Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Some Neoteric Tin Complexes Used in Biological Properties

Jyoti Singh, Amit Jaiswal*, Anil Kumar Pal

Department of Chemistry, C.M.P. Degree College, 211002, Prayagraj, India

Abstract: Tin has a variety of advantageous biological effects. The majority of tin complexes are effective against a wide range of different disorders, including convulsion, tumor, cancer, malaria, tuberculosis, and diabetes. The majority of the tin complex exhibits drug-like antibacterial and antifungal properties. Tin complexes have greater activity than free ligands like macrocyclic and Schiff bases. A new series of tin (II) and tin (IV) complexes were formed as a result of n - heterocyclic Schiff base ligand. Three tin (IV) complexes, H-ClQ=5, 7-dichloro-8-hydroxylquinoline, H-BrQ=5, 7-dibromo-8-hydroxylquinoline, and H-ClIQ=5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxylquinoline, were created. There in vitro information about the condition against the cell lines BEL7404, SKOV-3, NCI-H460, and HL-770 Having IC50 values that range from 20 nm to 5.11 mM, the compound exhibits strong anti-proliferative action against the investigated cell lines. Most complexes showed significantly increased cytotoxicity as compared to 5, 7-dihalo-8-quinolinol (except 2 against SKOV-3 and NCI-H460). Additionally, they showed some selective cytotoxicity that favoured the tested tumor cells over the healthy HL-7702 cells from the human liver. Complexes 1-3 bind DNA more firmly compared to their quinolinol ligands. Macrocyclic molecules, which include porphyrin rings connected to metal ions in cytochromes, heamoglobin, and chlorophyll, may have significant effects on the biochemistry of biological systems. The biological applications of complexes of transition metals with ligands have been the subject of extensive research. The most likely binding mode for the aggregates with their quinolinol ligands is intercalation. The significance of tin applications in biological processes is explained in this review paper.

Keywords: tin complexes, biological activity, macrocyclic ligands and schiff base ligands

Received April 21, 2023; Revised May 27, 2023; Accepted June 09, 2023

Citation: Jyoti Singh, Amit Jaiswal, Anil Kumar Pal, Some Neoteric Tin Complexes Used in Biological Properties. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 11 (1). 21-27. January 2023. doi:10.12691/ajps-11-1-4

1. Introduction

The oxidation states 0, +2, and +4 as well as their electronic configuration [Kr], 5s2, and 5p2 are all demonstrated by the metal tin. Tin complexes are used in paints, plastic pipes, toothpaste, soaps, food additives, food packaging, textiles, as well as foods and beverages [1]. Due to their limited absorption, organotin, inorganic tin, and its salts are not very poisonous. However, inorganic tin poisoning in mammals can cause systemic and local symptoms like vomiting, diarrhoea, eye and nose irritation, ataxia, paralysis, and growth retardation. [2,3]. While inorganic tin compounds are hazardous, organotin itself is not toxic [4]. Thiosemicarbazones [5] and other transition metal complexes [6] show various therapeutic qualities in medicinal chemistry in recent years [7]. As a result of their pharmacological capabilities, which include antiviral [8], antibacterial [9], antifungal [10], antiphrastic [11], antitumor [12], anticancer [13]. A recent Mn(II), Fe(II), and Co(II). While organic tin compounds and elemental tin are not hazardous, some species of organic tin compounds are. In general, monosubstituted tin complexes [R-Sn-X3] are less dangerous than disubstituted tin complexes [R2-Sn-X2] and trisubstituted tin complexes [R3-Sn-X] due to the higher number of alkyl groups [14]. The charge transfer band in the tin complexes causes them to exhibit sharp bands in the 240-260 nanometer range [15]. Because the tin element's 5d-orbital is completely vacant, Sn—N bonds are formed by the donation of a lone pair of electrons from the ligands' azomethinenitrogen [16]. Biologically active organotin compounds have the general formula Rn-Sn-X4-n [17]. Organotin and inorganic tin compounds are the two main categories of tin compounds. It displays several characteristics. 2- (4methoxybenzylidene amino) Butanoic acid (4-methyl-thio) and 3mercapto -2-(4 methoxybenzylidene amino) The Schiff base ligand complexes with 4-propanoic acid ligands triggered by tin elements have greater antimicrobial activities than the other Schiff base ligands. Another sciff base such as their the condensation of 2-amino phenol with 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde yields Sn(II) ions with tridentate N,O containing Schiff base ligand 2-(4-hydroxybenzylidene) amino phenol, which has been synthesised and variously characterised. There has been evidence of moderate to strong microbial activity for the Schiff base Sn and various distinct metal complexes. [45]

