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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Subtyping of Clinical Strains of Mycobacterium leprae Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) Markers in Leprosy Patients in Côte d'Ivoire

Amon Aby Christiane*, Coulibaly Kpanhonri Eve Christelle, Dehe Bahou Roger, Yavo Konan Albert, Kouakou Luc Venance, Coulibaly Gninwélé Anne-Edwige, Kakou N’Gazoa Solange, Tian-Bi Yves-Nathan, Coulibaly N'Golo David

Molecular Biology Platform, Pasteur Institute of Côte d’Ivoire, BP 490 Abidjan, Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire

Abstract: Leprosy is a disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium leprae. The mode of transmission has yet to be elucidated. In order to understand its etiology, Mycobacterium leprae was genotyped into 4 types and 16 subtypes using molecular biology techniques. The overall aim of this study was to identify the subtypes of genotype 4 identified in clinical strains of M. leprae in leprosy patients in Côte d'Ivoire, using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) genetic markers. The biological material used consisted of dermal juices and nasal mucus collected from 40 patients clinically diagnosed with leprosy at the Institut Raoul Follereau of Côte d'Ivoire (IRFCI). Conventional PCR amplification revealed a high rate of positive M. leprae detection, i.e. 77.5% (62 /80). 5% (4 /80) of the strains identified had all three types of mutation (insertion, deletion and HPT). However, only one strain identified subtype O, characterized by the insertion of a T base at position Ins: 978589 and by the presence of a T base at position Del: 1476519. Subtype O of the identified M. leprae genotype 4 is thought to circulate in Côte d'Ivoire.

Keywords: Mycobacterium leprae, PCR, SNP marker, Subtype O, Côte d’Ivoire

Received April 10, 2025; Revised May 11, 2025; Accepted May 19, 2025

Citation: Amon Aby Christiane, Coulibaly Kpanhonri Eve Christelle, Dehe Bahou Roger, Yavo Konan Albert, Kouakou Luc Venance, Coulibaly Gninwélé Anne-Edwige, Kakou N’Gazoa Solange, Tian-Bi Yves-Nathan, Coulibaly N'Golo David, Subtyping of Clinical Strains of Mycobacterium leprae Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) Markers in Leprosy Patients in Côte d'Ivoire. American Journal of Microbiological Research, 13 (2). 33-37. January 2025. doi:10.12691/ajmr-13-2-3

1. Introduction

Leprosy is a skin condition caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae) or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, two uncultivable pathogens with exceptionally long generation times ranging from 5 to 20 years [1,2]. It is classified as one of the world's 20 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and is the third most common mycobacteriosis after tuberculosis and Buruli ulcer [3,4]. Leprosy remains a disease of public health concern as it causes often irreversible disabilities, deformities, stigmatization and discrimination of those affected [5].

To combat leprosy, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) back in 1981 [6]. The introduction of MDT significantly reduced the prevalence of leprosy by 80% in 10 years and spared a million patients from disability worldwide [7]. However, many endemic sites still exist. Indeed, 2021, WHO mentioned 140,594 new cases, with 66% of cases reported in Southeast Asia. In 2021, Africa was ranked by the WHO as the second continent with the highest number of leprosy cases in the world, after Asia. In Côte d'Ivoire, leprosy is endemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that 514 new cases will be detected in 2021, compared with 515 in 2020, showing a reduction in the number of cases. However, the rate of irreversible disability (degree 2) has risen from 9% in 2020 to 24.32% in 2021 [8].

In order to control leprosy, the WHO has adopted the global strategy for the years 2021-2030 entitled "Towards zero leprosy", whose objectives include: (a) no new indigenous cases in 120 countries, (b) a 70% reduction in new annual cases, (c) a 90% reduction in the incidence of new grade 2 disability (G2D) cases. and (d) a 90% reduction in the incidence of pediatric leprosy cases [9].

The exact mode of transmission of leprosy bacilli has yet to be elucidated. However, direct contact via aerosol droplets spread by the respiratory route remains the main route of transmission of M. leprae [10]. Frequent exposure is necessary for the development of the disease. Consequently, relatives of untreated leprosy patients are at greater risk of contracting the disease [11]. In addition to bacterial exposure, other risk factors associated with leprosy development have been demonstrated, such as genetic polymorphisms, clinical type of leprosy index case within a household, immunosuppression and nutritional factors [12,13]. Also, recent studies have shown that the environment of leprosy cases as well as animals could be sources of contamination, notably armadillos in South America or chimpanzees in Côte d'Ivoire [14,15].

