Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Structural Performance of Artisanal Fish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria

Lawrence Olusola Oparinde*, Sylvester Oluwadare Ojo

Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

Abstract: Fish is an important source of protein which is highly needed for human beings to experience necessary growth and development. This is the reason for the phenomenal rise in the consumption of fish in order to meet up with the body nutritional requirements. Therefore, marketing of this source of protein is inevitable as its distribution depends largely on the structure of the marketing system. This study examined the structural performance of artisanal fish marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria. Data collected from 250 artisanal fish sellers selected using multistage sampling technique were analysed using descriptive statistics, marketing and gross margin, Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve analyses. The results showed that artisanal fish marketing was profitable with a mean net return of N137.10/kg ($0.85/kg). The estimated value of the Gini coefficient determined was 0.64, indicating the presence of inequality in the share of the artisanal fish market in the study area. It was realized that all the respondents in the study area, mentioned poor transport network, high transport cost, inadequate fund and inadequate storage facilities as major problems confronting artisanal fish market in the study area. Therefore, programmes that will improve fish marketing should be organized for fish marketers by the relevant government parastatals, extension workers, Non Governmental Organizations and the artisanal fish marketers should be sensitized on the formation of better organized fish marketing cooperative societies where they can solve some of their problems themselves.

Keywords: structure, artisanal, fish, marketing, Gini coefficient, Lorenz

Received December 18, 2013; Revised January 07, 2014; Accepted January 23, 2014

Citation: Lawrence Olusola Oparinde, Sylvester Oluwadare Ojo, Structural Performance of Artisanal Fish Marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria. American Journal of Rural Development, 2 (1). 1-7. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ajrd-2-1-1

1. Introduction

Fish is very important in the diet of many Nigerians, high in nutritional value with complete array of amino acids, vitamins and minerals [1]. In addition, fish products are relatively cheaper compare to beef, pork and other animal protein sources in the country [2]. It is a known fact that fish has become the important source of protein to people in order to substitute for other animal proteins. This is the reason for the importance of the marketing of fish as marketing aids its distribution to the entire populace. Reference [3] stated that the small - scale artisanal fishery sub-sector remains the backbone of fish production in Nigeria, contributing at least 70% of the total fish production in the last decade.

Marketing, as defined by [4] is a management process responsible for anticipating, identifying and then satisfying consumer wants and needs with a view of making profit. It involved transportation to bring the product to the right place, storage to adjust supply to demand over time, sorting, cleaning and processing in various ways. Marketing functions play vital roles in marketing of artisanal fish and marketing functions, according to [5], are the activities performed by a marketing system in relation to the characteristics of agriculture which include seasonality, bulkiness, perishability, small quantities of production on small farms, non-consumable nature of some agricultural products in the raw farm. These functions include that of assembling the products from various production centres, processing the commodities in the form that will be suitable for consumption, and then making every arrangement to get them distributed to consumers.

Reference [5] further stated that some services are essential and must be carried out efficiently for marketing functions to be accomplished. These services are called marketing services and they include transportation, storage, grading and standardization, packaging, bringing sellers and buyers together, financing and risk bearing. According to [6] defined marketing channel as path between production and consumption. The author also classified it as either centralized or decentralized. A centralized marketing channel is one in which commodities are assembled in large central terminal market where they are purchased by wholesalers or processed or from farmer agent, while decentralized channel doesn’t have such large assembly-marketing facilities and traders buy directly from farmer.

A list of suitable criteria for defining an adequate market situation, optimizing social welfare and maximizing the efficiency of agricultural marketing systems includes the market structure, its conduct and performance [5]. Structure is defined as the significant economic variables that characterize the organization [7]. It refers to certain characteristics of the market, which are believed to influence its nature of completion and the process of price formation. Reference [5] defined market conduct as certain behaviours of firms in the market. They also added that market conduct is more or less influenced by market structure. Reference [8] stated that performance is the outcome of the behavior of interaction of structure and conduct. It is the assessment of how well the process of marketing is carried out and how successfully its aims are accomplished. The elements traditionally classified under performance are profits, operational efficiency, pricing efficiency and stability and progressiveness, price stabilization of information, cost of sales promotion.

Artisanal fishermen operate in the nation’s Rivers, Lagoon, Lakes, brackish waters and in the coastal waters not beyond 3 nautical miles of the territorial waters. According to [9], ‘traditional’, ‘small-scale’ or ‘artisanal’ fishery is used to characterize those fisheries that are mainly non-mechanized with low level of production.

