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Family Relationships among Users and Non Users of Social Media

Heba Shafik Ibrahim Mohamed, Rania Ismail Moussa*, Sawsan Kamal Kalil El Galad

Doctoral Degree in Nursing Education, Faculty of Nursing Damanhour University, Egypt

Abstract: New developments in the technological world have made the internet an innovative way for individuals and families to communicate. Social media sites help in fulfilling communication needs and wants of their users. The use of social media may have an effect on the family relation either in a positive or negative manner. This study aimed to investigate the family relationships among users and non users of social media. The study followed a cross- sectional descriptive comparative research design. It was conducted on 360 employees, at Damanhour University in Elbeheira, Egypt. Brief Family Relationship Scale (BFRS) was used to collect the data of this study. The results revealed that the mean score of the social media users is slightly increased in relation to the non users of social media mean score with no significant difference between both groups. It was concluded that using social media for short time has no effect on the family relationship, sitting with family in daily base satisfy the social and emotional needs of its member and enhance family relations. Recommendations encompassed that the time spent on social media should be assessed regularly to prevent being isolated from the family members. Educational programs to increase the parent’s awareness how to deal with their children regarding social media and its risks.

Keywords: social media, family relationships

Received September 22, 2018; Revised October 23, 2018; Accepted October 28, 2018

Citation: Heba Shafik Ibrahim Mohamed, Rania Ismail Moussa, Sawsan Kamal Kalil El Galad, Family Relationships among Users and Non Users of Social Media. American Journal of Nursing Research, 6 (6). 638-644. January 2018. doi:10.12691/ajnr-6-6-34

1. Introduction

New developments in the technological world have made the internet an innovative way for individuals and families to communicate. Social media networks have created a phenomenon on the internet that has gained popularity over the last decade such as Face book and whats-app to create and sustain relationships with others [1]. Boyd and Ellison (2007) defined social network sites as “public web-based services that allow users to develop a personal profile, identify other users (“friends”) with whom they have a connection, read and react to postings made by other users on the site, and send and receive messages either privately or publicly” [2].

Social media sites help in fulfilling communication needs and wants of their users. It is a convenient method of communication which provides the ability to stay connected with friends and family, but on the users own rate and time (Urista, Dong, & Day, 2009) [3]. Users can manage their interactions within their own schedule by choosing when they want to read and respond. The internet communication is a solitary activity usually done alone, however, it is efficient because it is a one-to-many methods of communication that allows users to quickly spread information. [4] Also, it helps the people who are abroad to communicate and maintain their relations with their families and friends.

No need to say that the internet is becoming more interwoven into daily life, and the use of the Internet and/or social media becomes a higher priority for many people. According to Lenhart et al., (2010) [5], about 57% of social media users are 18-29 years old and have a personal profile on multiple its websites. Also, another study done by Pempek, Yermolayeva, and Calvert (2009) [6], reported that the amount of time spent daily on social network sites varied greatly. There are many reasons for young adults to join social networking websites as they try to communicate within their social system. The principal reason reported was to maintain relationships with existing acquaintances that were already part of their social network (Sheldon, 2008). [7]

Passing time and entertainment were other major factors in using social media sites. Social media websites allow users to keep in touch with family and friends in a fairly easy and convenient way (Quan-Haase et al., 2010) [8]. Immediate communication benefits of Face book users were seen for individuals reporting various levels of shyness; it might cause individuals to avoid social face-to-face interaction altogether. In a study looking at the association between online social media and friendship quality of shy individuals, results indicated that online social networks provided a comfortable environment in which shy individuals could interact with others (Baker & Oswald, 2010) [1].

