates manifestly non-analytical wave functionals, that is the solutions which do not form the Cauchy surface necessary to the rational analysis of any differential equation. The approach, sometimes called the Hartle-Hawking wave function, is correct from the point of view of quantum field theory, but actually instead of concrete calculations of the path integrals and development of the method beyond the simplest cosmological solutions of the Einstein field equations, the only qualitative ideas which link the Feynman integration with quantum cosmology have been proposed. Since this approach is far from a mathematical consistency, still the question which is neglected in the literature are other possible solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, including both non-analytical and analytical ones, which could be beyond the solutions defined through the method of path integration. It is worth stressing that, in fact, both any one analytical solution, that is the Cauchy-like wave functional, to quantum geometrodynamics and its possibly interesting physical meaning are still unknown. This point is very unsatisfactory, and, consequently, makes the quantum geometrodynamics a theory produced in the way of a false analogy with the formalism of quantum mechanics.

Nevertheless, the discussion of the qualitative matter of quantum geometrodynamics is not the subject of this paper, whereas we will present here the way to receive the analytical solutions to the Wheeler-DeWitt equation throughout a systematic construction. For this reason, we apply the global one-dimensional conjecture, recently discussed by the author's writings [64,65,66], which is immediately rooted in the generic quantum cosmology [67,68,69,70] dedicated to the Einstein-Friedmann Universe. The main result of this conjecture are the wave functional which are dependent on the determinant of the threedimensional metric, which is named the global dimension, and the resulting theory is the Schrödinger quantum mechanics in the one dimension. The crucial point of the integration strategy is application of the suitable change of variables which removes the singular behavior of the effective potential. In result, we receive the concept of invariant global dimension, where the word invariance is related to the invariant integral measure on a spacelike hypersurface, and the presence of Matter fields is included. Finally, we show the way to transform the theory into the suitable Dirac equation, which defined the new strategy for quantum geometrodynamics and is solved to receive the analytical wave functionals.

The paper is organized in the following way. In the Section 2, the basic facts about quantum geometrodynamics are collected. The Section 3 briey discusses the global one-dimensional conjecture, including the concept of the invariant global dimension. The suitable Dirac equation is obtained in the Section 4, and the new type of analytical wave functionals is constructed in the Section 5. In Section 6, certain consequences are presented, whereas in the Section 7 all results are summarized.

2. Canonical Quantum Gravity

Let us recall the basic facts, for details Cf. Ref. [71,72,73,74]. General Relativity, governed by the Einstein field equations{1}

[picture] | (1)

where is a cosmological constant and is a stress-energy tensor of Matter fields, models space-time as a four-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian manifold equipped with a metric the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor the Ricci second fundamental form and the Ricci scalar curvature If is closed and has an induced spacelike boundary with an induced metric the second fundamental form and an extrinsic curvature then the field equations (1) are the equations of motion following from the variational principle applied to the Einstein-Hilbert action with the York-Gibbons-Hawking term [75,76]

[picture] | (2)

and the stress-energy tensor generated by the variational principle is

[picture] | (3)

where is Matter fields Lagrangian. The appropriate embedding theorems allow to make use of the 3 + 1 splitting [77,78].

[picture] | (4)

for which the action (2) takes the Hamiltonian form with

[picture] | (5)

where are canonical conjugate momenta, and are [79].

[picture] | (6)

[picture] | (7)

with and holds

[picture] | (8)

where is an intrinsic covariant derivative of are generators of the spatial diffeomorphisms [80].

[picture] | (9)

[picture] | (10)

where and the first-class algebra holds

[picture] | (11)

[picture] | (12)

where are the structure constants of the diffeomorphism group, and all other Lie's brackets vanish. Timepreservation [81,82,83,84] of the primary constraints, that is and leads to the secondary constraints - scalar (Hamiltonian) and vector respectively

[picture] | (13)

where the scalar constraint yields dynamics, while the vector one merely reects diffeoinvariance. Making use of the canonical momentum one obtains the Einstein-Hamilton-Jacobi equation

[picture] | (14)

where is the DeWitt metric on the Wheeler superspace [85,86,87,88]. The Dirac quantization method [81,82,83,84]

[picture] | (15)

[picture] | (16)

applied to the constraint (14), yields the Wheeler-DeWitt equation [80,89,90].