Due to interaction of metal ions with large Schiff base ligands, tin complexes improve its lipophilic characteristic with bacterial lipoid layer and reduce the polarity of metal ions due to overlaps among ligand and metal orbital angular momentum (increase the delocalization of +ve change). Tin complexes, such as 2-(4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-4-methyl-thio) butanoic acid and 3-mercapto-2-(4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-4-propanoicacid, show greater inhibitory efficacy than the free ligand against all microorganisms. Tin complexes boost the antibacterial activity when they are formed, and so this complex is being used in drug design and its applications [18]. Complexes created when tin coordinates with synthesized ligand are particularly helpful in biological function. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli are two examples of gram-negative bacteria that are particularly susceptible to the tin complex [Sn(HNCA)Cl₂(H₂O)₂], while Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus subtilis are among the gram-positive bacteria that are particularly susceptible to the tin complex [19]. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Alternaria solani are all susceptible to the antifungal action of the complexes [Sn(HNOT)Cl₂(H₂O)₂] and [Sn(HNPA)Cl₂(H₂O)₂] [20]. The majority of the tin complexes were tested against the gram-positive bacteria Pseudomonas phaseolicoles and Escherichia coli. Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternaria make up the majority of the pathogenic fungus used in these investigations [21]. According to Har Lal Singh et al. [22], tricyclohexyltin alaninate complex is highly effective against fungicide and bactericide for seeds and plants [23] Schiff bases have anticarcinogenic [24], antimicrobial [25,46,50], and antifungal [47], antitumor [26] effects when metal coordinate with amino acid. Biochemicals are flavonoids. Due to their biological and pharmacological properties, which include circulatory protective, anticancer potential [48], antiulcer, antiallergic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties [51], it is beneficial to human health.

2. Tin Metal Complexes' Involvement in Flavonoids Compounds

Flavonoids (2-phenyl-benzo-γ-pyrones) are a large group of polyphenolic natural compounds that are distributed in plant-foods. Flavonoids are bio chemicals. Which favorable for human health due to their biological and pharmacological properties, including cardiovascular protection, anticancer, antiulcer, antiallergic, antioxidant, antiviral and anti-inflammatory potentials. Quercetin (Q;3,3’,4’,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is one of the most common flavonoids present in nature. Flavonoids are important natural antioxidants and free radical scavengers and strong metal chelators. Chelating property of common flavonoids exist in many fruits and vegetables, canned foods and beverages, against toxic tin cations [Sn (II)], and investigation of antioxidant properties of Chelation. The capacity of flavonoids to act as antioxidants depends on their molecular structure [27]. Chelation therapy is the preferred method for reducing the heavy metal induced toxicity chelating agent form complex structure with toxic metal ions which are easily excreted from the body [28]. Platinum drugs [cisplatin] used in cancer chemotherapy and cisplatin shows antiproliferative properties [29]. The many efforts that initially focused on the evaluation of platinum metal based agents. Organotin (IV) complexes have interesting activities, they can leads to potential environmental pollution. The inorganic tin (IV) complexes have been relatively overlooked. Tin (II) complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against gram -ve (Escherichia coli and Proteus milamilis) and gram +ve (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus thurdingiensis) bacterial stains and their activity determined by using the inhibition Zone Technique. Most of the tin complexes show antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger they are detected by the Radial Growth Method [30]. The tin compound SnCl₂.C₃₄H₃₂N4 gives sharp signal at δ-576 ppm in ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectrum, below the reported value for tri-coordinated hydrated tin (II) chloride. But in case of four coordination number of tin complexes show squar pyramidal geometry. The tin (IV) complexes Me₂SnCl₂.C₃₄H₃₂N4 sharp signal at δ-250 ppm in the ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectrum. It shows six coordination number and octahedral geometry [31]. Flavonoids are largest natural polyphenolic compounds. The flavonoid is derived from Latin word ‘Flavus’ means yellow, but some flavonoids are purple, white, blue, red in colour. It is discovered with vitamin C. Flavonoids are containing over 8,000 varieties. Their structure is characterized by three carbon chains (C6-C3-C6) system joined with two phenyl rings. In structure C₃ is an aliphatic chain and two C6 group are substituted benzene rings, it contain a pyranone ring. Heterocyclic compounds are widely studies in drug discovery and development due to their activities. Such as clioquinol (5-chloro-7- iodoquinolin - 8-ol, an 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative) has antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo clioquinol was previously used as an antibiotic and intestinal amebiasis and studied in the clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. The three dihalo - substitutedquinolonetin (IV) complexes against three selectedtumorcell lines and the normal human liver HL-7702 [32].

