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Does Temperature Effects to Propagation and Growth of Cracks in a Stay- cable of Cable-Bridge due to Lightining-Strike?

Mary Tsili*, D. Zacharopoulos

Department of Civil Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece

Abstract: In this paper we considered if temperature effects propagation and growth of cracks in a stay- cable of cable- bridge due to lightining strike. We dealed with the longest stay- cable of M1 pylon of Rio –Antirio bridge. We showed that after an hour the last will be cut down. Our result coincides with reality, since on 2005 a lightining stroke cut down the longest stay cable at M1 pylon of Rion- Antirion bridge. We concluded that temperature plays a great role to propagation and growth of cracks.

Keywords: temperature, propagation and growth of cracks, longest stay- cable of Rion - Antirion bridge, lightining strike, cut down

Citation: Mary Tsili, D. Zacharopoulos, Does Temperature Effects to Propagation and Growth of Cracks in a Stay- cable of Cable-Bridge due to Lightining-Strike?. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 5 (4). 151-155. January 2017. doi:10.12691/ajme-5-4-6

1. Introduction

The purpose of this paper is to study if temperature effects propagation and growth of cracks in a stay- cable of a cable bridge due to lightining strike. For this reason we will consider the cable -bridge at Rion–Antirion in Greek.

2. The Rion-Antirion Bridge

2.1. About Lightinings

Lightining is a natural phenomenon due to a sharply discharged of a charged cloud [1,2]. The lightinings are classified into two categories: positives with charge +q and negatives with charge -q. 90% of lightinings are negatives. Values of some characteristic magnitudes for lightinings are contained in Table 1. The last deal with intensity of electric current I, electric charge q, time duration and velocity of lightinings.

Table 1. Values of the characteristic magnitudes of lightinings. Taken from [1,2]

2.2. Technical Informations for Rion - Antirion Bridge

The cable - bridge of Rion –Antirion is the largest at the world. Its construction completed at 2004 and units Pelloponisos with the rest continental Greek, as indicated in Figure 1. The length and width of its deck are respectively 2.252m and 27,2m.There are four pylons M1, M2, M3 and M4 on the deck of the bridge.

Figure 1. The photo Rion-Antirion bridge

Every pylon contains stay cables that connect the deck of the bridge to the pylons, indicated in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Schematic view of the Rion –Antirion bridge. Taken from [3]

Cable is a composite material and consists of paraller galvanized wire-ropes contained in a high density polyethelene tube ΗPDΕ. The diameter and length of the longest cable at M1 pylon (Rio) are do=25cm and L=300m respectively [3]. This cable consists of 70 galvanized wire-ropes. Each wire –rope has a diameter d1 =15 mm. Values of cross- sections areas: of the cable, of the galvanism wire- rope, of 70 galvanism wire ropes and of the ring tube HPDE of the longest.

HPDE and for 70 galvanized wire- ropes of longest cable of M1 pylon [3] cable of M1 pylon are contained in Table 2. Also values of characteristic properties of material ΗPDE are contained in Table 3.

Table 2. Values of cross - sections for polyethelene tube

Table 3. Values of characteristic properties for ΗPDE [4]

3. The Physical Approximation of Our Problem

As we stated earlier the longest cable of M1 pylon is a composite material and consists of polyethelene tube ΗPDE (outer material) and steel (inner material). The steel consists of 70 galvanized wire-ropes [3], as indicated in Figure 3.

Figure 3. The cable is a composite material.

3.1. A ΗPDΕ Material Subjected to an Electric Field

Initially for t=0 the outer part of the cable had a density , temperature and was under a tensile stress :

[picture] | (1)

where Bo is the weight of the deck at M1 pylon and Sο is the cross - section area of the cable given in Table 2. The mass of the deck is [3]:

[picture] | (2)

and consequently:

[picture] | (3)

From the other hand the ultimate tensile stress for the material ΗPDΕ is [3]:

[picture] | (4)

At t >0 a lightining strikes the longest cable of M1 pylon of Rio-Antirio bridge nearest at its top and particularly at point K (do, z₁) with z₁<<L, indicated in Figure 4.Then an electric field is produced and displaces the material particles. Assume that:

where ux and uz are respectively the horizontal and vertical displacements, while A, B, , are unknown.

Figure 4. A lightining strikes the cable length L at the point K(do, z₁) and an electric field E is produced

The balance of mass for HPDE material is:

[picture] | (6)

where and v are its density and velocity respectively. Then (6) because of (5)₁₋₂ concludes:

[picture] | (7)

The stress -equation for HPDE material are:

where is the ankle between cable and deck indicated in Figure 4. and q <0 is the charge of lightining. Substituting (5) into (8)₁₋₂ and assuming that it is possible to obtain:

The solutions of the above are:

where and are unknown functions of temperature and time. We assume that:

where a, b are constants.

The stresses defined in (10) satisfy the initial conditions:

The combination of (10), (11) and (12) gives:

Consequently (10)₁₋₂ because of (11) and (13) takes the form:

The balance of energy at point K is:

[picture] | (15)

where and W are respectively the internal energy per unit volume and the electric power given by:

[picture] | (16)

where F is the electric force and v is the velocity of the lightining. The balance of energy satisfies initial condition:

[picture] | (17)

Then (15) because of (16) and (17) becomes:

[picture] | (18)

since q <0. Therefore at t > 0 the internal energy of the material HPDE at point K(x, z)=(do,z1 ) is

[picture] | (19)

The above physically means that a propagation and growth of crack will arise [5,6].