[picture] | (17)

whereas other first class constraints merely reect diffeoinvariance

[picture] | (18)

and are not important in this model, called quantum geometrodynamics.

3. Global One-dimensional Conjecture

The global one-dimensionality conjecture [64,65,66], establishes the strategy within quantum geometrodynamics which allows to receive analytical solutions. Making use of the Jacobi rule for differentiation of a determinant of a metric one obtains

[picture] | (19)

where is the diffeoinvariant variable which is third order in and is the Levi-Civita density. Consequently, one has the differentiation rule

[picture] | (20)

which applied to the quantum geometrodynamics (17), with making the double contraction of the supermetric with an embedding metric, leads to

[picture] | (21)

and finally the Wheeler-DeWitt equation (17) becomes the usual differential equation

[picture] | (22)

where is the effective potential

[picture] | (23)

The first term in (23) describes contribution due to an embedding geometry only, the second one is mix of the cosmological constant and an embedding geometry, and the third component is due to Matter fields and an embedding geometry. In result, one has to deal with wave functional what agrees with the basic diffeoinvariace (18).

The potential (23) has a manifestly singular behavior which however can be canceled through the appropriate change of variables

[picture] | (24)

[picture] | (25)

[picture] | (26)

where we have introduced the new global dimension called here the invariant dimension, which is a functional of the global dimension and, therefore, also diffeoinvariant. With (24) the equation (22) becomes

[picture] | (27)

where

[picture] | (28)

In fact, is a kind of the gauge, wherein is generic. Note that the following choice

[picture] | (29)

[picture] | (30)

cancels the singularity in (23), and the equation (27) becomes

[picture] | (31)

with the appropriate normalization condition

[picture] | (32)

where is the invariant product functional measure. Note that both and are the Lebesgue-Stieltjes (Radon) integral measures which can be rewritten as the Riemann measures

[picture] | (33)

what relates the superspace to the space-time.

4. The Dirac equation

Eq. (27) can be derived as the Euler-Lagrange equation of motion by variational principle applied to the action

[picture] | (34)

[picture] | (35)

where partial differentiation was used. Choosing the coordinate system so that the boundary term vanishes

[picture] | (36)

and using the standard definition

[picture] | (37)

one obtains the Lagrangian of the Euclidean field theory

[picture] | (38)

for which the corresponding canonical conjugate momentum is

[picture] | (39)

and, therefore, the choice (36) actually means orthogonal coordinates

[picture] | (40)

for any values of and . Applying (39) in (27), one receives

[picture] | (41)

and combining with (39), the appropriate Dirac equation is obtained

[picture] | (42)

where we have employed the notation

[picture] | (43)

and the -matrices algebra consists only one element - the Pauli matrix

[picture] | (44)

where I is the identity matrix, that in itself obey the algebra

[picture] | (45)

Dimensional reduction of the one component second order theory (27) yields the two component first order one (42) determined by the Eucludean Clifford algebra , Cf. Ref. [91], that is the matrix algebra having a complex two-dimensional representation, which decomposes into a direct sum of two isomorphic central simple algebras or a tensor product

[picture] | (46)

[picture] | (47)

Restricting to yield a two-dimensional spin representations; splits it onto a sum of two one-dimensional Weyl representations.

5. Analytic Wave Functional

The Dirac equation (42) can be rewritten in the Schrödinger form

[picture] | (48)

whose most general solution can be written as

[picture] | (49)

where is an initial data vector with respect to only, is a unitary evolution operator

[picture] | (50)

and is a finite integration area in -space, whereas the volume of full configuration space and the averaged energy are

[picture] | (51)

where is a finite integration region of full configuration space. Explicitly

[picture] | (52)

[picture] | (53)

where

[picture] | (54)

and, consequently, the received wave functional are

[picture] | (55)

whereas the canonical conjugate momentum is

[picture] | (56)

where and are initial data with respect to . Applying (39) in (56), one obtains

[picture] | (57)

where and and calculating

[picture] | (58)

