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American Journal of Public Health Research
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The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

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Minimally Invasive Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Techniques, and Clinical Applications

Dr Ramsha Parwez, Dr Dhruvita Mangukiya*, Dr Deepthi Dandu, Dr Bhumika Patel, Dr Sree Rekha Movva, Dr Monica Milagros Parra Rodil, Dr Sandeep Singh

BDS, Karnavati School of Dentistry, Gandhinagar, India

Abstract: Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MID) represents a paradigm shift in modern dental practice, emphasizing the preservation of natural tooth structure while delivering effective restorative care. Rooted in principles of conservation and biologically oriented treatment, MID seeks to minimize the removal of healthy tissues and support long-term oral health. Key strategies include early diagnosis, selective caries removal, micro-invasive preparation techniques, and the use of adhesive and bioactive materials that reinforce tooth integrity. Contemporary MID approaches integrate advanced technologies such as air abrasion, chemo-mechanical caries removal, ultrasonic instruments, and digital diagnostic tools to enhance precision and patient comfort. Clinically, these techniques offer multiple benefits, including reduced postoperative sensitivity, lower risk of pulp injury, improved longevity of restorations, and increased patient satisfaction. Furthermore, MID supports preventive and patient-centered care by enabling conservative interventions that delay or eliminate the need for extensive procedures. The adoption of minimally invasive strategies aligns with evolving trends in dental education and practice, promoting sustainable, evidence-based, and personalized treatment. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the principles, techniques, and materials of MID, highlighting its impact on clinical outcomes and patient well-being, and identifies future directions for research and innovation in tooth-conserving dentistry.

Keywords: Minimally Invasive Dentistry, Tooth Preservation, Adhesive Dentistry, Caries Management

Received January 20, 2026; Revised February 22, 2026; Accepted March 01, 2026

Citation: Dr Ramsha Parwez, Dr Dhruvita Mangukiya, Dr Deepthi Dandu, Dr Bhumika Patel, Dr Sree Rekha Movva, Dr Monica Milagros Parra Rodil, Dr Sandeep Singh, Minimally Invasive Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Techniques, and Clinical Applications. American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine, 14 (1). 1-6. January 2026. doi:10.12691/ajmsm-14-1-1

1. Introduction

Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MID) is a contemporary philosophy in dental practice aimed at preserving healthy tooth structure and focusing on biological principles of disease management rather than defaulting to extensive surgical removal of tissues. MID emphasizes early detection, prevention, risk assessment, and conservative restorative interventions that align with improved long-term oral health outcomes and patient comfort. The evolution of MID has been driven by enhanced understanding of caries pathogenesis, advances in adhesive technology, and evidence showing that traditional extensive cavity preparation often results in unnecessary loss of sound tooth structure and higher rates of restoration failure. [1]

Historically, operative dentistry was dominated by G.V. Black’s principle of “extension for prevention,” which advocated enlarging cavity preparations to prevent further decay. However, growing scientific evidence has shifted this paradigm toward conservation and tissue preservation, supported by modern materials capable of bonding predictably to enamel and dentin and enabling repair of incipient lesions rather than their overt surgical removal. [2]

The oral health relevance of MID lies in its potential to retain as much natural dentition as possible, enhance restoration longevity, reduce postoperative complications, and improve patient-centered outcomes such as comfort and satisfaction. By prioritizing principles such as remineralization, caries risk management, and selective caries removal, MID supports more durable, patient-friendly care and aligns with preventive approaches endorsed by leading dental organizations. [3]

The purpose of this review is to synthesize the foundational principles, key techniques, and practical clinical applications of MID, highlighting the evidence that underscores its role in modern dental practice and identifying areas for future research and clinical refinement.

