Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

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I am looking forward to hearing from you.

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David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Evaluating Knowledge and Attitude Towards Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: Implications for Malaria Prevention among Pregnant Women in Endemic Regions

Pauline Uwamahoro*, Marie Claudine Iradukunda, Jean Bosco Nshimiyimana, Didier Hagumimana, Patrick Niyonteze

University of Rwanda/College of Medicine and Health Sciences/School of Nursing and Midwifery

Abstract: Background: Malaria remains as significant public health challenge in Rwanda, particularly affecting pregnant women and their unborn children. Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are critical preventive measure against malaria. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards ITN usage. Methods: A Cross-Sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending Rwamagana Health Center. A structured questionnaire collected data on demographics, knowledge of malaria transmission and prevention with ITNs and attitudes towards ITN use. Results: The study found that 58.7% of respondents were aged 21-30, with 82.55 being married. Education attainment varied, with 42.9% having completed primary education, while secondary and bachelor’s degree were held by 33.3% and 15.9%, respectively. 76.2% reported awareness of ITNs and 96.06% reporting regular use. However,42.8% reported no additional preventive actions against mosquito bites despite recognizing the necessity of ITNs. A significant relationship(p=0.031) was found between education levels and ITN usage. Conclusion: While ownership of ITNs among pregnant women in Rwanda is relatively high, consistent usage is hindered by financial constraints, availability issues, and net conditions. Targeted intervention is needed to address these challenges, promote awareness, and ensure ITNs accessibility. Such efforts are essential in fostering a supportive environment for ITN utilization, which is vital for reducing malaria's impact on maternal and child health in Rwanda.

Keywords: Malaria, Insecticide-Treated Nets, Pregnancy, Knowledge, Attitude, Rwanda

Received December 26, 2024; Revised January 28, 2025; Accepted February 04, 2025

Citation: Pauline Uwamahoro, Marie Claudine Iradukunda, Jean Bosco Nshimiyimana, Didier Hagumimana, Patrick Niyonteze, Evaluating Knowledge and Attitude Towards Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets: Implications for Malaria Prevention among Pregnant Women in Endemic Regions. American Journal of Nursing Research, 13 (1). 11-15. January 2025. doi:10.12691/ajnr-13-1-2

1. Introduction

Plasmodium species are the primary causative agents of malaria, which ranks as one of the leading causes of infectious disease-related deaths globally. The transmission of malaria is facilitated by female Anopheles mosquitoes, which carry the Plasmodium parasites. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported an estimated 219 million malaria cases and 66,000 deaths in recent years, highlighting the severity of this public health issue [1]. Furthermore, around 3.2 billion people across 97 countries are risk of countries are at risk of contracting malaria,with 1.2 billion classified as being at high risk [2]. In the United States, between 1,500 and 2,000 malaria cases are reported each year, predominantly among immigrants and travels from endemic regions such as South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa [3].

Notably, Africa accounts for approximately 94% of global malaria cases and 96% of malaria -related deaths [4]. The impact of malaria on communities,particularly in Africa, is profound.It threatens the lives of millions of individuals [5]. Despite the availability of effective treatments,an estimated 25 million pregnant women contract malaria annually,with the disease contributing to a significant percentage of maternal deaths in several African countries [1]. In North Sudan, around 75% of the population is at risk,with malaria diagnoses accounting for about 30% of hospitalizations and 16% of hospital mortality [6]. Similarly,in Kenya, approximately 70% of the population is at risk,particularly vulnerable groups such a pregnant women and children under five [7].

In Rwanda, malaria poses a significant risk to approximately 1.8 million children under five and about 443,000 pregnant women at risk each year [8]. High-endemic areas for malaria have been identified in 19 of Rwanda’s 30 districts,predominantly in the eastern and southern provinces, where over half of all reported cases occur [9]. Despite the availability of insecticide -treated nets (ITNs), only about 43% of households possess enough nets to adequately protect all members,leading to sharing among family members [10]. Awareness and utilization of ITNs are crucial for malaria prevention,particularly among pregnant women,as evidenced by studies indicating that knowledge and attitudes significantly influence ITN age [11].

In summary, malaria remains a critical public challenge, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where its prevalence and associated mortality rates are alarmingly high. The effective use of preventive measures, such as ITNs, is essential to mitigate the disease’s impact, especially among vulnerable populations like pregnant women and young children.

2. Materials and Methods

Description of study locations and Research Design

The study was conducted at Rwamagana Health Center, in the Rwamagana District of Rwanda. An area known for its malaria-endemic status, making it suitable for this research. A cross sectional descriptive study design with quantitative approach was employed to evaluate knowledge and attitudes towards insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) among pregnant women attending the health center.

Study Population and Sample Size

The target population for this study consisted of pregnant women attending antenatal care at Rwamagana Health Center. A total 63 participants, all aged 18 years and older, were recruited based on specific criteria. The sample size was determined by estimated prevalence of ITN usage among pregnant women in Rwanda, ensuring it was sufficient to yield statistically significant results. The focus on this population aimed to gather essential data reflecting the experiences and challenges faced by pregnant women in accessing and utilizing ITNs, which are crucial for malaria prevention.

Data Correction Instrument and Methods

The study utilized a self -administered questionnaire to collect data on malaria and insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNS), focusing on demographics, knowledge of malaria, attitudes towards ITN usage, and net preferences. To ensure accessibility, the questionnaire was translated into Kinyarwanda. Formal permission was obtained from expert at UCSI university, enhancing the study’s credibility and ethical standards. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through a thorough review by faculty from the University of Rwanda ‘s College of Medicine and Health Sciences. A pilot study with ten pregnant women showed a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient above 0.7, indicating good internal consistency. Ethical approval was granted by The Institution Review Board at the University of Rwanda, and participants were informed of their rights, including the right to withdraw from the study at any time. Participants aged 18 and older provided informed consent, and completing the questionnaire took approximately 20 to 30 minutes. Data collection occurred over three weeks, in alignment with health center’s schedule.

