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Review of Internet Affinity and Efficiency Assessment of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols

Anwar Mohd. Mansuri

Computer Science & Engineering, MIT Mandsaur, Mandsaur, India

Abstract: Ad-hoc networking allows portable equipment to establish link independent of a central infrastructure. This research work shows that there is no middle infrastructure and that the equipment can move randomly gives rise to various thoughtful of problems, such as routing and security. In this work the problem of routing is deal it. In this work pre-owned Ad-hoc routing protocols, such as AODV, DSR that propose solutions for routing within a mobile Ad-hoc network. Since there is an interest in link in the middle not only mobile equipment in an Ad-hoc network, but also among a mobile apparatus star in an Ad-hoc network and a fixed apparatus star in a fixed. The Ad-hoc routing protocols need to be modified. In this research work Ad-hoc routing protocol AODV and DSR is used and modified to examine the interconnection among a mobile ad hoc network and the Internet. The Network Simulator 2 (NS-2) is a popular and powerful simulation environment, and the number of NS-2 users has escalation greatly in recent years. Although it was basically created for wired networks, NS-2 has been continued to work with wireless networks, further wireless LANs, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), and sensor networks.

Keywords: Ad- Hoc Network, AODV, NS2, DSR, TCP, Nam

Received August 08, 2014; Revised August 25, 2014; August 29, 2014

Citation: Anwar Mohd. Mansuri, Review of Internet Affinity and Efficiency Assessment of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols. American Journal of Sensor Technology, 2 (3). 40-43. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ajst-2-3-3

1. Introduction

Wireless networking is an emerging technology that allows users to access information and services electronically, indifferent of their geographic location. Wireless networks can be deriving in two types. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is one of the two original elements of the suite, complementing the internet Protocol (IP), and therefore the entire suite is commonly referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides stable, ordered transmission of a stream of octets from a program to another program on different computers. TCP is the protocol used by major the internet applications such as the WWW (World Wide Web), email, remote administration, and file transmission. Other applications, which do not need stable data stream service, may use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which provides a datagram service that emphasizes reduced discontinuation over reliability [1]. The use of the Internet grew explosively in the 90s. Today, many expect one to be able to connect to the Internet. For example, email has become an substantial way for people from different parts of the world to keep in touch with each other. It is also an excellent way for scientists around the world to collaborate and share ideas with each other. However, to be able to connect to the Internet one has to find a stationary computer with a modem or a network card. For this determination Network Simulator 2, NS 2, has been used. Moreover, three planed approaches for gateway invent are implemented and investigated. Ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. A number of routing protocols like Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). In this project, an attempt has been made to compare the demeanorance of two prominent on-demand reactive routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks: DSR and AODV, further the traditional proactive DSDV protocol. A simulation model with MAC and physical layer models is used to study interlayer interactions and their demeanorance implications. The On-demand protocols, AODV and DSR demeanor better than the table-driven DSDV protocol. Although DSR and AODV share comparable on-demand demeanor, the differences in the protocol mechanics can lead to significant demeanorance differentials. A variety of work cargo and outline, as characterized by mobility, cargo and size of the ad hoc network were simulated. The demeanorance differentials are figure out using varying network cargo, mobility, and network size. These simulations are carried out based on the Rice Monarch Project that has made substantial extensions to the ns -2 network simulator to run ad hoc simulations. ns2 is a discrete event simulator for networking research, which works at the packet level. Here, we will be using ns2 to simulate traffic congestion of TCP and UDP packets inner a network. ns2 is popularly used in the simulation of routing and multicast protocols and is heavily used in ad-hoc networking research. ns2 supports network protocols (TCP, UDP, HTTP, Routing algorithms, MAC) etc. for offering simulation results for wired and wireless networks. When using TCP to transmission data the two most substantial factors are the TCP window size and the round trip discontinuation. This paper deals the effect that the size of the flow control window has on the throughput of a TCP connection by using simulation parameters like-packet delay (sec), bandwidth, file-size (bytes) and to implement network fed with TCP traffic and background traffic.

2. Infrastructure less (Ad hoc) Networks

A mobile ad hoc network is a network formed and functioning without any established infrastructure or centralized administration and consists of mobile nodes that use a wireless interface to communicate with each other. While much research has been done on routing protocols for autonomous mobile ad hoc networks during the last few years, there has not been much work published in the field of Internet access for mobile nodes in a mobile ad hoc network. These mobile nodes serve as both hosts and routers so they can ahead packets on behalf of each other.

Figure 1. Ad-hoc network wired and wireless

Hence, the mobile nodes are able to communicate beyond their transmission range by supporting multihop communication. Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) is the name of a working group in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and it serves as a meeting place for people dealing with MANET approaches. The primary focus of the working group is to develop and evolve MANET routing specifications and introduce them to the Internet Standards track. The goal is to support networks scaling up to hundreds of routers according to the official web page [17]. In ad hoc networks [5] all nodes are mobile and can be connected dynamically in an capricious manner. As the range of each host’s wireless transmission is limited, so to communicate with hosts outside its transmission range, a host needs to enlist the aid of its nearby hosts in ahead packets to the station. So all nodes of these networks demeanor as routers and take part in invent and maintenance of routes to other nodes in the network. A "mobile ad hoc network" (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (and associated hosts) connected by wireless links - the union of which forms an capricious graph. Ad hoc Networks are very useful in emergency search-and rescue activities, meetings or conventions in which persons wish to quickly share information, and data acquisition activities in inhospitable terrain. In ad- hoc networks, mobile computer users with wireless link equipment are allowed to set up a possibly short-lived network just for the link needs of the moment.