2. Principles of Minimally Invasive Dentistry

Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MID) is founded on a philosophy that prioritizes the preservation of healthy tooth structure while managing disease through biological and preventive principles rather than extensive surgical intervention. The core concept of MID emphasizes early diagnosis, accurate caries risk assessment, and individualized treatment planning aimed at controlling the disease process before irreversible damage occurs. Instead of focusing solely on operative care, MID integrates preventive, micro-invasive, and restorative strategies to maintain tooth vitality and structural integrity. [4]

The biological rationale of MID is strongly supported by contemporary understanding of dental caries as a dynamic, biofilm-mediated disease rather than a purely structural defect. Preservation of enamel and dentin enhances the tooth’s natural defense mechanisms, improves resistance to fracture, and maintains pulp vitality. Selective caries removal and remineralization-based approaches reduce the risk of pulp exposure, postoperative sensitivity, and restoration failure while supporting long-term tooth survival. Advances in adhesive dentistry and bioactive materials further enable conservative interventions by promoting durable bonding and facilitating mineral exchange at the tooth- restoration interface. [5]

Growing evidence supports the effectiveness of conservative caries management strategies, including selective caries removal, stepwise excavation, and non-invasive remineralization techniques, which have demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes compared to complete caries removal. Studies indicate that these approaches significantly lower the risk of pulp exposure without compromising restoration longevity or patient satisfaction. [6]

Table 1. Spectrum of Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MID) Interventions Based on Caries Progression

Risk-benefit considerations are central to MID implementation. While minimally invasive approaches require careful case selection, operator skill, and patient compliance, their benefits, including reduced tissue loss, improved comfort, and extended restorative cycles, often outweigh the potential limitations. As a result, MID represents a biologically sound and patient-centred framework for modern dental care. [7]

3. Techniques in Minimally Invasive Dentistry

The successful implementation of MID relies on a combination of accurate diagnostic methods, conservative tooth preparation techniques, and restorative strategies designed to preserve healthy tooth structure. Advances in diagnostic technology and material science have enabled clinicians to intervene at earlier stages of disease progression while minimizing operative trauma.

3.1. Caries Detection and Diagnosis

Early and accurate detection of carious lesions is fundamental to MID. Conventional visual-tactile examination, when performed using standardized criteria such as the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), remains a cornerstone of caries diagnosis. Radiographic assessment, particularly bitewing radiographs, aids in identifying proximal and dentinal caries but may underestimate early enamel lesions. [8]

Adjunctive diagnostic tools, including laser fluorescence devices (Diagnodent), have been introduced to enhance the detection of incipient lesions by quantifying changes in tooth fluorescence associated with demineralization. These tools support risk-based decision-making rather than replacing conventional diagnostic methods. Selective caries removal strategies further align with MID principles by distinguishing between infected and affected dentin, allowing preservation of remineralizable tooth tissue. [9]

3.2. Tooth Preparation Approaches

MID promotes alternative tooth preparation techniques that reduce mechanical and thermal damage to dental tissues. Air abrasion employs a stream of aluminum oxide particles to selectively remove carious enamel and dentin while preserving sound structure, particularly in small or early lesions. Chemo-mechanical caries removal agents, such as Carisolv and Papacarie, soften infected dentin and facilitate its removal with hand instruments, reducing patient discomfort and the risk of pulp exposure.

Ultrasonic and sono-abrasive instruments have also been incorporated into minimally invasive preparations, offering enhanced tactile control and reduced need for conventional rotary instrumentation. These approaches contribute to improved patient acceptance, especially among pediatric and anxious patients. [10]

3.3. Restorative Techniques

Adhesive dentistry forms the backbone of restorative MID. The development of reliable enamel and dentin bonding systems allows conservative cavity designs that depend on adhesion rather than mechanical retention. Direct adhesive restorations using resin composites and glass ionomer cements enable preservation of marginal ridges and cuspal structure, improving tooth strength and restoration longevity. Micro-invasive procedures, such as preventive resin restorations, combine fissure sealing with limited composite placement to manage early occlusal caries while avoiding extensive preparation. These techniques have demonstrated favorable long-term outcomes when combined with appropriate caries risk management. [11]