In view of these probable means of transmission, increased diagnosis of M. leprae is essential. In Côte d'Ivoire, diagnosis is essentially based on clinical examination, but also on microscopy for Acid-Alcohol-Resistant Bacilli (AARB) [16]. However, clinical diagnosis of the disease remains delayed due to the late onset of symptoms, resulting in a 24.32% increase in the proportion of grade 2 disability in 2021.

Recently, molecular diagnostics and the molecular epidemiology of infectious diseases have grown rapidly with advances in molecular biology techniques based on DNA analysis. The main diagnostic tool for leprosy is the chain (PCR). It uses several targets, such as repeated elements in the M. leprae genome (RLEP), the enzyme Superoxide dismutase A (Sod A), Ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and the bacterial proline-rich gene (prA gene) [17]. However, RLEP would be the appropriate target for identification of M. leprae as it has greater sensitivity and specificity [17]. It is a 545 bp, 37-copy repeat sequence located throughout the bacterial genome. Following detection of M. leprae, molecular markers such as Variations in Genetic Nucleotide Repeats (VNTRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are used for genotyping. Of these two markers, SNPs are said to provide a better understanding of the etiology, transmission and evolution of

M.leprae [18]. Recently, thanks to SNPs <<genotype 4>> has been identified as the M. leprae strain circulating in Côte d'Ivoire [19]. This genotype can be subtyped on the basis of Insertion-Deletion (InDel) SNPs and Homopolymer (HPT) sequences [18,20].

The subtypes associated with this strain of M. leprae circulating in Côte d'Ivoire have not yet been identified. Such identification could help in the choice of appropriate treatment against M. leprae

2. Materials and Methods

This study was carried out at the Institut Pasteur's molecular biology platform in Côte d'Ivoire, using samples from leprosy patients.

2.1. Ethical Approval

This study was approved by the National Ethics Committee for Life Sciences and Health (CNESVS) of Côte d'Ivoire as described in [19].

2.2. Study Population

The various samples used in this study came from the Institut Raoul Follereau of Côte d'Ivoire (IRFCI), a leprosy treatment center in Adzopé in the Mé region of Côte d'Ivoire. Forty (40) patients clinically diagnosed with leprosy were used in this study. Samples consisted of dermal juices obtained from the patients' right or left ear lobes and nasal mucus collected from nasopharyngeal swabbing.

2.3. Type of Study

This is an analytical study to be carried out in 2022.

2.4. DNA Extraction

DNA extraction was performed using the QIAamp® Mini Kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's protocol.

2.5. PCR Confirmation of Clinical Leprosy Cases

Confirmation of clinical cases was carried out by end-point PCR targeting M. leprae RLEP repeat elements, according to the protocol described by [17].

2.6. SNP Sequencing and Subtyping of M. Leprae

The PCR-SNP reaction was performed in a final volume of 25 µL, containing 5 µL genomic DNA, 10 μM of each primer, Gotaq G2 polymerase (PROMEGA, Madison, WI USA). SNP markers at positions HPT-741133, INS-978589 and DEL-1476519 were searched for.

Amplifications were performed using a GeneAmp® 9700 thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems, Singapore) according to the protocol of [20].; i.e. 94˚C for 1 min, 94˚C at 5s for 45 cycles, from 55˚C at 1min and 72˚C at 2 min, 10min at 72˚C. The primers shown in Table 1 were used for subtyping. PCR products were revealed from a 2% agarose gel (Sigma) incorporated with SybrSafe.

For sequencing, PCR products were purified using the promega swift... purification kit (PROMEGA) and sequenced on a 24-capillary Genetic Analyzer sequencer (Applied Biosystem). BioEdit software version 7.0.9.0 was used for sequence analysis and strain subtype characterization. Strain characterization was carried out by BLAST, comparing the reference sequence of Brazilian strain Br4923 with those obtained after strain sequencing and carrying mutations at positions HPT-741133, INS-978589 and DEL-1476519.