3. Demeanorance Analysis Simulation Environment

The simulation experiment is carried out in LINUX (Ubantu 13.0). The detailed simulation model is based on network simulator-2 (ver-2.31) [1], is used in the evaluation. The NS instructions can be used to define the topology structure of the network and the motion mode of the nodes, to configure the service source and the receiver, to create the statistical data track file and so on. The ad hoc routing protocol AODV [12] is one of the promising routing protocols investigated by the MANET working group. It can be used in a mobile ad hoc network to route packets among mobile nodes. However, it cannot provide Internet access to the mobile nodes because it does not support routing among a fixed network like the Internet and a mobile ad hoc network. In the Internet draft “Global Connectivity for IPv6 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks” a solution is presented where the AODV protocol is modified in such a way that it can route packets not only within a mobile ad hoc network, but also to a fixed, wired network. This project aims to implement this solution in a simulation environment. For this determination, the simulation tool Network Simulator 2 (NS 2) [16], has been used.

Figure 2. Universal routing protocols

The Figure 2 shows the universal routing protocols which will be used for routing determination. Few algorithms and protocols tried to improve demeanorance by using link state information.

Both protocols have comparable demeanorance with high packet transmission ratio and low control message overhead. The prediction algorithm is implemented in DSR within a network simulator (NS2) to enable proactive route maintenance.

Figure 3. Snapshot of DSR and AODV

4. Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV)

Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) [4] is essentially a combination of both DSR and DSDV. It borrows the conception of sequence numbers from DSDV, plus the use of the on-demand mechanism of route invent and route maintenance from DSR. It is called a pure on-demand route acquisition system. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing is a routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and other wireless ad hoc networks. It is jointly developed. In AODV, the network is silent until a connection is necessary. At that point the network node that needs a connection broadcasts a request for connection. Other AODV nodes ahead this message, and record the node that they perceived it from, creating an explosion of temporary routes back to the needy node. The AODV Routing Protocol uses an on-demand approach for finding routes, that is, a route is established only when it is need by a source node for transmitting data packets. It employs station sequence numbers to identify the most recent path. The topology of mobile ad hoc networks is time varying, so traditional routing techniques used in fixed networks cannot be directly practiced here. There are various techniques for follow changes in the network topology and reinventing new routes when older ones break. The major difference among AODV and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) stems out from the fact that DSR uses source routing in which a data packet carries the complete path to be traversed. An substantial feature of AODV is the maintenance of time -based states in each node: a routing entry not recently used is close. In case of a route is collapsed the neighbors can be notified.

5. Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) is a routing protocol for wireless mesh networks. It is comparable to AODV in that it forms a route on-demand when a transmitting computer requests one. The Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is a simple and efficient routing protocol created specifically for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. DSR allows the network to be completely self organizing and self configuring, without the need for any existing network infrastructure or administration. T This protocol is truly based on source routing whereby all the routing information is maintained (continually updated) at mobile nodes. It has only two major phases, which are Route Invent and Route Maintenance. Dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) is an on-demand protocol created to restrict the bandwidth consumed by control packets in ad hoc wireless networks by eliminating the periodic table-update messages need in the table-driven approach. The major difference among this and the other on-demand routing protocols is that it is beacon-less and hence does not need periodic hello packet (beacon) transmissions, which are used by a node to inform its neighbors of its presence. The below table shows the comparison of AODV and DSR using various parameters.

Table 1. Comparison of the Characteristics of On-Demand Routing Protocols

6. Conclusion and Results

A comparative analysis among AODV and DSR routing protocols based on large set of simulation parameters gives rise to a set of conclusions. From the above results it can be concluded that the demeanorance of DSR in terms of packet transmission fraction, average end-to-end delay and average energy consumption completely dominates AODV at a cost of higher control overhead. It also shows that DSR uses lesser number of hops and shortest path to route the data packets. The future work is to improve the routing overhead statistics of DSR protocol without compromising throughput. The AODV and DSR protocols simulation results show that both have excellent packet transmission ratio. These results indicate that despite its improvement in reducing route request packets, CBRP has a higher overhead than DSR because of its periodic hello messages while AODV's end-to-end packet delay is the shortest when compared to DSR. DSR always has lower routing overhead than AODV in terms of number of packets. Some result of this work is shown below.

Figure 4. Packet transmission ratio

Figure 5. Packet transmission fraction, when nodes maximum speed varies

From Figure 4 and Figure 5 it is clear that AODV completely out demeanors DSR when demeanorance is acknowledge by varying Pause time and Nodes Maximum Speed respectively. Also the simulations provide hands-on experience for the analysis and baseline data for further comparison.

References

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