Substituting into (14)₂ the following data:

and accounting (see Figure 4) that:

[picture] | (21)

it results that:

[picture] | (22)

That is the stress exerted on the cable at point K(do, z₁) overcomes its ultimate tensile stress. As a result of the above the ring of tube HPDE will be split.

ii) A material steel is subjected to an electric field.

Initially at t=0 the inner part of the cable had the same temperature and was under the same tensile load given by (1).

Αt t>0 a lightining strikes the cable. As a consquence of the above a sharply increase of the temperature Δθ of the steel arises, given by [1,2]:

[picture] | (23)

where W/R, , , , and Cw are respectively for steel: the specific Om energy in units Κ/ Ω, the spe-cific resistance in units Ωm, the thermical coefficient in units 1/K, the cross- section area for a galvanism wire- rope in units m², the density in units Kg/m³ and the thermocapacity in units J/Kg.K.

From the other hand the specific Om energy is given by [1,2]:

[picture] | (24)

where J(t) is the intensity of electric current of lightining.

Replacing into (23) the following data:

taken by [1,3,8] it results that:

[picture] | (26)

which means that a sharply increase of the temperature in a galvanism wire -rope will arise and the same goes for all 70 wire- ropes and consequently for the steel.

The ultimate tensile stress of steel is [3,8,9]:

[picture] | (27)

Also it has been shown that [10,11]:

[picture] | (28)

where is ultimate compression stress. Then from (27) and (28) it follows:

[picture] | (29)

The displacements of material particles of the steel assume to be:

where K, L, M,N are unknown and satisfy the initial conditions:

where ds is the diameter of steel consisting of 70 galvanized wire- ropes and can easily be calculated from Table 1. Applying the above into (30), it results:

Consequently the strains are:

Substituting (33) into thermomechanical stress- strain equations:

it is possible to obtain:

At continuity imposing into (35)₂ the following data taken from [7]:

and selecting:

we conclude:

[picture] | (38)

Finally imposing into (38):

[picture] | (39)

it results:

[picture] | (40)

The physical meaning of the above is that at particular time moment t₁ the galvanism wire-rope will be splitted and the same goes for all 70 wire- ropes and consequently for steel. From the above we conclude that after the lightining stroke, the ring of the polyethelene ma- terial ΗPDΕ will immediately be cut and after an hour the inner steel will also be cut.

4. Discussion and Conclusion

Our model coincides with reality. Particularly on January 27 of 2005, just six months after the opening of the bridge, a lightning stroke cut down the longest stay cable at M1 pylon. The lightning struck the top 25cm diameter cable in the southwest fan of stays over the 286m span nearest Rion. The high density polyethylene cable was set on fire, and as a result of that the cable was completely destroyed and fell on the deck [3,12,13,14,15]. From the above we result that the temperature plays significant role to propagation and growth of cracks at our case.

References

[1]   | 81/262/ FDIS, (2005). IEC 62305-1 Ed. 1.0, Protection against lightning – Part 1: General principles, Italy.
[2]   | Pirgioti Ε. (2009). “Project of protecting from lighti- nings, University of Patras, Edition Laboratory of High Voltage, Patra.
[3]   | in http: www. gefyra. gr.
[4]   | in http: 06-08-03-00pdf: ASTM D257-1998 Standard Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials.
[5]   | Grifith A. (1921). “The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A 221, pp., 163-198.
[6]   | Griffith A. (1924). “The theory of rupture”.In: Proc., Ist., Int., Congr., Appl., Mech. Biereno, C.B. Burgers, J.M (eds). Delft: Tech. Boekhandel en Drukkerij. J. Waltman Jr., pp. 54-63
[7]   | Vagias J. Χ. Gantes C. Ioannidis G. (1993). “Eurocode 1993“. Project of Metallic Constructions”, Laboratory of Metallic Constructions National Technical University of Athens in http: EKOΣ (2000).
[8]   | Eriksson A. J., (1987). “The incidence of lightning strikes to power lines, National Electrical Engineering Research Institute Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria, South Africa,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. PWRD-2, No.3, July 1987.
[9]   | in html: Papanikolas P. (2008). Technical description of Rio- Antirion Bridge.
[10]   | Fairhurst C. (1964). “On the validity of the Brazilian test for the brittle materials”.Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 1., pp. 535-546
[11]   | Sakelariou M. (1989). “The effect of the pre– exi- sting cracks in the distribution of the compressive stress. Application to rock mechanics area”. “Phd The-sis””, National Technical University of Athens.
[12]   | Agoris D., Stamatelatos C., Pyrgioti E. and Cha- rambakos V. (2006). “A simulation for the efficiency of the lightining protection system of the Rio-Antirion tall bridge, ICLP.
[13]   | Κokkinos D., Valirakis G., Kokkinos N. et., al. (2006). “Lightining protection of protection of cable”. ICPL.
[14]   | Rousseau L., Boutillon A. and Huynh A. (2006). “Lightining protection of a cable- stayed bridge“ 28 th Interaction Conference on Lightining Protection, Kana-zawa, Japan 18-22, September.
[15]   | Papanikolas P. and Flamand O. (2009). “Vibration of lightining protection cables on Rio - Antirion Bridge”, 8th International Symposium of Cable Dynamics (ISCD), Paris September 20-23.