Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Adverse Effects Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Review

Navya Reddy Veeramreddy, Venkataramana Kandi*, Rahul Jagdishchandra Mittal, Tarun Kumar Suvvari*, Pranav Reddy Donapati, Kishan kumar Allikesam, Harsha Vardhan Reddy, Vamsikalyan Reddy Borra, Devang Srivastava, Vikranth Reddy V

Department of Microbiology, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, IndiaDr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract: Abstract Background: Vaccine acceptance in countries throughout the world is primarily explained by personal protection. However, the distress regarding side effects and due to myths, and misconceptions become a hurdle for vaccination drives. Therefore, we aimed at conducting a systematic review of adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using databases - PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and WHO Global Research COVID-19 databases by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms COVID-19 vaccines and adverse effects. All papers from January 2020 to June 2021 are considered for review and only peer-reviewed full-text articles in English languages were included. Results: Of the total 24 studies included in the final analysis, 10 (41%) were cross-sectional studies, and 9 (37%) were case reports. Out of 24 studies, 7 are from European countries, 4 each from India and USA. The most common side effects reported were pain at the injection site, fever, fatigue, and headache. Incidence and severity of adverse effects were more after receiving mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines when compared to other COVID-19 Vaccines. Conclusion: The majority of adverse effects were local, which included pain at the site of injection, swelling, and redness, and limited systemic reactions including fever, fatigue, and headache were observed. Our results suggest that COVID-19 vaccines were safe and tolerant. Further clinical studies regarding long-term effects and in-depth analysis must be performed to improve the understanding of COVID-19 vaccine adverse effects.

Keywords: COVID-19, adverse effects, COVID-19 vaccines, systematic review, vaccine acceptance

Received March 10, 2022; Revised April 12, 2022; Accepted April 20, 2022

Citation: Navya Reddy Veeramreddy, Venkataramana Kandi, Rahul Jagdishchandra Mittal, Tarun Kumar Suvvari, Pranav Reddy Donapati, Kishan kumar Allikesam, Harsha Vardhan Reddy, Vamsikalyan Reddy Borra, Devang Srivastava, Vikranth Reddy V, Adverse Effects Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Review. American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences, 10 (1). 1-7. January 2022. doi:10.12691/ajps-10-1-1

1. Introduction

Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is continuing to have a devastating impact on the healthcare of global countries and since the emergence of the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), it has been mutating incessantly. The emerging variants are more transmissible and potentially virulent making it hard to control the spread of infection [1,2]. The situation became more adverse during the second wave in India, where the scarcity of resources contributed to a further increase in mortality [3]. To allay the impact of this current pandemic, the development of an effective and efficient vaccine has become a prime necessity, in addition to maintaining social distancing and compliance with face masks [4].

However, vaccine acceptance in most countries is primarily affected by the people’s perception of the side effects. This is majorly attributed to the myths and misconceptions among people that resulted in hurdles for vaccination drives [5,6]. Trust in vaccines and the company’s manufacturing them are also the key determinants of the success of any vaccination campaign.

We therefore aimed to conduct a detailed and updated systematic review of adverse effects following COVID-19 vaccination to guide the clinical care and practice of COVID-19 disease.

2. Methodology

A systematic review was performed using PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), and WHO Global Research COVID-19 Databases by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms COVID-19 vaccines and adverse effects.

All papers from January 2020 to June 2021 are considered for review and only peer-reviewed full-text articles in English were included. Pre-prints, Abstracts papers, grey literature, duplicate articles, and articles other than English language articles were excluded. The screening and depiction of records using PRISMA guidelines were represented in [Figure 1].