The Sn (IV) atom in complex 2 is chelated by two substituted quinoline-8-plate anions and coordinated by two chlorides. The bischelated Sn atom in complex 2 contain a distorted octahedral environment with cis-Cl₂, cis-N₂ and trans-O₂, complex 1 is similar to complex 1, Sn(ampH₂)₂Cl₂ (ampH₃ = aminophenol), cis-dichlorobis (8-hydroxyquinoline)tin(IV) and dichlorobis (2- methylquinolin-8-olato-k² N,O) tin(IV). The octahedral coordination is distorted with angles in the ranges 77.2 - 100.59° and 157.2-172.5°. The cytotoxicity of the ligands H-ClQ, H-BrQ, H-ClIQ and the complexes 1-3 were evaluated by MTT assay on BEL7404, SKOV-3, NCI-H460 and HL-7702 cell lines. Each chemical was tested for cytotoxicity against tumour cells at a dosage of 2x10-5 mol/L for 48 hours. The compounds demonstrated different antitumor activities and selectivity. The inhibition rates of the complexes 1-3 for all tested tumor cell lines (BEL7404, SKOV-3 and NCI-H460) were all >90% and enhanced than their corresponding H-ClQ, H-BrQ and H-ClIQ ligands. There are two new organotin compounds such as triphenyl-4,6-diamine-pyrimidine2-thione-tin(IV) (1) and triphenyl-imidazoline-2-thione-chlorotin(IV) (2), can been synthesized as well as their cytotoxic activities have been tested against certain cancer cell lines. It so there are the largest anticancer activity has been found for [R₂Sn(IV)]²⁺ compounds, in particular for [Et₂Sn(IV)]²⁺ and [Ph₂Sn(IV)]²⁺(reported on the Anita M. Grześkiewicz et al. [33]). The cytotoxicities of complexes 1-3 are more sensitive against BEL7404 (IC₅₀= 0.27-544 μM) than cisplatin and 13-cis-retinoylferrocence derivatives (IC₅₀= 22.3-42.6μM). Which is similar to the dihalo-substituted 8-quinolinolato lanthanide complexes such as [Gd(BrQ)₃(H₂O)₂].1.33EtOH 0.33H₂O, [Dy(ClQ)₃(H₂O)₂]. 1.33EtOH 0.33H₂O and [Er(ClQ)₃(H₂O)₂].1.33EtOH 0.33H₂O, compared with their corresponding H-ClQ and H-ClIQ ligands. The cytotoxicities of complexes 1and 3 against BEL7404 show a 24 and 60- fold increases. Toward SKOV-3, the complexes 1and 3 have lower IC₅₀ values than the free H-ClQ and H-ClIQ ligands, and then complex 2 shows a higher IC50 value than the H-BrQ ligand. The CI₅₀ value of complex 3 for SKOV-3 reached 38 nM, this complex is an approximately 94-fold increases compared with the free H-ClIQ ligand. Similarly, for the NCI- H460 tumor cell lines, complexes 1 and 3 show lower IC₅₀ values than the free H-ClQ and H-ClIQ ligands whereas complex 2 shows a higher IC₅₀ value than H-BrQ. The IC₅₀ value of complex 3 against NCI-H460 reaches 20 nM, which is an approximately 2038-fold increases compared with the free H-ClIQ ligand. The complexes 1-3 exhibit stronger cytotoxicities than cisplatin. In case of normal liver cell HL-7702, the cytotoxicities of complex 1 toward the BEL7404 and NCI-H460 tumor cell lines are enhanced by 1.7 and 48.5 times, in complex 1 has certain selectivity toward the BEL7404 and NCI-H460 tumor cell lines when compared with the normal liver cell HL-7702.The combination of the dihalo-substituted 8-hydroxylquinolines with tin (IV) may generate a synergistic effect, and the halogen atoms attached to the 8 hydroxylquinolines may contribute to the high cytotoxicities of the complexes. The triphenyltin (IV) complexes with 2-thiobarbituric acid have IC₅₀ values of 0.06-0.2 μM toward various tumor cell lines and the tricyclohexyltin (IV) complexes contain IC₅₀ values of0.15-1.41 Μn for a number of human tumor cell lines. Therefore, the inorganic tin (IV) complexes 1-3 are potential chemotherapeutic candidates avoidthe pollution problem of the organotin drugs.

