Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

A Study of Magnetic Behaviour for Nanoparticles

Mohammad Ashraf Shah, Ashaq Hussain Sofi*, Marlina Rosalinda Sibuea, Shabir Ahmad Akhoon, Asloob Ahmad Rather, Ishaq Nahvi

Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir, India

Abstract: In this paper we will analyse the feromagnetism in nanoparticles. We will try to explain why materials that do not exhibit magnetism at large scales, exhibit magnetism when nanoparticles of the same material are formed. This occurs because when the particle size is reduced, only one domain can form in one nanoparticle. These nanomaterials then exhibit magnetism at a large scale.

Keywords: nanoparticle, quantum confinement, ferromagnetism, lagrangian

Received February 18, 2014; Revised March 10, 2014; Accepted March 12, 2014

Citation: Mohammad Ashraf Shah, Ashaq Hussain Sofi, Marlina Rosalinda Sibuea, Shabir Ahmad Akhoon, Asloob Ahmad Rather, Ishaq Nahvi, A Study of Magnetic Behaviour for Nanoparticles. American Journal of Nanomaterials, 2 (1). 1-3. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ajn-2-1-1

1. Introduction

Magnetism, the phenomenon by which materials exhibiting this property attract or repel effectively or exert influence on other materials, has a very ancient history which has been familiar to man since 800 B. C. [1,2]. In the whole periodic table, among the transition metals there are iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), their alloys, ferrites etc [3] and some of the rare earth metals such as gadolinium (Gd) which exhibit the property of ferromagnetism [2]. This property is not due to their structures because each have different structures and these structures are similar to those of non-ferromagnetic metals as well. Magnetic materials like iron, cobalt, nickel etc do all have partially filled or nearly full d or f bands [3] but are less diffused i.e narrow [2]. As compared to 4s and 4p orbitals the 3d orbitals are less diffused i.e concentrated nearer to atomic nuclei. For example, if we consider a crystal of N-atoms, 5N levels must be accommodated as there are five 3d orbitals [2]. By virtue of more electrons and a narrow band the density of states in average must be much higher than in other bands and in particular the density of states near the Fermi–level is high. In such a situation, it is energetically favourable to have large number of unpaired electrons at the cost of populating higher energy levels making these elements rich in unpaired electrons. However, the understanding of the under- lying principles and mechanisms that explain magnetic phenomenon has eluded scientists, until relatively recent times, because of their complex and subtle nature [1]. According to domain theory of ferromagnetism, every ferromagnetic material is composed of small volume regions called domains below a certain temperature Tc called curie temperature [1]. Within each domain all magnetic moments are aligned in the same direction and each domain is magnetised to its saturation magnetisation. According to Weiss molecular field theory, the spontaneous magnetisaton in a ferromagnetic material arises because of co-operation between atomic dipoles within a single domain [4]. The internal molecular field , which is produced due to interaction between atomic dipoles, tend to align spins parallel to the field and is given as where is called Weiss constant. Thus called effective field, makes Curie law hold for ferromagnetic materials. Now, where is the Curie constant of the material. Using we get When diverges, which means is the transition temperature. Thus, and this type of behavior of susceptibility is exhibited by the ferromagnetic materials. But at , or , which is much larger than 0.1T due to simple dipole - dipole interaction, and hence these dipole - dipole interactions cannot be the origin of the molecular field. In a more microscopic treatment, the ferromagnetism occurs due to the strong electron-electron interactions [3]. As per the Pauli’s exclusion principle no two electrons can accommodate the same quantum state, with the result the electrons with parallel spins avoid each other spatially giving rise to exchange interactions. These exchange interactions are responsible for the magnetic phe- nomena according to quantum theory of magnetism.

At the nanoscale, we deal with nanostructured systems, or nanosystems or nanomaterials which include materials systems with particle size within 1-100 nm [5]. In an extended way, nanomaterials include structures with at least one dimension below 100 nm and second dimension below 1µm [6]. As compared to their bulk counterparts, nanomaterials display unique and unusual properties due to emergence of quantum effects which mainly emerge due to reduction in one or more dimensions to the nanometer scale [3]. Moreover, it is because of such quantum effects that the ferromagnetic stae is induced in nanomaterials. Experimentally, the magnetic properties of nanoscale magnetic semiconductors may be enhanced by several methods and in particular by using magnetic atoms as dopents, such as maganese (Mn) or Vanadium (V), in common semiconductor compounds [7]. Carbon coated nanoparticles iron (Fe), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) having dimensions upto 100 nm, produced by PCVD (pressure chemical vapour deposition) are ferromagnetic upto a temperature of 400 K and are promising candidates for biomedicine applications [3].

