Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

In-silico Designing and Docking of Novel N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine Carboamide as Anticonvulsant Agent

A Ajeet*, Pradeep Kumar, Nishi Gupta

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IPSR), Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract: A series of N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine carboamide were designed and carried with in-silico methods keeping in view the structural requirement of pharmacophore as potent anticonvulsant agents. These agents were then screened on the basis of docking procedures and further docking analysis of novel agents has been performed. The docking analysis reveals that compounds IPSR2, IPSR3, IPSR6 and IPSR9 perfectly docked with the T-type calcium channel with the highest bonding affinity range (-7 Kcal/mol to -7.5 Kcal/mol) and hydrogen bonds (5 to 7). Compounds IPSR4, IPSR5, IPSR7 and IPSR8 are found to dock with Na-channel with the bonding affinity range (-7.5 Kcal/mol to -8.3 Kcal/mol) and hydrogen bond (4 to 6). IPSR10 is found to dock with Glutamate receptor with significant bonding affinity and hydrogen bonds.

Keywords: hydrazine carboamide derivatives, anticonvulsant agent, In-silico, docking, AutoDock Vina

Citation: A Ajeet, Pradeep Kumar, Nishi Gupta, In-silico Designing and Docking of Novel N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine Carboamide as Anticonvulsant Agent. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 4 (1). 1-6. January 2016. doi:10.12691/ajps-4-1-1

1. Introduction

Epilepsy is one of the most common disorders of the brain, affecting more than 50 million individuals worldwide Epilepsy is a chronic and often progressive disorder characterized by the periodic and unpredictable occurrence of epileptic seizures that are caused by abnormal discharge of cerebral neurons. Resistance to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and the side effects associated with the current AEDs are the most serious problems in the current treatment pattern of epilepsy [1-9]. So, there is a need to design anticonvulsants for the development of more effective and safer AEDs.

Hydrazones possessing an azomethine -NHN=CH- proton constitute an important class of compounds for new drug development. In the past decade, hydrazones have been designed as potential anticonvulsants that were structurally dissimilar from very common anticonvulsants containing the dicarboximide function (CONRCO), which may contribute to toxic side effects [10].

2. Materials and Method

2.1. Data and Database

For carrying out this study, Protein Data Bank’s (PDB) website was used as biological and chemical data sources.

Proteins were downloaded from Protein Data Bank as PDB files. They are voltage gated sodium channel, GABA(A) alpha-1, GABA (A) delta, Glutamate, Na/H exchanger and T-type calcium channel.

2.2. Structure designing, Structure Optimization - Tools

The 2D structure construction, energy minimization and geometry optimization of the novel derivatives were carried out by using ChemDraw Ultra 7.0 and Chem3D Pro 7.0 (CambridgeSoft Corporation, 100 CambridgePark Drive, Cambridge MA, 02140 USA) on an Intel(R) Core(TM)2 Duo Central Processing Unit T6670 @ 2.20 GHz and 4.00 GB of RAM, running the Windows 7 Home Basic, 64-bit compatible operating system. The energy minimization was carried out to minimum RMS Gradient of 0.100, with step interval of 2.0 Fs and frame interval of 10 Fs.

2.3. Screening and Evaluation of novel N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine Carboamide Derivatives as Anticonvulsant Agent - Docking

Docking has been performed with AutoDock Vina docking software [11]. It is virtual screening software for computational drug discovery that can be used to screen libraries of compounds against potential drug targets. It enables medicinal chemists to run virtual screening form any platform and helps users in every steps of this process- from data preparation to job submission and analysis of the results.

For screening process, all the novel molecules has been docked with all the 6 different proteins/binding sites of previously well-known anticonvulsant agents.

2.4. Docking Analysis

Now, the docked poses of the novel molecules are analysed for the binding energy, number of hydrogen bonds and binding pattern such as element, type of bond, atom number and residue at binding site.