Figure 1. The screening and depiction of records using PRISMA guidelines

3. Results

A total of 24 studies were included in the final results after careful screening using PRISMA guidelines [Figure 1]. Among 24 studies, 10 (41%) were cross-sectional studies, 9 (37%) were case reports, 3 (12%) were case series, and 1 (4%) each were cohort and retrospective studies [Figure 2]. Of the studies included, a total of 9,30,301 participants were involved in the final analysis. A detailed description of 24 studies [7-30] is represented in [Table 1]. Out of the 24 studies, 7 were from European countries, and 4 each were from India and USA.ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine was used in eleven (11) studies, and the Pfizer BioNTech (BNT162b2) COVID-19 vaccine was used in nine (9) studies. In six (6) studies, healthcare workers were the study population and among eight (8) studies, the female study population was dominant. Among case reports, most of the adverse events were reported in women and older age people. The severe adverse effects were meager in number among the observational studies. The majority of the study participants experienced at least one adverse effect following COVID-19 vaccination. The most common side effects reported were pain at the injection site, fever, fatigue, and headache. Incidence and severity of adverse effects were more after receiving mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines as compared to other COVID-19 vaccines.

Figure 2. Types of Research Studies included for evaluation

Table 1. The detail description of the 24 studies included in final result analysis

4. Discussion

The present study systematically reviewed various reports available globally concerning the vaccine side effects among individuals after receiving COVID-19 vaccines. Although most of the studies have reported mild adverse reactions only, some studies have shown severe reactions due to COVID-19 vaccination that were life-threatening. The common side effects that were reported in most of the study subjects included injection site pain, fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle ache, among others. However, in a study by Reddy S et al, a 42-year-old patient developed postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome in association with the mRNA vaccine [10]. In a few cases, Bell's palsy and Guillain barre syndrome were also observed and thus causing life-threatening adverse reactions [26,30]. Vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia (VIPIT) is also one of the major adverse effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines [31]. A few patients also developed systemic adverse reactions like axillary and pectoral lymphadenopathy, generalized blisters, and thromboembolism. The hospital admission rates were less than 1% but as high as 91% of study subjects have shown one of the following adverse reactions after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.

Although there are several therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19, vaccines are the key to controlling and reducing the global burden of COVID-19 disease [32,33,34]. Currently, there are 10 approved COVID-19 vaccines by the World Health Organization (WHO), the list includes Spike vax (Moderna), and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), Covishield (Oxford/ AstraZeneca formulation), Covaxin, Covilo, CoronaVac, Nuvaxovid, COVOVAX, and Vaxzevria [35]. The Vaccination proved that it reduces the severity of the COVID-19 disease and prevents or decreases hospitalization [36]. Post COVID-19 complications and severity of COVID-19 were reported less among vaccinated people than in unvaccinated people [37,38,39,40].

The COVID-19 vaccines have been playing a key role in combating the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Almost all COVID-19 vaccines are found reasonably effective against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and provided the necessary immunity that essentially minimized the severity of infection, hospital admissions, and Intensive Care (ICU) treatments. A booster dose appears to be needed to combat the emerging variants. Nevertheless, vaccine equity should be maintained by ensuring equal distribution of vaccines which further prevents the emergence of new variants. The hesitancy to take COVID-19 vaccines must be handled by educating the public regarding the safety and efficacy of currently available COVID-19 vaccines.

5. Conclusion

The majority of adverse effects were local, which included pain at the site of injection, swelling, and redness, and limited systemic reactions including fever, fatigue, and headache were observed. Adverse effects were more common after the 1st dose of vaccination and were milder. mRNA vaccines led to more local reactions and fewer systemic side effects when compared to other vaccines. Therefore, our analysis suggests that COVID-19 vaccines were safe and tolerant, and further clinical studies regarding long-term effects and in-depth analysis must be performed to get a clear understanding of COVID-19 vaccine adverse effects.