On the other side, one of the main concerns over the use of social networking sites is that, as people spend more and more time communicating online and handling their daily tasks in cyberspace, it may be they spend less time interacting with one another in the physical world (Giddens, 2006). [9] Frequency of using social media is an important variable which may lead to two results; firstly, it may enhance the relationships with others who are abroad. Secondly, if it is used for a long time it may lead to isolation as a result of social media addiction. [10] Some sociologists fear that the spread of Internet technology will lead to increased social isolation and atomization. They argue that one effect of increasing use of social networking sites in households is that people are spending “less quality time” with their family and friends. Also, Anisha Nair (2019) [11] found that social media has the ability to become very addictive most family members find it has become a compulsion for them to check their phones every few minutes to see if they have any new notifications; which in turn has made face-to-face communication very difficult and the family members may communicate with each other online or on social media rather than talk to each other. A study revealed that low Internet use was associated with better relationships with parents and friends than was high Internet use. [12] Another study done by Nie&Erbring (2000) revealed that using social media may increase the risk for depression, loneliness and decreased time spent with family, closed friends. [13]

Taken together, empirical evidence on the association between Internet use and family relationship is mixed, the use of social media has an effect on the family relation either positive or negative. Accordingly there seems to be a great need to study the effect of social media on the family relationship.

1.1. Aim of the Study

This study aimed to investigate the family relationships among users and non users of social media.

1.2. Research Question

Is there a difference in family relationships among users and non users of social media?

2. Materials and Method

2.1. Research Design

A cross- sectional descriptive comparative research design was utilized in this study.

2.2. Setting

The study was carried out in Damanhour University Faculties in El-Beheira. The University is affiliated to the Ministry of Higher Education. It constitutes nine faculties namely; Faculty of Pharmacy, Vet, Commerce, Art, Agriculture, Nursing, Science, Kindergarten and Faculty of Education. Five Faculties were selected randomly to apply this study.

2.3. Subjects

The subjects of this study included a random sample of 360 employees. The program of Epi info 7 was used to estimate the subject size, the minimal sample size was estimated to be 310 employee based on the following; the population size was 1600 administrative employees, expected frequency 50%, acceptable error 10% and confidence co-efficient 95%.

2.4. Data Collection Tools

Two tools were used to collect the study data, these included:

Tool I: Bio-socio demographic structured interview schedule:

This tool was developed to elicit bio-socio demographic data of individuals about age, marital status, occupation, and level of education, social relation within the family. In addition, information related to social media as duration, frequency of using it, ability to stop using it and its effect on his/her feelings, thoughts and relation with others.

Tool II: Brief Family Relationship Scale (BFRS):

Brief Family Relationship Scale (BFRS) is adapted from the 27-item Relationship dimension of the FES Moos & Moos (1994), [14] consisting of Cohesion, Expressiveness, and Conflict subscales (9 items each). These subscales measure support, expression of opinions, and angry conflict within a family. [15]

The BFRS provides an assessment of perceptions of family functioning by measuring three aspects of family relationships.

Respondents rate statements on a scale of 0 to 3, with 0 indicating strong disagreement and 3 indicating strong agreement with reversed questions. A high score indicates that the respondent has a good family relationship in his or her life. Conversely, a low score shows that the respondent has a poor family relationship. [16]

The Brief Family Relationship Scale (BFRS) was shown to be reliable, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α) was 0.77.

3. Method of Data Collection

1. An official approval to carry out the study was obtained from the deans of the faculties included in the study.

2. The employee Bio-psycho-social structured interview schedule (Tool I) was developed by the researchers.

3. The Brief Family Relationship Scale was translated into Arabic language by the researchers.

4. The study tools were tested for content validity by a jury of three experts in the field of psychiatric nursing in Alexandria University.

5. Twenty employees were selected randomly to assess the reliability of the study tools. It was found that, the study tools were proved to be reliable as Cronbach's α been 0.75 for BFRS. These employees were excluded from the actual study subjects.

6. A pilot study was carried out in order to ascertain the clarity, applicability of the tools and to identify obstacles that may be faced during data collection, and to estimate the time required for interviewing the employees. The pilot study was conducted on 15 employees from faculties not included in the study sample. According to the results ofthe pilot study the required modifications were carried out then the tools were put into their final form.

7. For the actual study, all faculties were ranked by simple randomization by picking their names up from a pool. The first five selected faculties were recruited.