Figure 1. a) Synthetic route for complexes, b) ORTEP drawing of the complex, c) CD spectra of ct-DNA, d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of complex 1 in the absence (dashed line —) and presence (solid lines) of SDS with increasing, e) 5. Fluorescence emission spectra of GelRed bound with ct-DNA

Figure 2. a) Synthesis of TAz complex from each ligand, b) the nearest two benzene rings' distances are shown in the crystal packing structures of TAz-F and TAz-F-DMSO, as well as TAz-CF3 and TAz-CF₃-DMSO, c) wavelengths of the absorption maxima under solution circumstances stimulated the photoluminescence spectra of TAz-H, TAz-F, TAz-OBu, and TAz-CF₃ in the solid state

Figure 3. a) Cytotoxicities than 5, 7- dihalo-8-quinolinol ligand toward the tumor cell line. They show selective cytotoxicity favour the tested tumor cell lines of the human liver HL-7702 cells. The binding property of complex 1-3 to DNA are investigated by various method and comparative analysis of zone of inhibition (in mm) at 25 μg ml−1 concentration of HL and it’s both diorganotin(IV) complexes against chosen fungal strains and analysis of MIC of Schiff base HL against chosen fungal strains.

Table 1. List of Tin metal complexes with enhance anti therapeutic effect and method

Generally organotin compounds may bind with membrane proteins glycoprotein cellular proteins (eg. The hexokinase, ATPase, acetyl cholinesterase of the human erythrocyte membrane), and skeletal muscle membranes. They may also directly interact with DNA to cause cell death by either apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms. The tin compounds interact with the cell membrane or cell constituents in various ways. Thus the DNA is selected here as the potential target for antitumor activity studies. Because the three tin (IV) complexes 1-3 are isostructural the complex 1 was selected as a representative for the investigations of DNA binding and the comparison with the free H-ClQ ligand, the DNA binding properties of complex 1. From the above explanation it is clear, most of the tin complexes are very active against biological activity because the reactivity often complexes are very fast against bacteria and fungi due to strong coordination between metal and ligands. Investigation for some tin(IV)-fused azobenzene (TAz)complexes, are reported of the TAz complexes showed deep-red emission owing to the hypervalent bond composed of an electron-donating three-center four-electron (3c–4e) bond and an electron-accepting nitrogen–tin (N–Sn) coordination number from five to six. In photoluminescence (PL) spectra, the bands of these complex was the syntheses of the TAz complexes with hydrogens (TAz-H), halogens (TAz-F), electron-withdrawing groups (TAz-CF3) and electron-donating groups (TAz-Obu) that for the π-conjugation effects in relation to delocalization of the lone-pair electrons of fluorine or oxygen atoms seem to be positive for enhancing emission [34].

