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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Evaluation of “Multiple impacts” Associated with Light Motor Vehicles

Khurshid A Mattoo*, Gurpreet Singh

Department of Prosthodontics, College of dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, (KSA)

Abstract: Most of the vehicles that are involved in accidents suffer from so called second harmful effects rather than the primary collision itself, especially in cases of a shunt or a high speed spin. Secondary harmful, effects not only damage more, they also increase the severity of passenger injuries. The aims and objectives of this study were to evaluate the fatal injuries to the passenger with the initial impact along with the prevalence of multiple impacts. 100 light motor vehicles (LMV) involved in primary collision with other vehicles having clear evidence of multiple impacts and having brought serious injuries to its passengers were selected from a total of 250 crashed vehicles. Criteria for severe injuries caused were, according to AIS or MAIS scale. The study objects were divided into four groups (1 impact, 2 impact, 3 impact and 4 or more impacts) under one class and another 4 groups (frontal, side, rear and multiple) under second class. Results show that 40% of the vehicles had caused serious or fatal injuries with most frequent of impact being side of the vehicle (37%). Besides further research in vehicle safety, the study concludes that present testing of vehicles in laboratories does not comply with actual impacts.

Keywords: collision, rollover, drifting, steering control, car spin and shunt

Received October 04, 2014; Revised November 20, 2014; Accepted November 25, 2014

Citation: Khurshid A Mattoo, Gurpreet Singh, Evaluation of “Multiple impacts” Associated with Light Motor Vehicles. American Journal of Vehicle Design, 2 (1). 19-21. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ajvd-2-1-3

1. Introduction

Due to the rapid economic growth in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), there has been a drastic rise in the use of motor vehicles. According to previous estimates the number of registered vehicles has increased from 144,768 in 1970 to 5,861,614 in 1994, a forty-fold increase in 24 years. [1,2,3] This in itself has given rise to traffic accidents, especially due to factors like increased size of road network and lack of local public transport system. During the period from 1971 to 1994, the numbers of traffic accidents, injuries, and fatalities have increased by 30 times, 6 times, and 7 times, respectively. [4,5] Road traffic fatalities have been shown to be at the top of the list of the major cause of death in the kingdom. [6] Percentage of injury accidents in KSA are almost double that in USA [7,8].

Injuries sustained in car accidents have been studied and results have shown that a large percentage of injuries (42%) were in crashes that involved more than one harmful effect. [9,10,11,12] Most of the fatal injuries have also been attributed to multiple impact crashes. However, there are few or no studies that show the relation between fatal injuries to the driver and the initial impact direction. This study was therefore undertaken to study the prevalence of multiple impact (secondary harmful effect) with its various types and the relation between the frequencies of initial impact directions with most harmful sequences in Jazan province of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

2. Material and Methods

About two hundred and fifty crashed light motor vehicles (excluding sports utility vehicles) were randomly selected without any preference of the make or year of manufacturing. From these one hundred vehicles were selected which showed confirmed evidence of multiple impacts and had confirmed cases of either fatal or serious injuries to the driver or passengers. Other inclusion criteria’s where the vehicles had suffered multiple impact crashes with a evident principal area of impact, crashes with fatalities or severe injuries, according to AIS or MAIS scale, crashes that had evidence of having utilized all safety measures by the driver like seat belt restraint and vehicles who suffered top damage were assumed to be rolled overs.

These multiple impacts crashed vehicles were divided into four groups, namely those with a single impact (n=8) (Figure 1), with two impacts (n=38) (Figure 2), those with three impacts (n=43) (Figure 3) and those with four or more including rollovers (n=11) (Table 1). Another division of the impacted vehicles was done based on the direction of the primary impact. After identifying the primary impact (Front, side, rear and rollover), associated secondary impacts were grouped and divided according to the amount of impacted vehicles present. The severity of the accidents was then related to either of the groups.

Figure 1. Single primary impact vehicle (Front) with secondary impact on opposite side

Figure 2. Primary impact on same side with secondary impact in front and back

Figure 3. Primary impact on same opposite side with three multiple impact on back, side and front

3. Results

The results showed that out of the total vehicles seen about 40% (n=250) were associated with either fatal or severe injuries that were classified as vehicles having second harmful effect. Multiple impact crashes represent the largest fraction of injured occupants. Results also show that 82% of vehicles with four or more impacts and 47 % of vehicles with three impacts had delivered fatal or severe injuries (Table 1).

Table 1. Distribution of vehicles, according to number of impacts present

For multiple crashes with serious injuries, the most frequent initial impact was a side (37%) followed by front (32%) (Table 2). The most frequent second impact was a side (23.5%) with same side and (32%) with opposite side, followed by frontal (24%). The most harmful sequences were side-side, front-side and front-front.

Table 2. Distribution of vehicles according to association of principal impact with other impacts

4. Discussion

In this study, about 40% of total accidents investigated are exposed to multiple impacts which is more as compared to studies in the United states (24%), Germany (26.5%) or united kingdom (29%). [13] Among different types of multiple impact crashes, the initial impact of front (44%) and side (39.2%) account for a large percentage of multiple impacts that cause fatal or serious injuries. A large fraction of fatal and serious injuries that occur in multiple crashes is a growing concern to safety researchers all over the world. Present safety standards that evaluate safety features in light motor vehicles feature only in relatively simple frontal and side crashes. Testing of the performance of safety systems in the more complex multi-impact modes is virtually non-existent in the public literature [14,15,16,17].

5. Conclusion

A large percentage of the vehicles involved in accidents receive multi directional impacts out of which the side impact and the frontal impacts are most prevalent. Safety measures for new cars should incorporate safety tests in directions other than frontal for safety of passengers. Car companies should conduct tests other than frontal crashes. Further studies are required to see an evaluation of multiple impacts in one direction.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all agents of various car companies in jazan who extended their support for conducting this study.

References

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