3.1. Actual Study

1. Data collection was done during the period from July 1st 2016 to January 30th 2017.

2. A survey of all university faculties was done to find out the total number of administrative employees who are actually present in each faculty. The total number was 1600.

3. An oral verbal consent from all employees included in the study was obtained after explanation of the study purpose.

4. Data collection was done according to the following steps:

5. Power analysis was done to determine the number needed to conduct this study; Epi info program was used to estimate the sample size using the following: parameter

Ÿ Pop. Size = 1600

Ÿ Expected freq = 50%

Ÿ Acceptable error = 12%

Ÿ Confidence coefficient = 95%

Ÿ Sample size = 305

6. Each available employee interviewed individually once to collect the required information related to the 2 tools. Each interview lasted for 15 minutes.

7. his process continued in each faculty until all subjects were interviewed.

3.2. Ethical Considerations

- Informed oral consent was obtained from each employee participated in the study.

- Data confidentiality was assured.

- Patient’s privacy and anonymity were maintained and respected.

3.3. Statistical Analysis

Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package version 20.0.(Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) Qualitative data were described using number and percent. Quantitative data were described using range (minimum and maximum), mean and standard deviation. Significance of the obtained results was judged at the 5% level.

3.4. The used tests were

1 - Chi-square test

For categorical variables, to compare between different groups.

2 - Monte Carlo correction

Correction for chi-square when more than 20% of the cells have expected count less than 5.

3 - Student t-test

For normally distributed quantitative variables, to compare between two studied groups

3.5. Results of Family Relationships

Table 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the studied subjects. In relation to their age nearly half of the studied subject (48.3%) their age ranged between 25 to less than 35 years and nearly one quarter of the studied subjects (23.1%) their age ranged between 45 to less than 60 years. The total mean age was 40.93 ± 10.88.

Regarding their sex, female constitutes more than half of the studied subjects (56.1%). However, their social status was indicating that the majority of them were married (80.8%) while slightly few percent were widow (2.2%). University education is prevailing among nearly half of the studied subjects (49.1%) followed by more than one quarter were had post graduate education (27.2%).

Table 1. Distribution of the studied subjects according to their socio-demographic characteristics

Table 2 represents the family relationships data of the studied subjects. In relation to their connection style with each other nearly two thirds of studied subject (61.67%); their family members were sitting and communicating with each other and nearly one third of them (31.9%) were using telephone calls to communicate with their family members. Only 7.5% use social media as a mean to communicate with their families. Regarding the time for sitting with the family, nearly three quarters of the studied subjects (68.06%) reported that there is a time to sit with their families and more than two thirds reported daily time for sitting with the family. Also, more than one quarter (26.24%) reported weekly time for sitting with the family. In relation to the time spent with the family; nearly two thirds of the studied subjects ( 60% ) sit with their families for at least from one to less than three hours while only 9.44% spend only less than an hour.

In relation to emotional satisfaction between family members; the majority of the studied subjects (81.67%) satisfy their emotional needs within their families and they exchange their emotion in different situation (87.22%). Also, the majority of them (81.67%) reported that they solve their problems together and nearly two thirds of the studied subjects (69.44%) told their families with their daily events.

Regarding the use of social media; nearly three quarters of the studied subjects(72.22%) reported that they use different types of social media mainly face book and what’s app while the rest (27.78%) did not use social media.

Table 2. Distribution of the studied subjects according to their family relationship related data

Table 3 represents the data related to study subjects who are using social media and its effect on their families. It appears that more than one third of the studied subjects who uses the social media (38.5%) had two members using social media followed by (29.6%) where all the family members using social media. In relation to the time spent of the studied subjects using the social media; more than of them (61.2 %) use the social media for at least from un hour to less than three hours and (25.8%) reported that they use it for less than an hour. Regarding the effect of social media on the family relation; more than half of the studied subjects (47.3%) revealed that the social media had a positive effect on their family relations and the rest (45.8%) reveled that it did not have a positive effect.