Tariq et al. in 2019 [44] designed triphenyltin(IV) complexes of 2–(4–ethoxybenzylidene) butanoate and exhibited greater antimicrobial and antitumor activities, A new organotin carboxylate based on 1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid H4L)[(Ph3Sn)4L] enhances fat solubility and plays an important role for the transportation of the organotin (IV) moiety to an active site cell membrane. In the field of heterocyclic chemistry for the π-conjugation systems such as the 1,2,4-triazole and other derivatives such as di- and tri-n-butyltin(IV) complexes of 2-{[5-(2-nitrophenyl) furan-2-yl]methyleneamino} benzoic acid have been reported to exhibit greater biocidal activity as compared to methyltin (IV) specifically, tri-n-butyltin complex exhibited highest activity against Aspergillus parasiticus and Candida albicans with very low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value. Another bioactivity of some few diphenyltin(IV) complexes of Schiff bases of the type Ph2SnL1-3 (L1: N-phenacyl-5-bromosalicylideneimine; L2:N-phenacyl-3,5-dichlorosalicylideneimine; L3N-phenacyl-4-methoxysalicylideneimine) were reported to exhibit mild antifungal activity against some fungi. R₂Sn(IV) moiety, apart from the presence of the 1, antifungal activity results of complexes 1 and 2 indicate that the biological activity of HL exhibited a marked enhancement against the chosen fungal strains upon coordination with the organotin(IV) moiety, probably due to the presence of an azomethine (&labond; C═N─) linkage and/or the 2,4-triazole ring. By employing transition metal ions, dialkyltin(1V) dichloride, and glyoxal or biacetyl as templates, it has been possible to create binuclear macrocyclic complexes of L1–L4 in methanol. With the exception of other transition metal compounds like zinc (II), which are moisture sensitive and disintegrate slowly when exposed to air, all complexes are stable at ambient temperature for unlimited lengths of time. [53]

3. Conclusion

The majority of tin complexes are employed in biological processes. Tin compounds are frequently found in pharmaceuticals because they exhibit therapeutic properties. Tin complexes play a crucial role in medicine and exhibit minimal toxicity. The complexes produced by tin have a stronger affinity for interacting with ligands and are used in the medical industry. Three tin complexes 1-3, for instance, bind to ligands that are substituted with 5,7-dihalo-8-quinolines. BEL7404, SKOV-3, NCI-H460, and HL-7702 are used to test the cytotoxicity. The complexes exhibit strong anti-proliferative properties, with IC50 values between 20 nM and 5.11 M. Except in the cases of SKOV-3 and NCI-H460, complex 2. More so than quinolinol ligand, the whole complex strongly binds with DNA. That the result in literature often complexes are more useful in medicinal field but still more research works should be done in futures specially on chelating tin complexes.