[picture] | (59)

with using (57), one receives the formula

[picture] | (60)

which compared with (56) leads to the system of equations

[picture] | (61)

The first equation of the system (61) yields the relation

[picture] | (62)

where the last integral arises by the first formula in (51), which after application to the second equation gives simply and, moreover, the volume is -invariant

[picture] | (63)

The probability density can be deduced easily by (55)

[picture] | (64)

and, in the light of the relation (40), one has

[picture] | (65)

Assuming the following separation conditions

[picture] | (66)

where and are functionals of only, while and are constant functionals, and applying the usual normalization, one obtains

[picture] | (67)

where the constants A and B are given by the integrals

[picture] | (68)

[picture] | (69)

assumed to be convergent and _nite. The solution to the equation (67)

[picture] | (70)

joined with (39) and (66) gives the di_erential equation for the initial data

[picture] | (71)

which can be integrated

[picture] | (72)

where C is a constant of integration, and gives the formula

[picture] | (73)

which is equivalent to

[picture] | (74)

Because must be a functional of , one has with a constant , and, moreover, Taking into account (70), one obtains

[picture] | (75)

In the light of the equation (40), however, one of the relations is always true

[picture] | (76)

One sees that in any case has discrete values. By the first relation in (76)

[picture] | (77)

where is an integer, while the second relation in (76) gives

[picture] | (78)

For the first case one has

[picture] | (79)

whereas and for the second one

[picture] | (80)

Finally, the invariant one-dimensional wave functional (55) becomes

[picture] | (81)

in the first case of (76), while for the second one

[picture] | (82)

6. Developments

6.1. General Solutions

The general analytic solutions of the reduced quantum geometrodynamics can be now constructed for any induced metric from the solutions (81) and (82). It can be easily seen that

[picture] | (83)

where

[picture] | (84)

[picture] | (85)

and

[picture] | (86)

Making use of (83) in the solutions (81) and (82), one obtains the general solutions according to the global one-dimensionality conjecture

[picture] | (87)

[picture] | (88)

where

[picture] | (89)

[picture] | (90)

are assumed to be convergent and finite constants. The normalization condition

[picture] | (91)

applied in the solutions (87) and (88), leads to

[picture] | (92)

which yield and, therefore,

[picture] | (93)

[picture] | (94)

where

[picture] | (95)

[picture] | (96)

The solutions (93) and (94) describe two independent quantum gravity states.

6.2. Superposition

Because, the equations (17) and (31) are linear, the superposition

[picture] | (97)

where are arbitrary constants, could be considered as the most general solution, for which the normalization condition (91) is the constraint

[picture] | (98)

where

[picture] | (99)

For (98) gives simply

[picture] | (100)

The case is more complicated. Note that the constraint (98) gives

[picture] | (101)

or, equivalently, for

[picture] | (102)

and

[picture] | (103)

which after mutual adding and making use of (98) gives

[picture] | (104)

and, consequently,

[picture] | (105)

The complex decomposition for and applied in (105) leads to

[picture] | (106)

or, equivalently,

[picture] | (107)

Employing (107) within the constraint (98), one obtains

[picture] | (108)

Because both as squares of absolute values, one obtains the values of the constant in dependence on the integral

[picture] | (109)

where for the condition holds.

7. Summary

We have discussed few consequences of quantum geometrodynamics according to the global one-dimensional conjecture. Employment of the conjecture immediately led us to construction of the analytic solutions, wherein the strategy of integration used the concept of invariant dimension instead of the global dimension introduced to remove the singular behavior of the effective potential. In general, the procedure has used for computations the Lebesgue-Stieltjes, or Radon, one-dimensional integrals, and, therefore, meaningfully simplified considerations of quantum gravity and led to analytical wave functionals. Finally, we have discussed developments of the strategy. The first one was construction of the solutions for any induced metric, which differ from the Feynman path integral solutions, whereas the second one was the question of superposition. Certainly, there are open problems related to the novel wave functionals. The reader interested in advancements is advised to take into account the author's monograph [92].

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