Concerning the importance of the social media friends in relation to the family importance; more than three quarters of the studied subjects (75.8) reported that the friends on the face book did not have the same importance in their life like their families. More than two thirds of the studied subjects (69.6%) reported that they did not depend on social media to solve their problems and nearly three quarters (70%) revealed that they did not feel comfort when using social medial in comparison with sitting with their families.

Regarding the individual ability to stop usage of social media; nearly two thirds of the studied subjects (60.8%) reported that they can stop the usage of social media.

Table 3. Distribution of studied subjects according to their usage of social media

Table 4 shows the family relationship among users and non users of social media. It is obvious from the table that the mean score of the social media users is slightly increased in relation to the non users of social media mean score with no significant difference between both groups.

Table 4. Comparison between the two studied groups according to brief family relationship scale

Table 5. Relation between percent score of brief family relationship scale and usage of social media in users group (n = 260)

Table 5 shows the relationship between the mean percent score of brief family relationship scale and usage of social media in users group (n = 260).. It noticed from this table that the number of family members that use social media with higher mean score were two followed by all the family members (10.96 ± 1.73 and 10.49 ± 1.2, respectively) Whereas the number of family members that use social media with lower mean score were one followed by three members (9.38 ± 0.94, 9.03 ± 1.38, respectively) with no statistical significant relation (P= 0.890).

Recognizing the duration spent on social media and the mean score of family relationship scale; the highest mean score was found among people who were using social media from an hour to less than three hours followed by who used it for less than an hour (39.22 ± 8.43, 36.04 ± 9.37 respectively) with no statistical significant relationship (P= .0.204)

In relation to the effect of using social media on family relation and the mean score of family relationship scale; the highest mean score was found among subjects who reported that the social media ha a positive effect on their family relation(37.97 ± 10.46) with a statistical significant relationship( P= 0.014).

As shown from the table; there is no significant relationship between the subjects’ mean score of family relationship scale; and the importance of friends on social media in relation to the family importance (37.76 ± 11.52, P= 0.262).

In relation to the studied subjects’ dependency on social media to solve their problems and the mean score of family relationship scale; the highest mean score was found among subjects who did not depend on the social media to solve their problems (39.61 ± 11.71) with a statistical significant relationship (P= 0.002).

Concerning the relation between the subjects’ feelings of comfort when using social media rather than sitting with their families; and the mean score of family relationship scale; the highest mean score was found among subjects who did not feel comfortable when using it rather than sitting with their families (39.16 ± 12.38) with a statistical significant relationship (P= 0.012).

Regarding the subjects’ ability to stop the usage of social media and the mean score of family relationship scale; the highest mean score was found between subjects who confirm their ability to stop the usage of social media (37.46±10.58) with no statistical significant relationship (P= 0.166).

4. Discussion

Social media use has grown exponentially and has changed the way we communicate with each other. Face book is the most used online media platform in the world and has a high potential for impacting the emotions and relationships of who use it. [17,18] There are many types of relationships that people develop over time, and the most important by far is the ‘family relationship’, of course. It is here that the impact of social media can be seen the most. [18] Earlier, families would bond over face-to-face conversations that would be had with one another when everybody was done with their day’s work and were at home, unwinding. These days, families barely greet one another, and everyone is engrossed in their own news posts on their own social media accounts. Watching videos, reacting to posts online and responding to friends seems to have become more important than even saying hello to one another. [19]

The results of the present study revealed that the mean score of the social media users in relation to their family relationships is nearly equal or slightly increased in comparison to the non users of social media mean score; which means that the family relationships was not affected by the usage of social media. This results may be interpreted as shown in Table 3 that nearly two thirds of the studied subjects spent time on social media from un hour to less than three hours even though there was no statistical significant correlation between family relation and this variable, which means that the usage of social media for short duration will not affect the family relationship. Moreover, as seen in Table 2 that the studied subjects have the time to sit with their families on daily base to communicate with each other and they are connected either socially or emotionally with their families. This was in the same line of a study done in Bangladesh by Sultana S ( 2017)⁽¹²⁾ who revealed that high family time likely to occur 8.612 times among low internet users than high internet users who spend less time with their parents.