References

[1]   | Hamdan, Abdullah J., and A. Adullah. “Sn (II) selective 2-amino-1, 4-naphthoquinone derived poly (vinyl chloride) membrane sensors.” International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 5. 215-231. 2010.
[2]   | Dehghan, Gholamreza, and Zahra Khoshkam. “Tin (II)–quercetin complex: Synthesis, spectral characterisation and antioxidant activity.” Food Chemistry, 131(2), 422-426. 2012.
[3]   | Boogaard, P. J., Boisset, M., Blunden, S., Davies, S., Ong, T. J., & Taverne, J. P., Comparative assessment of gastrointestinal irritant potency in man of tin(II)chloride and tin migrated from packaging. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 41, 1663-1670. 2003.
[4]   | Trandafir, Ion, Violeta Nour, and Mira Elena Ionica. “Determination of Tin in Canned Foods by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.” Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 21, no. 3 2012.
[5]   | Emayavaramban M., Kumar K., Mani P., Prabhakaran B. & Muthuvel A., Synthesis, complexation, spectral and antimicrobial study of some novel-5 bromofluorobenzaldehydeoximeand semi-carbazone under ultrasonic irradiation. IJAC, 20-23. 2014.
[6]   | Khan S.A., Asiri A.M., Al-Amry K., Malik M.A., Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical studies ,and In vitro antibacterial activity of novel Thiosemicarbazone and its Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co (II) complexes, Scientific world Journal, 592375. 2014.
[7]   | Ali Ahmed M.F. & Yunus V.M., Microwave synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some Cu (II), Co (II), Ni(II) and Cr (III) complexes with Schiff base 2,6-pyramidine dicorboxaldeyde, thiosemicarbenzone.. Orient J .Chem.30: 111-117. 2014.
[8]   | Kumari G., Kumar D., Singh C.P., Kumar A. & Rana V.B., Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of trivalent metal Schiff base complexes. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 75: 629-663. 2010.
[9]   | Shariar S.M.S., Jesmin M., Ali M.M., Antibacterial activities of some Schiff bases involving thiosemicarbazide and ketones. Int left chemphysastron 7:53-61. 2014.
[10]   | Nasrin D., Ashraful Alam M., Hossain M.N. & Nazimuddin M., Systhesis, characterisation and antimicrobial activities of Schiff base metal complexes derived from S-benzyldithiocarbazate with 2- hydroxyacetopheone. Chemistry Journal 3:13-19. 2013.
[11]   | Pahontu E., Julea F., Rosu T., Purcarea V., Antibacterial, antifungal and in vitro anti leukaemia activity of metal complexes with thiosemicarbazones. J. Cel.l Mol. Med.19: 265-878. 2015.
[12]   | Pandeya S.N., Sriram D., Nath G. & De Clercq E., Synthesis antibacterial antifungal and anti-HIV activities of Schiff and Mannich bases, derived from is a tin derivatives and N-[4-4’-chlorophenyl) thiazol-2-yl] thiosemicarbazide. Eur. J Pharm. Sci. 9: 25-31. 1999.
[13]   | Parekh A.K. & Desai K.K., Synthesis and antibacterial activity of thiosemicarbazones: Indian J. Chem. 45. 1072. 2006.
[14]   | Gajda, T., & Jancsó, A., Organotins formation, use, speciation, and toxicology. Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology, 7, 111-151. 2010.
[15]   | Farhana Afsan, Sadia Afrin Dalia, Saddam Hossain, Shaheen Sarker, Synthesis , spectral and thermal characterization of selected metal complexes containing Schiff base ligands with antimicrobial activities. Asian journal of chemical sciences, 4(3). 1-19. 2018.
[16]   | Anil Varshney and J.P Tandon, Synthesis and spectral studies of tin (IV) complexes with Schiff bases derived from sulpha drugs.141-146. 1986.
[17]   | Singh, M. S., B. K. Singh, & K. Tawade. Synthesis and characterization of some new tin (IV) derivatives of NO and N₂ O₂ chelating Schiff bases. Vol.40A: 1295-1301. 2001.
[18]   | H.L. Singh, J.B. Singh, S. Bhanuka, Synthesis, spectral, DFT and antimicrobial studies of tin(II) and lead(II) complexes with semicarbazone and thiosemicarbazonederived from (2-hydroxy-phenyl) (pyrrolidine-1-yl)methanone. J. Coord. Chem., 69: 343-353. 2016.
[19]   | Neelofar, Nauman Ali, Shabir Ahmad, Naser M AbdEl -Salam, RiazUllah, Robila Nawaz and Sohail Ahmad, Synthesis and evolution of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Schiff base tin (II) complexes. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 15 (12): 2693-2700. 2016.