In Nigeria, the coastal artisanal fishers use the traditional dug-out canoes or pirogue ranging from 3–18 meters in length while the gears used include cast nets, handlines, basket traps, longlines, set gillnets and beach and purse seines. The operating range of small-scale fisheries is around the 20 meters depth contour, with operations extending occasionally to a maximum depth of 40 meters [10].

Fish production in Nigeria is practiced in two environments namely fresh and salts waters. The fresh water fish production is classified into three major subsectors; artisanal captured fishery, industrial captured and aquaculture. The artisanal captured fishery, production is achieved by individual or by small groups by the use of labour intensive gears. This is the most important subsector as it represents between 85-90% of domestic production and providing means of economic support and livelihood for millions of rural dwellers, particularly in Niger Delta, Northeast and Middle belt regions of the country [11].

Reference [12] explained that Nigeria, like many other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, is endowed with substantial marine and inland fisheries resources, upon which the fisheries sector is based. However, since the 1980’s, production trend in the sector has been very unstable particularly, in the coastal/brackish water artisanal sector which provides the bulk of the domestic production. Reference [13] explained that it is estimated that about 10 million people particularly youths, are engaged in artisanal fishing in Nigeria.

Reference [14] reported that artisanal fisheries in Nigeria provided more than 82% of the domestic fish supply, giving livelihoods to one million fishermen and up to 5.8 million fisher folks in the secondary sector. With a huge potential area of between 12-14 million hectares, and a low production estimate put at about 700,000 million tons of fish annually, while current needs put at a minimum of 2 million metric tons of fish to feed the population of over 140 million [15]. The economic importance of these to the community include source of food, provision of employment, source of foreign exchange/income, tool to rural development and source of raw materials to manufacturers ([16,17]).

Reference [18] then stated that the increasing production is not able to meet the increasing rate of consumption because of the wide gap between fish demand and supply, which is on the rise as a result of population explosion in the country in recent years. Reference [12] stated that the capacity of artisanal fisheries to play its triple role of a food supplier, employment provider and income earner in the Nigerian economy depends on the adoption of appropriate management strategies that will ensure their sustainability in the face of intense fishing pressure. This study examined the structural performance of artisanal fish marketing in Ondo State, Nigeria. It looks at the socio-economic characteristics of the artisanal fish marketers, structure and conduct of artisanal fish marketing system in the study area, profitability of artisanal fish marketing, and operational efficiencies of the artisanal fish marketers in the study area.

2. Methodology

2.1. Study Area

Figure 1. Map of Ondo State, Nigeria Showing the Study Area

The study was carried out in Ilaje and Ese-Odo Local Government areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. These areas were selected for the study because of their suitability for fishing activities as they are close to rivers where fishes are always available for consumption.

2.1.1. Data Sources and Collection

Data collected for the purpose of this study were gotten from primary source through the use of well-structured questionnaires. As a result of low literacy rate of farmers, trained enumerators, who understood the local dialects, were used to administer the questionnaire on the artisanal fish marketers. Multistage sampling technique was employed in the selection of the respondents in the study area. In the first stage, purposive sampling technique was used to select two Local Government Areas (Ilaje and Ese-Odo LGAs) based on the predominance of fishing activities in these areas. The second stage featured random sampling technique to select five (5) fishing communities from each of the selected Local Government areas. The fishing communities selected are Igbokoda, Ayetoro, Orioke-Iwamimo, Araromi-seaside and Mahintedo from Ilaje, while Igbekebo, Ipoke, Agadagba Oboh, Igbotu and Kiribo are the fishing communities selected from Ese-Odo. The third stage also involved the random sampling technique to select 25 artisanal fish sellers from each of the ten selected communities totaling 250 respondents.

2.1.2. Analytical Techniques

Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of the artisanal fish marketers and problems facing them. Budgeting analysis such as gross margin, net return and marketing margin analysis were used to analyze the profitability of artisanal fish marketing in the study area. Concentration ratio, Gini-coefficient, Lorenz curve and Herfindahl index were used to measure the market structure. Operational efficiency was also used to analyze efficiency growth. The gross margin is mathematically presented as

[picture] | (1)

where GM=Gross Margin,

TR=Total Revenue,

TVC=Total Variable Cost.

Net returns are also given as;

[picture] | (2)

where TR=Total Revenue,

TC=Total Cost.

The measures of market structure are presented as follows;

[picture] | (3)

Where, CRi = Concentration ratio for first i firms

Si = Share of the largest i firms in the industry

Sn = Share of the n firms in the industry

i = 1, 2, 3, …, n

n = number of respondents [19,20,21].