Although the studied subjects reported that the social media has a positive effect on their family relationship, they reported that they feel comfortable when sitting with their family rather than sitting on social media with a statistical significant relation of those variables with their family relationships as shown in Table 5. This clearly indicates that positive emotions and satisfaction of social needs within the family members is high among the studied subjects. This interpretation was supported by Christensen (2018) [20] who revealed that the less time an individual spent on social media the less likely they were to experience a negative impact on their overall emotional wellbeing and decreased quality in their relationships. In other study the family members as children reported that their parents not have enough time to sit or communicate with them due to their usage of social media for long time. [21]

Evidences support that family members who often gather, meet, and celebrate together, sharing happiness and sadness were having healthy relationships. [22] Also, family capacity to deal with routine, solve problems and difficult situations indicates the stability of the family as the social institution. [23] These results lent further support for the present study findings as seen in Table 5, in which positive significant correlations were found between family relationship scale mean score and family members dependency on each other, problem solving and the studied subjects feelings toward their families; as family members depend on each other to solve their problems rather than their dependency on social media. Moreover, they solve their problems with each other and they felt comfortable when sitting with their families rather than sitting on social media. This can be explained by the fact of the type and nature of Egyptian families in Elbeheira governorate; as they prefer living in extended families, where family relationships are highly valued there.

The culture and socioeconomic environment of community have marked effects on the characteristics of their individuals in that community. Culture, as a system of shared meaning and symbols, provides its members with an available repertoire of affective and behavioral responses to the human condition.⁽²⁴⁾ In Egypt culture the family rather than the individual, is the basic structural and functional unit.⁽²⁴⁾ Egyptian people tend to have strong feelings for the family including those of belonging, concern, responsibility and security (familyism). This strong family sentiment leads them to subordinate their personal goal, interests, and welfare for the sake of their families. Familyism is deeply rooted in the Egyptian mind, the strong belief of familyism leads people to consider it their responsibility and obligation to stay in the family taking care of each other. [25]

The present study confirmed to what extent the culture of the studied subjects who are living in Elbeheira governorate which have many rural cities still affect their pattern of family relationship even they are affected by the modern technology of communication. As shown in table 2 the studied subjects reported that even males working extra time to meet the family needs they still try to find time to sit with their families for at least from 1 to less than 3 hours on daily base. Also, they reported that their families satisfy their social and emotional needs and that the family members have more importance than others on the face book, and they still exchange emotion in different situations and telling the day events to each other.

This is consistent with a study done by Sunar (2005) [26] in Turkey revealed that the Turkish family in rural areas is often “functionally extended,” with a great deal of mutual support and contact among close relatives, who also tend to live as near as possible to one another in addition to that many fathers are affectionate and playful with their infants and small children.

No need to say that if the people keep this cultural belief, the family relationships will be affected in a positive way.

5. Conclusion

It can be concluded from the present study that there is no significant difference in the family relationship among users and non users of social media. Time for sitting with family, social and emotional needs satisfaction within the family, effect of social media on the family, the duration for sitting on social media and the dependency on the family to solve their problems were the main factors affecting the family relations in the present study.

6. Recommendations

According to the results of this study, it can be recommended that family members should try to sit with each other on daily base, they should help in taking decision concerned family problems and try to satisfy the social and emotional needs for its members.

The time spent on social media should be assessed regularly to prevent being isolated form the family members.

The governmental institutions and universities prepare different programs to increase awareness with social relation and how the person can manage his social life with social media.

The governmental institutions and universities prepare different programs to learn youth to manage their social life with social media

Educational program to increase awareness of community with hazards of social media on all fields of life.

Educational program to increase awareness of parents about how to deal with their children regarding social media and the risks signs of its addiction.

Acknowledgements

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the employee of Damanhour University who were participated in this study.

References

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