[20]   | Bader, A. T., Al-Abdaly, B. I., & Jassim, I. K., Synthesis and characterization new metal complexes of heterocyclic units and study antibacterial and antifungal. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 11(5), 2062-2073. 2019.
[21]   | Chaudhary, A., Swaroop, R., & Singh, R., Tetraazamacrocyclic complexes of tin (II): synthesis spectroscopy and biological screening. Boletin de la Sociedad chilena de Quimica, 47(3), 203-211. 2002.
[22]   | Har Lal Singh, Synthesis, spectroscopic, and theoretical studies of tin(II) complexes with biologically active Schiff bases derived from amino acids. Main Group Metal Chemistry, 39(3-4): 67-76. (2016).
[23]   | Liu, Y.T., Lian, G.D., Yin, D.W., Su, B.J., Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of ferrocene- based Schiff base ligands and their metal (II)complexes. Spectrochim. ActaPart A.100: 131-137. 2013.
[24]   | Zuo, J., Bi, C., Fan, Y., Buac, D., Nardon, C., Daniel, K.G., Dou, Q.P., Cellular and computational seatudies of proteasomeinhibition and apoptosis induction in human cancer cells by amino acid Schiff base-cooper) complexes. J. Inorg. Biochem. 118: 83-93. 2013.
[25]   | Nath, M., Goyal, S., Spectral studies and bactericidal, fungicidal, insecticidal, and parasitological activities of organotin (IV) complexes of thio Schiff bases having NO donor atoms. Metal-Based Drugs.2:297-309.1995.
[26]   | Wang, R.M., Hao, C.J., Wang, Y.P., Li, S.B., Amino acid Schiff base complex catalyst for effective oxidation olefins with molecular oxygen.J.Mol.Catal.A:Chem.147: 173-178.1999.
[27]   | Dehghan, G., & Khoshkam, Z., Chelation of toxic Tin (II) byquercetin: a spectroscopic study. In Int. Conf. Life Sci. Technol. (Vol. 3, pp. 3-5). 2011.
[28]   | Mini P.S., Manickam S. T. D., Antony R., Muthupoongodiand S. S. & Magola Sathyasheeli S., Studies on Schiff base complexes derived from heterocyclic compounds. Der. Pharma. Chemica. 8(4): 67-76. 2016.
[29]   | Rosenberg, B., Vancamp, L., Trosko, J. E., & Mansour, V. H. Platinum compounds: a new class of potent antitumour agents. nature, 222(5191), 385-386. 1969.
[30]   | Neha, Yadav K., Varshney S. and Varshney A. K., Synthesis, structural and antimicrobial studies of some new tin (II) complexes with semicarbazones and thiosemicarbazones, International Journal of Chemical Sciences. Vol. 4: 1236-1246. 2015.
[31]   | A. Varshney, J.P. Tandon., Synthesisand characteristic studies of tin(II) and tin(IV) complexes of macrocyclic Schiff bases. Polyhedron. 5(11): 1853-1855.1986.
[32]   | Zhen-Feng Chen, Yan Peng, Yun-Qiong Gu, Yan-Cheng Liu, Mei Liu, Ke-Bin Huang, 62: 51-58. 2012.
[33]   | Grześkiewicz, A. M., Owczarzak, A., Kucińska, M., Murias, M., & Kubicki, M., Structural peculiarities and anticancer activities of two organotin compounds. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 70(10), 1776-1789. 2017.
[34]   | Gon, M., Tanaka, K., & Chujo, Y., Vapochromic Luminescent π-Conjugated Systems with Reversible Coordination-Number Control of Hypervalent Tin(IV)-Fused Azobenzene Complexes. Chemistry - A European Journal, 27(27), 7561-7571. 2021.
[35]   | Gupta, M. K., Singh, H. L., Varshney, S., & Varshney, A. K., Synthetic and spectroscopic of organotin (IV) complexes of biologically active Schiff bases derived from sulpha drugs. Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, 1(3-4), 309-320. 2003.
[36]   | Pellerito, L., & Nagy, L., Organotin (IV) n+ complexes formed with biologically active ligands: equilibrium and structural studies, and some biological aspects. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 224(1-2), 111-150.2002.
[37]   | Arjmand, F., Parveen, S., Tabassum, S., & Pettinari, C., Organo-tin antitumor compounds: Their present status in drug development and future perspectives. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 423, 26-37.
[38]   | Sirajuddin, M., Ali, S., McKee, V., Sohail, M., & Pasha, H., Potentially bioactive organotin (IV) compounds: synthesis, characterization, in vitro bioactivities and interaction with SS-DNA. European journal of medicinal chemistry, 84, 343-363. 2014.
[39]   | Singh, R. V., Chaudhary, P., Chauhan, S., & Swami, M., Microwave-assisted synthesis, characterization and biological activities of organotin (IV) complexes with some thio Schiff bases. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 72(2), 260-268. 2009.