[picture] | (4)

where i= 1, 2, 3,…, n,

HI = Herfindahl Index

n=number of respondents,

S= share of firm in the industry.

[picture] | (5)

G = Gini-coefficient

A = Area that lies between the line of equality and the lorenz curve

A+B= Total area under the line of equality.

Lorenz curve measures the degree of inequality that exists in the share of the industry’s market size by its firms. It relates the total volume of product handled in a market to the percentage of firms in the market cumulated from the smallest to the largest. The curve bows outwards towards the southeast when there is inequality in the market share of the firms.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Socio-economic Characteristics

3.1.1. Age of the Respondents

Table 1 shows the age distribution of the respondents in the study area. The results revealed that the respondents with age range of 31-40 years had the highest frequency with 37.6%. This is followed by the respondents with age range of 21-30 years old with 27.2%. The respondents with 51 years old and above constituted 10% of the total fish marketers sampled for the study. This implies that majority of the respondents between the ages of 21 and 40 years old, who are young and agile, involved in artisanal fish marketing in the study area.

Table 1. Age Distribution

3.1.2. Gender Distribution of the Respondents

The gender distribution of the respondents as shown in Figure 2 indicates that 78% of the respondents were female, while the remaining 22% were male. This indicates that majority of the artisanal fish marketers were females which is in accordance with the a priori theory that marketing is the business of females in the study area.

Figure 2. Gender distribution of the respondents.

3.1.3. Marital Status of the Respondents

The results as shown in Figure 3 indicate that about 79.2% of the respondents were married, while just 10.4% were single. Also, the results revealed that 3.6% and 6.8% of the respondents were divorced and widowed respectively. This means that majority of the artisanal fish marketers in the study area were married. This will afford them the opportunity of getting family labour to be used for fish marketing. The low percentage of the divorced could be attributed to the value attributed to the marriage institution in the study area.

Figure 3. Marital distribution

3.1.4. Level of Education of the Respondents

The distribution of level of education as shown in Table 2 shows that about 41.6% of the respondents, who were involved in artisanal fish marketing, had primary education, while 24% had secondary education. It equally revealed that 19.2% of the respondents had no formal education as just 15.2% had tertiary education. This implies that majority of the farmers in the study area had one form of education or the other which could assist them in the area of adoption of innovations brought to them by the extension agents and in making decisions that will enhance their marketing strategies.

Table 2. Level of Education

3.1.5. Family Size of the Respondents

Table 3 shows that 44.8% of the respondents had between 4 and 6 household members, while 16.8% of the respondents had between 1 and 3 household members. Also, about 15.2% of the respondents had between 7 and 9 household members, while 12% had between 10 and 12 household members. This implies that majority of the respondents would have access to people who can assist in carrying out their marketing activities, thereby increasing their opportunity of having improved revenue.

Table 3. Family Size

3.1.6. Major Occupation of the Respondents

Table 4 shows that about 36% of the respondents had fish marketing only as their major occupation, while 32.8% of the respondents indicated fish processing and marketing as their major occupation. The results further showed that 18.4% of the respondents involved themselves in only fish processing, while the remaining 12.8% indicated civil service work as their major occupation. This implies that the respondents with highest frequency (36%) were fish marketers only. This may not be okay enough for them if there is a problem with fish marketing, since the respondents do not have diversification of means of livelihood.

Table 4. Major Occupation

3.1.7. Experience of the Respondents

The distribution of fish marketing experience of the respondents as shown in Table 5 revealed that 28.4% of the respondents had less than 5 years of fish marketing experience followed by 22.8% of the respondents who had between 6 and 10 years fish marketing experience. The results also showed that about 17.6% of the respondents had between 16 and 20 years’ experience, while another 17.6% had above 20 years fish marketing experience. Therefore, this means that the respondents with highest frequency of 28.4% were relatively new in the business. This could be due to the fact that marketers have just entered the artisanal fish marketing because of some reasons which may include the profitability of the business.

Table 5. Experience

3.1.8. Source of Finance

Table 6 shows the distribution of source of finance of the respondents in which about 34.4% of the respondents had their source of finance from personal savings, while 28.8% indicated cooperative and “Esusu” as their source of finance. About 17.2% of the respondents also indicated that their source of finance came from friends and relations, while just 14% showed banks as their source of finance. The low percentage of the respondents who indicated banks as their source of finance could be as a result of the inability of the marketers to meet up with the collateral security required by the financial institutions. Therefore, it can be concluded that artisanal fish marketers may not be able to expand their business since majority of them depend on personal savings and cooperative societies where small amount of money could be gathered.