3.4. Other MID Methods

Fissure sealing is a well-established MID technique used to prevent and arrest non-cavitated occlusal lesions, particularly in high-risk patients. Resin infiltration represents a micro-invasive approach for managing non-cavitated proximal lesions by infiltrating low-viscosity resin into porous enamel, effectively halting lesion progression without tissue removal. Indirect restorations with minimal preparation, including inlays and onlays bonded with adhesive cements, further exemplify MID by reinforcing weakened tooth structure while preserving maximum sound tissue. Collectively, these techniques reflect a shift toward biologically driven, patient-centered dental care. [12]

4. Materials Supporting Minimally Invasive Dentistry

Advances in dental materials have played a pivotal role in the clinical adoption and success of MID. The development of adhesive, bioactive, and tooth-preserving materials has enabled conservative cavity designs, enhanced bonding to dental tissues, and improved long-term clinical outcomes.

4.1. Adhesive Systems

Adhesive systems form the foundation of minimally invasive restorative dentistry by allowing retention through micromechanical and chemical bonding rather than extensive mechanical preparation. Modern dentin bonding agents enable effective adhesion to enamel and dentin, facilitating smaller cavity designs that preserve marginal ridges and cuspal integrity. The evolution from etch-and-rinse systems to self-etch and universal adhesives has improved clinical efficiency while maintaining reliable bond strength. These advancements support MID by reducing technique sensitivity and minimising postoperative sensitivity, thereby improving patient comfort and restoration longevity. [13]

4.2. Glass Ionomer Cements and Resin Composites

Glass ionomer cements are widely used in MID due to their chemical adhesion to tooth structure, fluoride release, and biocompatibility. Their ability to promote remineralization and inhibit secondary caries makes them particularly suitable for atraumatic and minimally invasive procedures. Resin-modified glass ionomers combine these benefits with improved mechanical properties. Resin composites remain the primary restorative material in MID owing to their superior esthetics, strength, and adhesive capability. When used with conservative cavity designs, composite restorations demonstrate favorable survival rates while preserving sound tooth tissue. [14]

4.3. Bioactive Materials

Bioactive restorative materials represent a significant advancement in minimally invasive care. These materials actively interact with the surrounding tooth structure by releasing ions such as calcium, phosphate, and fluoride, thereby promoting remineralization and enhancing marginal integrity. Bioactive glass-containing materials and calcium silicate-based cements have shown promising results in caries management and pulp protection. [15]

4.4. Novel Materials for Tooth Preservation

Emerging materials such as bulk-fill composites, fiber-reinforced restoratives, and biomimetic materials are further expanding the scope of MID. These materials allow efficient placement, improved stress distribution, and reinforcement of weakened tooth structure while maintaining conservative preparation principles. Additionally, materials designed to mimic the mechanical and optical properties of natural enamel and dentin support long-term tooth preservation and functional rehabilitation. [16]

5. Clinical Applications of Minimally Invasive Dentistry

The principles and techniques of MID have been widely applied across different age groups, tooth types, and clinical scenarios. By emphasizing preservation of tooth structure and patient-centered care, MID offers adaptable treatment strategies that address both functional and psychosocial outcomes.

5.1. MID in Primary and Permanent Dentition

In primary dentition, MID is particularly valuable due to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of deciduous teeth, including thinner enamel and dentin and larger pulp chambers. Techniques such as atraumatic restorative treatment (ART), selective caries removal, and the use of glass ionomer cements have demonstrated favorable outcomes in managing caries while reducing the risk of pulp exposure and child anxiety. In permanent dentition, MID focuses on early lesion detection, remineralization, and conservative adhesive restorations, contributing to prolonged tooth survival and reduced need for re-intervention. [17]

5.2. MID for Posterior and Anterior Teeth

Posterior teeth are frequently subjected to higher occlusal loads and are more prone to pit and fissure caries. Preventive resin restorations, fissure sealants, and minimally invasive composite restorations are widely employed to preserve cuspal strength while ensuring functional durability. In anterior teeth, MID techniques such as resin infiltration and conservative composite bonding are particularly effective for managing early enamel lesions and improving esthetics with minimal tissue removal. [18]