Data Analysis

The collected data were entered, coded, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), Version 21. Chi-square tests (p < 0.05) were utilized to examine relationships between demographic variables and knowledge/attitude scores related to ITN usage. The study acknowledged certain limitations, including the potential for self-report biases due to the reliance on participants’ responses regarding their knowledge and practices related to ITN use. Additionally, the cross-sectional design of the study imposes constraints on making causal inferences regarding changes in knowledge and attitudes over time.

3. Results

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study participants

A total of 63 valid respondents highlighted the socio-demographic areas. The majority of respondents (58.7%) were aged between 21 and 30 years. Most of which were married women 82.5% only 17.5% reported being unmarried. With reference to respondents ‘education attainment, the majority 42.9% had completed primary education, while secondary and bachelor education was completed by 33.3% and 15.9% respectively, with very few being illiterate (4.8%). (Table 1)

Table 1. Socio Demographic Information of Respondents

The results indicate that a significant majority of respondents (96.07%) sleep under ITNs every night, and a large portion (76.2%) has heard information about insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). The primary sources of information include mass media (38.1%), relatives and friends (27%), and health facilities (17.5%). Awareness of ITNs is high, with 84.1% acknowledging their existence, suggesting effective public health efforts to combat malaria through ITN utilization in the study population. (Table 2)

The data collected from 63 respondents provides valuable insights into their attitudes and behaviors regarding the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention.

Table 2. Level of knowledge and awareness and other information vis-a-vis ITNs utilization

A significant portion of respondents (52.4%) indicated that the availability of ITNs does not affect their usage. This suggests that barriers to usage may extend beyond mere access, possibly involving factors such as awareness, personal beliefs about effectiveness, or cultural practices.

An overwhelming majority (95.2%) believe that ITNs are necessary in their homes, reflecting a strong recognition of their role in preventing malaria. This high level of perceived necessity presents an opportunity for public health campaigns to further promote the usage of ITNs.

Most respondents (60.3%) suggested that health centers should be responsible for providing ITNs to ensure their use among pregnant women, emphasizing the importance of accessible healthcare services in promoting preventive measures. A concerning 42.8% of respondents reported taking no action to prevent mosquito bites, which may indicate a lack of awareness or resources for implementing additional preventive measures. The response indicating that "all the above" actions should be taken to prevent malaria transmission received substantial support from 42.9% of participants, suggesting that a community-oriented approach could enhance malaria prevention efforts by integrating multiple strategies (Table 3).

Table 3. Attitude towards the use of ITNs

The P-value of 0.031 indicates a statistically significant relationship between education level and the likelihood of sleeping under a mosquito net. As education level increases, the percentage of individuals sleeping under a mosquito net also increases, with all respondents holding a bachelor's degree reporting usage (100%). In contrast, illiterate individuals demonstrated a significantly lower usage rate at only 33.3%, suggesting that lack of education may hinder awareness or access to preventive measures. The majority of respondents in younger age groups (ages 1-30) reported using mosquito nets, with usage rates ranging from 81.1% to 88.2%. However, the chi-square test yielded a P-value of 0.151, indicating that there is no statistically significant evidence to conclude that variations in net usage are influenced by age. (Table 4).

Table 4. Relationship Between Demographic Data and Attitude Towards the use of ITNs

4. Discussion

The findings of this study provide critical insights into the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women in Rwanda regarding the use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) as a preventive measure against malaria. The results indicated a high level of awareness and owner of ITNs among participants, with 76% acknowledging their existence and 96.06% reporting regular use. This aligns with previous research that highlights the importance of awareness in promoting ITNs usage particularly in malaria-endemic regions [6,7]. However, despite this awareness significant portion of respondents (42.8%) reported taking no preventive actions against mosquito bites,suggesting barriers that extend beyond mere knowledge and ownership [2,9]. The study also reveals a statistically significant relationship between education level and ITN usage,with higher education correlating with increased likelihood of using ITNs (p=0.031).This finding is consistent with other studies that emphasize the role of education in health behavior and decision-making, particularly among women [11] and [7]. Educated women are often more autonyms in health-related decisions, which can lead to improved health behaviors for themselves and their families [11]. This underscores the need for targeted educational interventions to enhance the understanding and effective use of ITNs among less educated population.

Moreover, the results indicate that while the majority of respondents recognize the necessity of ITNs for malaria prevention (95.2%), there are still significant barriers to consistent usage.Factors such as financial constraints availability, and the condition of the nets were cited as impediments to effective utilization [12] and [13]. This reflects a broader trend observed in various studies where ownership doesn’t always translate into usage,particularly in high malaria transmission areas [9].Addressing these barriers through community engagement and support from health workers is essential for fostering a supportive environment for ITN utilization [3] and [8]. The study advocates for comprehensive preventive strategies that include not only the distribution of ITNs but also community education and involvement. Engaging community leaders and health workers can enhance the effectiveness of malaria prevention efforts by promoting a multi-faceted approach that includes ITN usage,indoor spraying, and other preventive measures [6,10]. This holistic strategy is vital for reducing malaria’s impact on maternal and child health in Rwanda,particularly given the high susceptibility of pregnant women and young children to malaria [8,12].

In conclusion, while the study highlights positive trends in knowledge and ownership of ITNs among pregnant women in Rwanda, it also reveals critical gaps in consistent usage and the need for targeted interventions. Addressing the barriers to effective ITN utilization through education, community engagement, and improved access will be essential in fight against malaria in this vulnerable population.

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