Table 6. Source of Finance

3.1.9. Constraints Facing Artisanal Fish Marketers

The distribution of constraints facing artisanal fish marketers in the study area as shown in Figure 4 indicates that about 40% of the respondents identified high cost of transportation as the constraint facing them in the marketing of fish. Also, about 23.6% of the respondents indicated inadequate fund as the constraint facing their fish marketing activities, while 20% of them identified poor transport network as the problem facing them. This could be the reason for the inability of the artisanal fish marketers to attain better profit margin compared to what they were having.

Figure 4. Constraints facing artisanal fish marketers

3.1.10. Profitability Analysis of the Respondents

Table 7 presents profitability analysis with respect to Gross margin and Net returns of the respondents. The variable costs include cost of purchase, cost of transportation, labour cost and other operating expenses, while fixed costs covered cost of implements and interest on loan. The results showed that the mean revenue of the fish sellers was N175,296,274.4 ($1,095,601.7), while the mean total variable cost was N98,424,781 ($615,154.9). Also, the average fixed cost and average total cost were N3,468,564.70($21,678.5) and N101,893,345.7 ($636,833.4) respectively. The gross margin per kg realized by the artisanal fish marketers was N143.58($0.89), while average net-return of the fish marketers in the study area per kg was N137.10($0.85). This implies that artisanal fish marketing in the study area is profitable. Therefore, people are advised to go into this business so as to make a living.

Table 7. Profitability Analysis

3.1.11. Analysis of Measure of Market Structure

Artisanal fish marketers have some basic functions which include buying, selling, financing, risk bearing and merchandising. The results showed that there were no product differentiations. Also, the prices of fish were determined through bargaining powers of the parties involved (buyers and sellers) since there is non-uniformity of the prices of fish in the study area. As shown in Table 8, the two largest marketers in the artisanal fish marketing business accounted for 25% of the volume of fish sold in the study area. The largest four marketers for 39% of the volume of marketed fish, while the largest eight marketers accounted for 49%. This indicates that the concentration in the industry can be said to be too low. The value of the Herfindahl index estimated was 0.05 which implies some degree of concentration in the industry. The estimated value of the Gini-coefficient determined was 0.64 which means that there was inequality in the share of the market. The value of the Gini-coefficient would have been zero if there was equality in the share of the market.

Table 8. Summary of Concentration Indexes

3.1.12. Operational Efficiency of Artisanal Fish Marketers in the Study Area

The mean operational efficiency of the Artisanal Fish Marketers was 15.5% which implies that there was no significant difference in operational efficiency of the respondents.

Table 9. Computation of Gini-coefficient for artisanal fish marketing in the study area

Area between the line of perfect equality and the Lorenz Curve (A) = 0.5-0.182 = 0.318

Total area under the line of equality (A+B) = 0.5

Gini-coefficient

Gini coefficient = = 0.636 = 0.64

Figure 5. Lorenz curve for the artisanal fish marketers

4. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

The empirical study examines the structural performance of artisanal fish marketing in Ondo state, Nigeria. Majority of the sampled artisanal fish marketers in the study area were young and agile. Female respondents dominated the study area and this is in line with the assertion that marketing is the business of females. Also, the results gotten from the study revealed that majority of the respondents had just primary education which could adversely affect their marketing strategy. The study showed that a large percentage of the respondents would have access to people who can assist in carrying out their marketing activities, while the experience of the sampled artisanal fish marketers revealed that they have just entered the artisanal fish marketing probably because of the profitability of the business. Artisanal fish marketers may not be able to expand their business since majority of them depended on personal savings and cooperatives societies where small amount of capital could be raised. The respondents identified various problems facing them in artisanal fish marketing and they include poor transport network, insufficient storage facilities, inadequate fund and high cost of transportation. This could be the reason for the inability of the artisanal fish marketers to attain better profit margin compared to what they are having now.

The profitability analysis revealed that the average net- return of artisanal fish marketers in the study area per kg was N137.10($0.85). This implies that artisanal fish marketing in the study area is profitable. Therefore, people are advised to go into this business so as to make a living. The concentration ratio indicates that the concentration in the industry can said to be too low. Also, the estimated value of the Gini coefficient which was 0.64 implies that there was inequality in the share of the market. The operational efficiency of the artisanal fish marketers which was 15.5% indicates that there was no significant difference in operational efficiency of the respondents.