2. Ferrormagnetism

As the nanoparticle has all the 3-dimensions in nanometer range, it may be associated with a single domain [3]. Within a single domain, a local magnetic moment sits on each site, aligned parallel to each other, which is denoted by a unit vector , where j labels the site [8]. As far as magnetic moments, within a single domain, on neighbouring sites are concerned, they have the tendency to point in the same direction. In other words, the energy is

[picture] | (1)

where i, j label neighboring sites and is a unit vector denoting a local magnetic moment. For ferromagnetic nature J < 0.

In an attractive and a more microscopic treatment, we would take with a Hamiltonian (such as Hubbard Hamiltonian) describing the hopping of magnetic moments and interaction between them. In nanomaterials, the reduction in one or more dimensions results in the decrease of number of nearest neighbours to an atom (i,e, reduction in co-ordination number) thereby reducing the hopping tendency of magnetic moments from one site to another within a domain [3]. The consequences of all this are, the kinetic energy (bandwidth) is reduced and enhancement in the ratio of coulomb interactions and bandwidth, which leads to the occurrance of magnetism in materials with reduced dimensions. By making some suitable and approximate mean field the classical variable [8] would then emerge as a unit vector pointing in the direction of with and the electron creation and annihilation operator, respectively.

2.1. First Verses Second Order in Time

Here, in the light of model, we would like to derive the low energy description [8]. A somewhat subtle issue here is that what kinetic energy we should add to to form the Lagrangian. The possibility of adding one time derivative is ruled out here because for a unit vector we have With two time deivatives however, we can form and so

[picture] | (2)

Using the field theory in continuous limit, we would arrive at the Lagrangian density

[picture] | (3)

with the constraint This is an example of a nonlinear model. The constraint is spin wave velocity, which is derived in terms of microscopic variable as is clear by writing down the equation of motion.

[picture] | (4)

But, careful examination of the above equation reveals that there is something wrong with the equation. This argument is backed by quantum mechanics since the dynamics of a spin variable is first order in time. This is also supported by solid state physics where-in the dispersion relation of spin wave has non-relativistic form and nor the relativistic form as implied by the above equation (3). The resolution of this apparent paradox is based on the Pauli-Hopf identity. For a unit vector we can always write where

consists of two complex numbers such that

[picture] | (5)

So the corrected version of (2) is

[picture] | (6)

The added term is known as the Berry’s phase term and has a deep topological significance. The above equation of motion can be derived using the identity

[picture] | (7)

2.2. Low Energy Modes in the Ferromagnet

As we know in the ground state, the magnetic moments in a single domain point in the same direction, which can be chosen as the z-direction [8]. By expanding the equation of motion in small uctuations around this ground state where is the appropriate unit vector and after Fourier transforming, we arrive at the equation

which links the two components of and From the condition it is clear that Here a is the spacing between the adjacent nanoparticles and

[picture] | (8)

for small values of k. The treatment discussed here is for two dimensions. At low frequencies, the Berry`s term denotes the new term, which can be safely ignored. By setting the determinant of the matrix equal to zero, we arrive at the correct dispersion relation for a single domain of a nanoparticle.

3. Conclusion

In this paper we have analysed feromagnetism in nanoparticles, which has created enormous intrest due to its fruitful applications especially in biomedicine, in the light of quantum field theory. It would be of worth to analyse this phenomena using different techniques of QFT. Further, it would be intresting to analyse another remarkable phenomena “super paramagnetism” in the light of this theory.

Acknowledgment

The authors are highly thankful to Sofi Javaid Jameel for his immense help.

References

[1]   | R. Balasubramaniam, Callister's Material Science and Enggineering, Wiley, (2013).
[2]   | S. O. Pillai and S. Pillai, Rudiments of Materials Science, New Age International publishers, (2005).
[3]   | R. Singh, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 346, 58 (2013).
[4]   | C. M. Kachawa, Solid State Physics, Tata McGraw Hill, (1992).
[5]   | M. S. R. Roy and S. Singh, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology-Fundementals to Frontiers, Wiley, (2013).
[6]   | M. A. Shah and K. A. Shah, Nanotechnology-The Science of Small, Wiley (2013).
[7]   | L. A. Pozhar, arxive: 1209.5341.
[8]   | A. Zee, Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell, Princeton University Press, (2003).