References

[1]   | Suvvari TK, Simhachalam Kutikuppala LV, Babu G K, Jadhav M. Understanding the unusual viral outbreak: Coronavirus disease 2019. J Curr Res Sci Med 2020; 6: 3-10.
[2]   | Suvvari, T., P, C., Kuppili, S., Kandi, V., Kutikuppala, L., Kandula, V., Mishra, S., Sarangi, A., Mohapatra, R., Dhama, K. Consecutive Hits of COVID-19 in India: The Mystery of Plummeting Cases and Current Scenario. Archives of Razi Institute, 2021; 76(5): 1165-1174.
[3]   | Sree P C, Kandi VR, Suvvari TK. SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern - An emerging global threat. Indian J Respir Care 2022; 11: 83-4.
[4]   | Suvvari TK, Hegde S, Sreeram S, Simhachalam Kutikuppala L V. The COVID-19 vaccine: A race nearing the finish line. Apollo Med 2021;18: 111-21.
[5]   | Solís Arce JS, Warren SS, Meriggi NF, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Med. 2021; 27(8): 1385-1394.
[6]   | Suvvari T, Kandi V, Salibindla DBAMR, Kutikuppala S, Tsagkaris C, Modala VNN. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccine Among Residents of South India: A Cross-sectional Survey. Perspectives in Medical Research. 2021; 9(3): 72-79.
[7]   | Riad A, Pokorná A, Attia S, Klugarová J, Koščík M, Klugar M. Prevalence of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects among Healthcare Workers in the Czech Republic. J Clin Med. 2021 Apr 1; 10(7): 1428.
[8]   | Djanas D, Yusirwan, Martini RD, et al. Survey data of COVID-19 vaccine side effects among hospital staff in a national referral hospital in Indonesia. Data Brief. 2021; 36: 107098.
[9]   | Johnston MS, Galan A, Watsky KL, Little AJ. Delayed Localized Hypersensitivity Reactions to the Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine: A Case Series. JAMA Dermatol. 2021; 157(6): 716-720.
[10]   | Reddy S, Reddy S, Arora M. A Case of Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome Secondary to the Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Cureus. 2021; 13(5): e14837. Published 2021 May 4.
[11]   | Singh B, Kaur P, Kumar V, Maroules M. COVID-19 vaccine induced Axillary and Pectoral Lymphadenopathy on PET scan. Radiol Case Rep. 2021; 16(7): 1819-1821.
[12]   | Mathioudakis AG, Ghrew M, Ustianowski A, et al. Self-Reported Real-World Safety and Reactogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Vaccine Recipient Survey. Life (Basel). 2021; 11(3): 249.
[13]   | Gyldenløve M, Skov L, Hansen CB, Garred P. Recurrent injection-site reactions after incorrect subcutaneous administration of a COVID-19 vaccine. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021; 35(9): e545-e546.
[14]   | Menni C, Klaser K, May A, Polidori L, Capdevila J, Louca P, et al. Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jul; 21(7): 939-949.
[15]   | Srivastava RK, Ish P, Covid-Vaccination Group S. The initial experience of COVID-19 vaccination from a tertiary care centre of India [published online ahead of print, 2021 Mar 31]. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2021; 10.4081/monaldi.2021.1816.

[16]  
Shrestha, S., Devbhandari, R. P., Shrestha, A., Aryal, S., Rajbhandari, P., Shakya, B., Pandey, P., Shrestha, R. K., Gupta, M., & Regmi, A. Adverse events following the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (COVISHIELD) vaccine in the first phase of vaccine roll out in Nepal. 2021. Journal of Patan Academy of Health Sciences, 8(1), 9-17.

[17]   | Ghosh R, Dubey S, Roy D, Mandal A, Naga D, Benito-León J. Focal onset non-motor seizure following COVID-19 vaccination: A mere coincidence?. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021; 15(3): 1023-1024.

[18]  
Konu YR, Gbeasor-Komlanvi FA, Yerima M, Sadio AJ, Tchankoni MK, Zida-Compaore WIC, et al. Prevalence of severe adverse events among health professionals after receiving the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine (Covishield) in Togo, March 2021. Arch Public Health. 2021 Nov 24; 79(1): 207.