It can, therefore, be concluded that artisanal fish marketing is profitable and higher profit margin can be attained by the marketers if attentions are given to the problems identified by the respondents.

It is pertinent at this point in time to recommend that relevant government parastatals, extension workers and non-governmental organizations should organize programmes that will improve artisanal fish marketing. Also, awareness should be created on the formation of better organized fish marketing cooperative societies through which some of their problems can be collectively solved and series of benefits can easily be accessed by the members. Credit facilities should be made available by credit institutions and agencies to improve fish marketing. Also, sophisticated storage facilities/cold rooms should be provided by the government as well as cooperative societies in order to have easy storage of unsold fish till the following day.

References

[1]   | Akinrotimi, O.A., Onunkwo, D.N., Cliffe, P.T., Anyanwu, P.E. and Orokotan, O.O. “The Role of fish in nutrition and livelihoods of families in Niger Delta, Nigeria”. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture and food systems 1(4) 344-351. 2007.
[2]   | Amao, J.O., Oluwatayo, I.B. and Osuntope, F.K. “Economics of Fish Demands in Lagos State, Nigeria”. Journal of Human Ecology. 19(1) 25 – 30. 2006
[3]   | Solarin, B.B.. Fishing gear; hook, line and sinker samuda July 2003 [online] [Accessed 20th March 2007] Available on the World Wide Web: http://www.icf.net/jsp/publication/samudra/ pdf/English/issue_35/art 10.pdf
[4]   | Abbot, J.C. and Makeham, J.P. Agriultural Economics and Marketing in the Tropics, Longman Group Ltd, U.K., 1990, 27.
[5]   | Adegeye, A..J. and Dittoh, J.S. Essentials of Agricultural Economics, Impact Publishers Nig. Ltd., 1985, 164-177.
[6]   | Adekanye, T.O. Reading of Agricultural Marketing, Longman Nigeria Ltd., 1988, 6.
[7]   | Olufokunbi, B. “Evaluation of Agricultural Policies in Nigeria”. Proceeding of Agricultural Policy. A paper presented at the NISER Workshop. 1984
[8]   | Dahl. D.C. and Hammond, J.W. Market and Price Analysis (The Agricultural Industries). Mc Graw Hill Book Coy. 1977.
[9]   | Mathew, S. “Small-scale Fisheries Perspectives on an Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries Management”. in Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, Reykjavik, Iceland. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, 2001
[10]   | Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), Annual Report and Statement of Accounts. Abuja, Nigeria: CBN Publication, 2004, 145.
[11]   | Federal Office of Statistics (FOS), Annual Abstract of Statistics. Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos. 1996
[12]   | Inoni O.E. and Oyaide W.J. “Socio-economic Analysis of Artisanal Fishing in the South Agro-ecological Zone of Delta State, Nigeria”. Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica. 2007
[13]   | Gnanadoss, D.A.S. and Aderounmu, A A. “Artisanal and Inshore Fisheries Development in Nigeria: Status Paper on the FAO/UNDP Project NIR/77/001”. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON). 1982.
[14]   | Faturoti, O. Nigeria: Fisheries contribute $US1 billion to economy. 25th Annual Conf. Fish. Soc. Nigeria, Badagry, Lagos, Nigeria, 2010
[15]   | Dawang, N.C., Jwanya B. and Majak, N.C. “Economics analysis of renewable resource exploitation: a case of some natural lakes fishing from plateau state, Nigeria”. Inter. J. Modern Perspect. Dev. Soc., 1: 112-124. 2011
[16]   | Moses, B.S. Fisheries and Ecotourism: A tool for National Development. Fish. Soc. Nigeria Conf. Proc. pp: 412. 2006
[17]   | Abulude, F.O., Lawal, L.O., Ehikhamen, G., Adesanya, W.O. and Ashafa, S.L., “Chemical Composition and Functional Properties of Some prawns from the Coastal Area of Ondo State, Nigeria”. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem. 5 (1), 1235-1240. 2006
[18]   | Falaye, A.E. and Jenyo – Oni, A. “Aquatic biodiversity and the implication in artisanal fishing production”. African Journal of Livestock Extension. 7:39-43. 2009
[19]   | Bain, P. Barriers to New Competition: their character and consequences in manufacturing industries. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1959, 26-60.
[20]   | Caves, R. American Industry; Structure, Conduct and Performance. Foundation of Modern Economic Series, Prentice-Hall Washington D.C. USA. 1964, 17-30.
[21]   | Adams, W. The Structure of American Industry, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1977.