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Protection of Limestone Coated with Different Polymeric Materials

Mohammed Y. Abdellah*, A. F. Gelany, Ahmed F. Mohamed, Ahmed Bakr Khoshaim

Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt

Abstract: The uniaxial compressive strength is an important parameter in selecting and design of rock and brittles structure. Protection of ancient monuments or historic structure has a great intense in material science point of view. Limestone is commonly rock material which has a great sense in historical buildings and temples. The strength of this material may be influenced by natural weathering like moisture, rains and varying temperature. Samples of ancient limestone rock are coated with Paraloid B44, Paraloid B72, ethyl silicate and Wacker OH100. The results concluded that both Wacker OH100 and Paraloid B44 coating material have more efficient and give considerable protection when the sample is immersed in salinity water for a week. The compressive strength of limestone decreases due to water action. Water absorption, porosity, and rock density are enhanced with the coating process.

Keywords: limestone, compressive strength of rock, coating rocks, temples

Citation: Mohammed Y. Abdellah, A. F. Gelany, Ahmed F. Mohamed, Ahmed Bakr Khoshaim, Protection of Limestone Coated with Different Polymeric Materials. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 5 (2). 51-57. January 2017. doi:10.12691/ajme-5-2-3

1. Introduction

The rock of limestone mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Weathering conditions like atmospheric pollution, salty groundwater absorption are the main reasons for the deterioration of historical buildings [1]. Many works were on the deterioration of marble and limestone [2-8]. The improvement, strengthening, and protection of ancient buildings are attractive and having great intense in a lot of societies. Deeply understanding the behaviors of ancient material would give good and satisfied results for improvement and protection process [9]. A lot of developments in the experimental and numerical investigations of ancient buildings rehabilitation are occurred [10].

Cheshomi and Ahmadi Sheshde [11] determined the uniaxial compressive strength of microcrystalline limestone using single particles load test.

Ramli Nazir et al [12] investigated the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the rock comparing it with Schmidt hammer test. Their results are summarized that Miller`s correlation reliability was high enough and it closely agreed with the new proposed correlation.

Sadat-Shojai and Ershad-Langroudi [13] reviewed the different protection methods of historical buildings using a polymeric coating. There review introduced some polymeric material which is used in protection fields such as acrylics, alkoxysilanes, fluorinated polymers, and hybrid organic–inorganic coatings. In recent years, a lot of synthetic polymers have a distinguished application in the treatment of construction materials of historical monuments for consolidation and conservation of such structures [14].

Tuğrul [15] studied the effect of weathering on the compressive strength of 4 types of rock (Sandstone, Limestone, Basalt, and Granodiorite). The results gave an observable change in porosity and microspores. Compressive strength decreased with porosity increased. serous microfracture and pore connectivity were seen.

Karaca et al. [16] investigated the influence of Freeze–thaw cycles, aqueous saline solution. They concluded that surface finished and cement filling have a great important for the deterioration of limestones. Therefore, they recommended that for outdoors applications fine finished surfaced with cement-filled would be distinguished.

Abdellah et al. [17] investigated the protection of historic sandstone using chemical polymeric solvent. It is concluded that ethyl silicate coating material is more efficient and gives considerable protection when the sample is immersed in water for a week. The compressive strength of sandstone decreases due to water action.

Tsakalof et al [18] protected some historic stones (marble, travertine, sandstone and black bricks) using the polymeric material. They summarized that the efficiency of the coating varies from stone substrate to another. In another study by Zielecka & Bujnowska [19] silicon polymer organic matrix was used as a coating agent for porous stone. They used Fluoropolymers, polyolefins, and acrylic resins. Their study concluded that selecting types of the polymer was a critical agent for surface properties of these coating.

Protection of monument by using polymeric coatings was of great intense in a lot of works [20,21,22,23,24,25].

2. Goal of the Present Study

The main goals of the present study are as follows;

1. To investigate the efficiency of the different chemical polymeric coatings to protect historic limestone deteriorates.

2. To get the best suitable polymer to protect the rock from weathering effect.

The methodology of the present paper is as follows; first section summarizes the used materials specifications. The second one studies the coating and manufacturing technique. Finally, the obtained results are outlined and relation are explained.

3. Materials and Characterization

Historical limestone taken from Qurna mountain of Thebes near HASEBSHOUT temple in upper Egypt is used. The x-ray diffraction of this material is analyzed for four specimens as shown in (Figure 1). Components taken from XRD of each specimen are listed in Table 1. The chemical coating materials which are Paraloid 44 (B44), Paraloid 72 (B72), Ethyl silicate and Wacker (OH100), are listed in Table 2. EDX analysis revealed a prominent Cl peak. The level of the latter was high relative to other detectable elements such as Na and K, indicating salting as the cause of degradation. with no apparent Cu staining, as conﬁrmed by EDX. The Ca/P ratios for the limestone samples were calculated using the atomic % of Ca and P, which was obtained from EDX chemical analysis. The detailed analyses reveal that the chemical composition of the sample is not homogeneous. There are variations on the inside and outside of the sample. The results of the analysis performed on P1 conﬁrms that it is unaltered limestone since only Ca and O are present. EDX (Figure 2) listed in Table 3.