[19]   | Kaur U, Ojha B, Pathak BK, Singh A, Giri KR, Singh A et al. A prospective observational safety study on ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 corona virus vaccine (recombinant) use in healthcare workers- first results from India. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Jul 23; 38: 101038.
[20]   | Singh Malhotra H, Gupta P, Prabhu V, Kumar Garg R, Dandu H, Agarwal V. COVID-19 vaccination-associated myelitis. QJM. 2021 Nov 5; 114(8): 591-593.
[21]   | Carli G, Nichele I, Ruggeri M, Barra S, Tosetto A. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurring shortly after the second dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Intern Emerg Med. 2021 Apr; 16(3): 803-804. Epub 2021 Mar 9.
[22]   | Repajic M, Lai XL, Xu P, Liu A. Bell's Palsy after second dose of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccination in a patient with history of recurrent Bell's palsy. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021; 13: 100217.
[23]   | Pottegård, Anton et al. “Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) vol. 373 n1114. 5 May. 2021.
[24]   | Bae S, Lee YW, Lim SY, Lee JH, Lim JS, Lee S, et al. Adverse Reactions Following the First Dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine and BNT162b2 Vaccine for Healthcare Workers in South Korea. J Korean Med Sci. 2021 May 3; 36(17): e115.
[25]   | Jeon M, Kim J, Oh CE, Lee JY. Adverse Events Following Immunization Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Reported in the Mobile Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System. J Korean Med Sci. 2021 May 3; 36(17): e114.
[26]   | Patel SU, Khurram R, Lakhani A, Quirk B. Guillain-Barre syndrome following the first dose of the chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, ChAdOx1. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Apr 22; 14(4): e242956.
[27]   | Bayas A, Menacher M, Christ M, Behrens L, Rank A, Naumann M. Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischaemic stroke, and immune thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. Lancet. 2021 May 1; 397(10285):e11.
[28]   | Kim SH, Wi YM, Yun SY, Ryu JS, Shin JM, Lee EH, Seo KH, Lee SH, Peck KR. Adverse Events in Healthcare Workers after the First Dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination: a Single Center Experience. J Korean Med Sci. 2021 Apr 12; 36(14):e107.
[29]   | Furer V, Zisman D, Kibari A, Rimar D, Paran Y, Elkayam O. Herpes zoster following BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a case series. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Oct 9;60(SI):SI90-SI95.
[30]   | Shemer A, Pras E, Hecht I. Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy Following BNT162b2 (COVID-19) Vaccination. Isr Med Assoc J. 2021 Mar; 23(3): 143-144.
[31]   | Suvvari TK, Rajesh E, D Silva RG, Corriero AC, Kutikuppala LVS. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced prothrombotic immune thrombocytopenia: Promoting awareness to improve patient-doctor trust. J Med Virol. 2021; 93(10): 5721-5723.
[32]   | Edara L, Suvvari TK, Kutikuppala LVS. High Dose Steroid Therapy to Prevent Severe Hypoxia in COVID-19 Patients: A Potential Solution for Low Resource Clinical Setting. Cureus. 2020; 12(12): e12330.
[33]   | Suvvari TK. Therapeutic Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies for COVID-19. Biomed Res J 2020; 7: 60-1.
[34]   | Korang SK, Juul S, Nielsen EE, et al. Vaccines to prevent COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING VACCINE Project). Syst Rev. 2020; 9(1): 262. Published 2020 Nov 20.
[35]   | 10 Vaccines Approved for Use by WHO. Available at: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/agency/who/[Last Accessed on 6th Feb 2022].
[36]   | Andrews N, Tessier E, Stowe J, et al. Duration of Protection against Mild and Severe Disease by Covid-19 Vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386(4): 340-350.
[37]   | Suvvari TK, Kutikuppala LVS, Tsagkaris C, Corriero AC, Kandi V. Post-COVID-19 complications: Multisystemic approach. J Med Virol. 2021; 93(12): 6451-6455.
[38]   | Suvvari TK, Arigapudi N, Kandi VR, Kutikuppala LS. Mucormycosis: A killer in the shadow of COVID-19. J Mycol Med. 2021; 31(3): 101161.
[39]   | Bethineedi LD, Suvvari TK. Post COVID-19 cholangiopathy - A deep dive. Dig Liver Dis. 2021; 53(10): 1235-1236.
[40]   | Penetra SLS, da Silva MFB, Resende P, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome after reinfection and vaccine breakthrough by the SARS-CoV-2 Gamma variant in Brazil. Int J Infect Dis. 2022; 114: 58-61.
[41]   | Sultana J, Mazzaglia G, Luxi N, et al. Potential effects of vaccinations on the prevention of COVID-19: rationale, clinical evidence, risks, and public health considerations. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2020; 19(10): 919-936.