Table 1. Primers used for M. leprae subtyping

3. Results

3.1. Confirmation of Leprosy Cases PCR

Conventional RLEP-PCR was performed on all extracted DNA, i.e. 80 DNA extracts.

It was used to diagnose 77.5% (62/80) (Figure 1).

Figure 1. RLEP electrophoretic profile

3.2. Confirmation of InDel Mutations and Homopolymer Sequences

Extracts used to confirm the presence of mutations were those diagnosed as positive for M. leprae, i.e. 46 extracts. Of these extracts, 36.96% (17/46) had insertion-type mutations, 47.83% (22/46) had deletion-type mutations and 15.21% (7/46) had HPT. Only 8.7% (4/46) of extracts had all three types of (Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4).

Figure 2. Electrophoretic profile of the Del marker mutation

Figure 3. Electrophoretic profile of the INS marker

Figure 4. Electrophoretic profile of the HPT marker

3.3. Sequencing

Subtype O, characterized by the insertion of a thymine (T) at position Ins: 978589 and the presence of another thymine at position Del: 1476519, has been identified as the M. leprae strain circulating in Côte d'Ivoire (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Chromatograms obtained from sequencing the deletion (A) and insertion (B) mutation regions of Ivorian strains of M. leprae

4. Discussions

Leprosy is present and still rampant in many countries around the world, particularly in Côte d'Ivoire, where diagnosis is mainly clinical. In order to control the spread of this disease, PCR-based molecular diagnosis has recently been developed [16]. In fact, many studies have focused on finding methods for better diagnosis of the disease, so that patients can be cared for rapidly in order to break the chain of transmission of leprosy.

To determine the molecular epidemiology of circulating strains in Côte d'Ivoire, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker analysis was carried out on samples from clinical specimens. In this study, samples samples were collected from patients diagnosed at the Institut Raoul Follereau of Côte d'Ivoire (Leprosy treatment Centre). Despite numerous studies on leprosy, in Côte d'Ivoire the genetic variability of M. leprae strains has not yet been properly elucidated. M.leprae branches are classified into specific SNP types or subtypes [1] including 4 SNP types (1-4) and 16 SNP subtypes (A-P), which provide information on the global distribution and circulation of leprosy [21]. Consequently, numerous analyses have been carried out as to the origin and global distribution of leprosy based on SNPs. Branch 0 is the most ancestral branch, found mainly in East Asia (China, New Caledonia and Japan). Branch 1, corresponding to type 1 SNPs, is mainly found in East and South Asia. Type 2 SNPs, corresponding to branch 2, are mainly found in South Asia and the Near East. Branch 3, corresponding to SNP type 3, is found in Latin America. Branch 4, corresponding to SNP type 4, has been detected in West Africa and South America. Recent studies by [19] have reported the presence of genotype 4 in patient samples from Côte d'Ivoire.

In this study, sequence analysis identified genotype O, characterized by the insertion of a T base at position 978589 and the presence of a T base at position 1476519 [20]. The SNP 4O genotype was thus found in Côte d'Ivoire. This result is in line with studies by [22], who detected a single case of the 4N/O genotype in a West African clinical sample. Several West African countries such as Mali, Guinea and Senegal have the SNP type 4O [23]. Analysis of M. leprae strains isolated in Côte d'Ivoire has shown that there is a good correlation between geographical origins M. leprae 4O genotype. The phylogeographic distribution of M. leprae strains worldwide is said to be associated host populations. SNP-type genetic markers have made it possible to learn about the distribution of leprosy in Côte d'Ivoire as it has about the distribution of the disease worldwide [19].

5. Conclusion

Of the genotype 4 subtypes, only genotype 4O has been determined in clinical samples from patients in Côte d’Ivoire. This genotype has been identified in West African countries. The M.leprae 4O genotype of leprosy cases diagnosed in Côte d’Ivoire is in line with their distribution in different regions of the world.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the management of the Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire for funding the work on this study and the Institut Raoul Follereau of Côte d'Ivoire for the collection of samples.

Declarations Competing of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest

List of Abbreviations

INS: Insertion

DEL: Deletion

HPT: Homopolymer

SNP: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

RLEP: Repetitive Element of Mycobacterium leprae

PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction

References

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