Table 1. XRD analysis results for Thebes limestone near HASEBSHOUT temple

Table 2. Chemical Composition of coated materials

Figure 1. XRD analysis of historical limestone one sample of Thebes mountain

Table 3. EDX analysis results for Thebes limestone near HASEBSHOUT temple (ms%)

Figure 2. EDX analysis of historical limestone of Thebes mountain

4. Experimental Work

The as received limestone of (30 mm ×30 mm ×30 mm) is tested in compassion using computerized universal testing machine (model WDW-100) at 1mm/min crosshead speed. Four groups of tested specimens are coated by chemical material Paraloid 44 (B44), Paraloid 72 (B72), ethyl silicate and Wacker OH100. The coating process is performed by immersion of limestone specimens into the coating chemicals for 72 hr. for each. The limestone coated with the various solvent and that without coating are immersed in salty groundwater path for 15 days continuously. The density of the as received and chemically treated rocks is measured. Moreover, the porosity and water absorption are calculated according ASTM- D1037-06a [26] using Eq. 1. The compression test is carried out according to ASTM D2938-95 [27].

[picture] | (1)

where, is the final weight after soaking for 72 hours and is the initial weight.

5. Results and Discussion

5.1. Microstructure Examination

Figure 3 shows SEM photographic examination. It is clear that Paraloid B44 has a thick layer with voids and pores appeared. Partially distribution in the surface structure of limestone (see Figure 3 a). In (Figure 3 b) thick film and dense distribution of Paraloid B72 are closing of the stone. For Wacker (OH 100) good penetration in homogeneous form with the internal structure of limestone as in Figure 3-C, while, ethyl silicate (ESL) has many voids and pore which weaken the coating efficiency (see Figure 3-d).

Figure 3. SEM analysis of polymer coating homogeny distributed

5.2. Compressive Strength

Figure 4 shows a compressive stress-strain diagram of treatable surfaced limestone. It clearly appears that limestone coated with Paraloid (B44) and Wacker (OH 100) has good adhesive and strength than other coating polymers (clearly shown in Figure 6). This is due to highly uniformly distribution of (B44) and (OH100) see Figure 3. The flow curves of the most tested specimens are not smooth; this can be attributed to macrocracks emanating during the action of compression load. The enhancement of strength for all specimens with respect to the untreatable limestone (as-receive) are listed in Table 4 and Table 5 and they are illustrated clearly in Figure 7 which gives a percent of increase of nominal strength () with each coating agent. Figure 5 shows compressive stress-strain diagram after the immersion of the treatable and untreatable limestone in salinity water path. The presence of Gypsum (CaSO₄. 2H₂O) was created through the reactions between limestone and sulfate sources, according to the following reaction:

Ca CO3 + Na₂SO₄ + 2H₂O → Ca SO4. 2H₂O + Na₂ CO₃.

Table 4. Enhancement with chemical coating before immersion process

Table 5. Strength reduction with immersion action

Figure 4. Compressive stress strain diagram for un-immersion coated limestone

Figure 5. Compressive stress strain diagram for immersion coated limestone

Figure 6. Comparison coating efficiency

Figure 7. Normalized nominal strength respect to different coating

It commonly originates from the deposition in wet and dry which sulfate products, attack carbonic rocks. The availability of sodium sulfuric (Na₂SO₄) in the salinity water is the main reason for highly strength reduction of untreatable limestone (as received) when the specimen immersion in that water. While for coated ones (treatable one), the coating protects the limestone from a directly reaction. Therefore, the specimen resists the chemical action with different grade according to types and amount of coating and their diffusion and distribution over the limestone surface. It is clearly illustrated that Paraloid B44 and Wacker OH100 have more stability under salinity water. The strength reduction is also due to density stability of these coatings. Which is shown in Figure 8. The water absorption is enhanced with polymeric coatings of the limestone as shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 illustrates relative porosity with the coating polymer through limestone surfaced. It is clear that these polymers extended through the porosity of the limestone surface with a variety of grade. Ethyl silicate is clearly seen that it decreases with strength in both cases. This may be attributed to that Ethyl silicate is react with limestone itself forming a brittle tough material which cannot withstand the compressive load [28,29].

Figure 8. Density variation with different chemical coating

Figure 9. Water absorption variation with chemical coating

Figure 10. Porosity enhancement with chemical coating

5.3. Weathering Failure mechanism of historic limestone

There are four modes of failure due to weathering and natural environment. These modes can be surmised to;

• Cracks “Individual fissure, clearly visible to the naked eye, resulting from the separation of one part from another” as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11. Deep crack in historic limestone

• Scratch: an indentation or material loss manually induced, it can be by accidents or intention. It appears like long thin width groove [30].

• Discoloration: Change of the stone color in one to three of the color parameters: hue value, and Chroma as shown in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Discoloration in limestone

• - Hue corresponds to the most prominent characteristic of a color (blue, red, yellow, orange etc..).

- The Value corresponds to the darkness (low hues) or lightness (high hues) of a color.

- Chroma corresponds to the purity of a color. High Chroma colors appearance amusing and full. Low Chroma colors appearance cloudy and dirty. Sometimes Chroma is called saturation.

6. Conclusion

It is achieved that Thebes limestone can be protected well using polymer chemical coating. Compressive strength is enhanced nearly about 214% in case of un-immersion while 42% in case of immersion. Paraloid B44 and Wacker OH 100 are the best common polymer coating which gives good bendability and good protection. The limestone surfaced protected with Ethyl Silicate is surmised to be dangerous and do not recommend although it spreads without pores and uniformly because it forms a brittle material with the historic deteriorates limestone. Water soaking is achieved well with all coating polymer. Porosity is enhanced clearly with the coating polymer chemical, especially with ethyl silicate.

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