[40]  
Menezes, D. C., Vieira, F. T., De Lima, G. M., Wardell, J. L., Cortés, M. E., Ferreira, M. P., ... & Vilas Boas, A. (2008). The in vitro antifungal activity of some dithiocarbamate organotin (IV) compounds on Candida albicans—A model for biological interaction of organotin complexes. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 22(4), 221-226.

[41]   | Manju, Kishore, D., & Kumar, D., Cadmium and tin complexes of Schiff-base ligands. Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 64(12), 2130-2156. 2011.
[42]   | Hadi, A. G., Jawad, K., Ahmed, D. S., & Yousif, E., Synthesis and biological activities of organotin (IV) carboxylates: a review. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 10(1), 26-31. 2019.
[43]   | Li, M.-X., Zhang, D., Zhang, L.-Z., Niu, J.-Y., & Ji, B.-S., Diorganotin (IV) complexes with 2-benzoylpyridine and 2-acetylpyrazine N(4)-phenylthiosemicarbazones: Synthesis, crystal structures and biological activities. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 696(4), 852-858. 2011.
[44]   | Z.Tariq, F.K.Butt, S.U.Rehman, B.U.Haq, F.Aleem, C.Li,First -principles study of electronic and optical properties of sulfur doped tin monoxide: Apotential applicant for optoelectronic devices. Ceramics International. 45(6): 7495-7503. 2019.
[45]   | Hossain M.S., Islam M.A., Zakaria C.M., Haque M.M. & Mannan M.A., Synthesis, spectral and thermal characterization with antimicrobial studies in Mn (II), Fe (II), Co (II) and Sn (II) complexes of tridentate N, O cooardinating novel Schiff base ligand. J. Chem. Bio. Phy. Sci. 6:041-052.2016.
[46]   | Hossain M.S., Zakaria C.M., Haque M.M. & Kudrat-E-Zahan M., Spectral and thermal characterization with antimicrobial activity on Cr (III) and Sn (II) complex containing N, O donor novel Schiff base ligand. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 4(6): 08-11. 2016.

[47]  
Joshi, R., Kumari, A., Singh, K., Mishra, H., & Pokharia, S., New diorganotin(IV) complexes of Schiff base derived from 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-4H-1,2,4-triazole: Synthesis, structural characterization, density functional theory studies, atoms-in-molecules analysis and antifungal activity. Applied Organometallic Chemistry, 33(5), e4894. 2019.

[48]   | Khan, A., Parveen, S., Khalid, A., & Shafi, S., Recent advancements in the anticancer potentials of phenylorganotin(IV) complexes. Inorganica Chimica Acta505, 119464. 2020.
[49]   | Murthy N. & Dharmarajan T.S., Synthesis, characterization and biological activity of coper (II) complexes with phenylglyoxalbis-(thiosemicarbazones). Asian J. Chem. 14(3): 1325-1330. 2002.
[50]   | Prasad S. & Agarwal R.K., Cobalt (II) complexes of various thiosemicarbazones of 4- aminoantipyrine: Syntheses, spectral thermal and antimicrobial studies. Transit Met. Chem. 32(2): 143-149. 2007.
[51]   | Qadeer K. Panhwar and Shahabuddin Memon., Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Tin (II)-Morin Complex. Pak. J. Anal. Environ. Chem., Vol.3, No.2: 159-168. 2012.
[52]   | Refat, M. S., & Sadeek, S. A., Preparation and characterization of Tin (II) complexes with isomeric series of Schiff bases as ligands. Journal of the Korean Chemical Society, 50(2), 107-115. 2006.
[53]   | Shakir, M., Varkey, S. P., Nasman, O. S. M., & Mohammed, A. K., Organotin Transition Metal Complexes of 18-Membered Binuclear Hexaazamacrocycles: Synthesis and Characterization. Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, 26(3), 509-528, (1996).