@article{ajmsm2013142,
author={{Xiaotong, Li and Sichen, Li},
title={Identification of Causal Effect with the Non-Compliance and Its <i>EM</i> Algorithm},
journal={American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine},
volume={1},
number={4},
pages={55--61},
year={2013},
url={http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmsm/1/4/2},
issn={2327-6657},
abstract={Many practical studies in biology, medicine, behavior science and the social sciences seek to establish causal relationship between treatments and outcomes, rather than mere associations. In this paper, we use a graphical model to describe a causal graphical model and study its identification. For an unidentifiable model, we introduce covariates which are always observed into the model so that it becomes identifiable. We then give an identifiable condition of the causal graphical model and prove it mathematically. Finally, we give the <img src=image/abs1.png></img>algorithm for the identifiable average causal effect of outcomes to the accepted treatment and give an example to illustrate this method and algorithm.},
doi={10.12691/ajmsm-1-4-2}
publisher={Science and Education Publishing}
}