3. Results and Discussion

Pharmacophore used for designing novel derivatives is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Pharmacophore

3.1. Novel Designed Molecules of N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine Carboamide Moiety as Anticonvulsants

All the novel designed molecules are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Novel designed derivatives as anticonvulsant agent

3.2. Docking Based Screening of Novel Molecules

Now, the novel molecules have been kept for the virtual docking based screening. The results of docking based screening are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Docking results of novel N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine carboamide derivatives

3.3. Docking Analysis

On docking of the novel N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine carboamide derivatives with the well known receptors recognized for the antiepileptic action, we found some very interesting points. Firstly, we docked the ligand IPSR2 with GABA(A)alpha-1for its inhibition, then, it results with the 4 hydrogen bonds with binding affinity of -6.6 Kcal/mol. The residue to which they bind is SER. In the same way ligand IPSR2 has been docked with voltage gated sodium channel with number of hydrogen bonds of 2 and the affinity of -7.8 Kcal/mol with residue GLU.

In the same way, ligands IPSR3, IPSR4, IPSR5, IPSR6, IPSR7, IPSR8 and IPSR9 have been docked with all the receptors individually in order to find the most appropriate binding. All the results have been shown previously in Table 2.

4. Conclusion

Structure based drug designing is significantly based on the protein-ligand interaction. A series of N’-(Substituted 2-Chlorophenyl)-2-(1, 3-benzodioxo-5-carbylidene) Hydrazine carboamide derivatives were designed and docked with their previously well known receptors for anticonvulsant activity. They were analyzed under docked conditions and this analysis reveals that compounds IPSR2, IPSR3, IPSR6 and IPSR9 perfectly docked with the T-type calcium channel with the highest bonding affinity range (-7 Kcal/mol to -7.5 Kcal/mol) and hydrogen bonds (5 to 7). Compounds IPSR4, IPSR5, IPSR7 and IPSR8 are found to dock with Na channel with the bonding affinity range (-7.5 Kcal/mol to -8.3 Kcal/mol) and hydrogen bond (4 to 6). IPSR10 is found to dock with Glutamate receptor with significant bonding affinity and hydrogen bonds. Finally, we could conclude that these compounds could be further synthesize and may proceed for the in-vitro and in-vivo procedures for developing a highly improved anticonvulsant agents.

References

[1]   | White, H.S., ‘Comparative anticonvulsant and mechanistic profile of the established and newer antiepileptic drugs’, Epilepsia, vol. 40, issue (Suppl. 5), S2-S10, 1999.
[2]   | Madsen, K.K., Clausen, R.P., Larsson, O.M., Krogsgaard-Larsen, P., Schousboe, A., White, H.S., ‘Synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA transporters as targets for anti-epileptic drugs’, J. Neurochem., vol. 109, issue (Suppl. 1), 139-144, 2009.
[3]   | Perucca, E., French, J., Bialer, M., ‘Development of new antiepileptic drugs: Challenges, incentives, and recent advances’, Lancet. Neurol., vol. 6, 793-804, 2007.
[4]   | Smith, M., Wilcox, K.S., White, H.S., ‘Discovery of antiepileptic drugs’, Neurotherapeutics, vol. 4, 12-17, 2007
[5]   | Loiseau, P., ‘Do we need novel anti-epileptic drugs?’ Br. J. Clin. Prac., vol. 42, 2-3, 1988.
[6]   | Schmidt, D., In: ‘Meyler's Side Effect of Drugs’, Duke M.N.G., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 12th edition, 122-143, 1992.
[7]   | Bialer, M., Johannessen, S.I., Levy, R.H., Perucca, E., Tomson, T., White, H.S., ‘Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the Tenth Eilat Conference (EILAT X)’, Epilepsy Res., vol. 92, 89-124, 2010.
[8]   | Bialer, M., Yagen, B., ‘Valproic acid: second generation’, Neurotherapeutics, vol. 4, 130-137, 2007.
[9]   | Nau, H., Loscher, W., ‘Pharmacologic evaluation of various metabolites and analogs of valproic acid: Teratogenic potencies in mice’, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., vol. 6, 669-676, 1986.
[10]   | Tripathi, L., Singh, R., Stables, J.P., ‘Design & synthesis of N’-[substituted] pyridine-4-carbohydrazides as potential anticonvulsant agents’, Eur. J. Med. Chem., vol. 46, 509-518, 2011.
[11]   | Trott, O., Olson, A.J., ‘AutoDock Vina: improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization and multithreading’, J. Comp. Chem., vol. 31, 455-461, 2010.