@article{ajssm2014254,
author={{Lodewijkx, Hein F.M. and Bos, Arjan E.R.},
title={Lance Armstrong¡¯s Era of Performance ¡ª Part II: Revisiting His Time Trial Wins},
journal={American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine},
volume={2},
number={5},
pages={194--201},
year={2014},
url={http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajssm/2/5/4},
issn={2333-4606},
abstract={This archival study (<i>N </i>= 100) compared Lance Armstrong¡¯s time trial wins to victories demonstrated by all former multiple Grand Tour winners (1949¨C1995; Coppi, Anquetil, Merckx, Hinault, Indurain) and by riders who won similar races in the three major European Grand Tours (Tour de France, Giro d¡¯Italia, and Vuelta a Espa?a) from 2006 to 2013, who were either involved in doping affairs or not. Regression analyses yielded a non¨Csignificant <i>M </i>= 142 seconds difference between Armstrong vs. the aggregated other riders (¦¤<i>R</i><SUP>2</SUP> = .001, <i>p </i>= .20). The effect emerged after controlling for the influence of competition year (<i>b </i>= -12.23 s per year, ¦¤<i>R</i>2 = .045, <i>p </i>¡Ü .001) and trial distances (<i>b </i>= 84.64 s per kilometer trial distance, ¦¤<i>R</i><SUP>2</SUP> = .933, <i>p </i>¡Ü .001) on the variation in riders¡¯ speed. Furthermore, Armstrong along with other riders who were suspended for doping use or who acknowledged having used doping in the 2006¨C2013 periods did not outperform riders who were not involved in doping affairs during the same years (<i>M </i>= -68 s, ¦¤<i>R</i><SUP>2</SUP> = .01, <i>p </i>= .35). Findings disprove the <i>argument from ignorance</i>, a false logic which refers to the often heard opinion that cyclists¡¯ performances over time (including Armstrong¡¯s wins) are mainly determined by their use of increasingly potent doping aids. However, in contrast to this logic, the distances of the time trials constitute the main determinant of riders¡¯ performances rather than the year in which they competed, and riders engaged in doping affairs did not significantly outperform riders who were not.},
doi={10.12691/ajssm-2-5-4}
publisher={Science and Education Publishing}
}