5.3. Pediatric and Geriatric Considerations

MID is especially advantageous in pediatric dentistry due to its reduced need for rotary instruments, lower pain perception, and improved patient cooperation. Non-invasive and micro-invasive strategies have been shown to enhance treatment acceptance among children and caregivers. In geriatric patients, MID addresses challenges such as root caries, reduced salivary flow, and medical comorbidities. Conservative approaches help maintain oral function and quality of life while minimizing procedural stress. [19]

5.4. Patient-Centred Outcomes

A defining strength of MID is its focus on patient-centred outcomes. Reduced operative trauma, lower postoperative sensitivity, and decreased need for local anesthesia contribute to improved patient comfort and satisfaction. Additionally, by preserving tooth structure and delaying the restorative cycle, MID enhances restoration longevity and supports long-term oral health. These benefits align MID with contemporary goals of personalized, preventive, and minimally burdensome dental care. [20]

6. Advantages, Limitations, and Challenges of Minimally Invasive Dentistry [21-24]

Table 2. Summary of the advantages, limitations, and challenges of implementing Minimally Invasive Dentistry in clinical practice

7. Future Directions

The future of MID is closely linked to rapid advancements in technology and materials science, as well as a growing emphasis on patient-centred and sustainable healthcare. Emerging digital tools are transforming caries detection and treatment planning. Digital dentistry, including intraoral scanners and digital radiography, enhances diagnostic accuracy while reducing unnecessary tissue removal. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic systems have shown promising potential in detecting early carious lesions and assisting clinicians in risk assessment and decision-making, thereby supporting preventive and minimally invasive strategies. [25]

Minimally invasive surgical techniques continue to evolve with the integration of magnification, guided operative procedures, and laser-assisted dentistry, which allow precise tissue removal while preserving surrounding structures. A comprehensive review by Safaee et al. highlighted the growing role of laser technologies in supporting minimally invasive approaches across multiple dental applications. Appropriate wavelength selection allows targeted laser–tissue interaction, resulting in minimal damage to surrounding healthy structures. Reported benefits include reduced bleeding, postoperative pain and swelling, decreased need for local anesthesia, and faster healing, all of which align with patient-centered MID principles. Laser-assisted techniques have demonstrated effectiveness in caries detection, periodontal therapy, soft and hard tissue procedures, and dentin hypersensitivity management. Despite limitations related to cost, training, and safety considerations, laser technology represents a valuable adjunct in contemporary minimally invasive dental care, with further research needed to optimize its clinical integration. [26] These technologies may further reduce patient discomfort and improve clinical predictability. Despite substantial progress, important research gaps remain. Long-term clinical studies comparing different MID techniques and materials across diverse populations are limited. Standardization of diagnostic criteria, outcome measures, and treatment protocols is needed to strengthen evidence-based guidelines and facilitate broader clinical adoption. [27]

Additionally, MID has significant potential for integration with holistic and sustainable dental practices. Conservative procedures inherently reduce material use, energy consumption, and clinical waste. When combined with eco-friendly materials and preventive care models, MID can contribute to environmentally responsible dentistry while enhancing overall patient well-being. Future research should explore this intersection to support sustainable oral healthcare systems. [28]

8. Conclusion

MID represents a paradigm shift from traditional operative approaches toward biologically driven, conservative, and patient-centred care. By emphasizing early diagnosis, selective tissue removal, and the use of advanced adhesive and bioactive materials, MID enables effective management of dental disease while preserving natural tooth structure. The techniques and materials discussed in this review demonstrate significant clinical relevance across different dentitions, age groups, and restorative scenarios.

The adoption of MID offers clear advantages, including reduced procedural invasiveness, improved patient comfort, prolonged restoration longevity, and enhanced satisfaction. As dental practice continues to evolve, prioritizing tooth preservation and individualized care will remain fundamental to achieving long-term oral health outcomes. Continued research, technological innovation, and integration with holistic and sustainable practices will further strengthen the role of Minimally Invasive Dentistry as a cornerstone of modern dental care.

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