Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

The Possibilities in Use of ESPI Method by Investigation of Strain Fields of Specimen with Stress Concentrator

Martin Hagara*, Róbert Huňady, František Trebuňa

Department of Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Košice, Slovakia

Abstract: The analysis of sheets deformation and corresponding knowledge of their elastic and plastic properties has a great meaning by their following processing. The aim of this contribution is to focus on the description of use an optical ESPI system Q-300 Dantec Dynamics by investigation of elastic deformations of sheets with stress concentrators in a form of notch. The results obtained experimentally using mentioned measuring device were verified numerically in program Ansys Workbench. The paper briefly describes the methodologies of both, experimental and numerical, types of modeling.

Keywords: electronic speckle pattern interferometry, strain analysis, sheet, Finite Element Analysis, Ansys Workbench

Citation: Martin Hagara, Róbert Huňady, František Trebuňa, The Possibilities in Use of ESPI Method by Investigation of Strain Fields of Specimen with Stress Concentrator. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 4 (7). 429-434. January 2016. doi:10.12691/ajme-4-7-36

1. Introduction

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is a non-contact measuring technique serving for high-sensitive investigation of all the three components of displacements and after that for determination of strain as well as stress fields on the whole investigated object surface. The origin of this method traces to the year 1965, when Powell and Stetson introduced holographic interferometry – the method based on recording and consecutive reconstruction of hologram. The holographic image was created by the incidence of coherent light beams to the photographic plate, where they interfered with coherent beams of direct illumination emitted by the source of light. By subsequent development of the methodology and by replacement of the photographic plate by a CCD camera the reduction of time needed for the realization of experiment was achieved, because the reconstruction is performed numerically and the results of analysis are depicted on the computer display. Due to its high sensitivity and notable spatial resolution, speckle interferometry has found a scope in investigation of homogenous, but also heterogeneous materials of various kinds (e.g. metals, polymers, composites, ceramics, …), where it is used mainly for in-plane stress/strain analysis or bending.

2. Basic Principle of ESPI

ESPI is an optic method based on interference of two monochromatic beams of light. The beam, denoted as reference beam, entering to the CCD camera, interferes with the beam reflected from diffuse specimen surface (object beam) and create together a characteristic pattern, called speckle effect. There is a certain phase shift between the object beam and the reference one, which after object deformation changes to . By subtraction of the beam phase shifts for loaded and unloaded object state we get a relative phase shift depending on the deformation level in direction of so-called sensitivity factor [1]. The visual result of subtraction is a fringe pattern with different light intensity of points (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Speckle effect for unloaded and loaded state with the results of subtraction

The fringes present the areas with the same displacement, however the direction and size of deformation cannot be from this picture determine. For that reason, an algorithm of phase shift, based on investigation of particular speckle pattern points intensity, was established. The intensity of points by reference and loaded object state can be expressed [2]

[picture] | (1)

[picture] | (2)

where is the intensity of surroundings, is the intensity of modulation, is the optical phase, stochastic for each pixel of the speckle effect and is a change of optical phase caused by the object deformation.

The algorithm of phase shift is based on determination of four images of intensity for each loaded state, by which the length of the reference beams optical path changes pursuant to premeditate determined phase value

[picture] | (3)

where denotes the known phase shift of the length of the reference beams optical path.

Then for optical phase of reference as well as loaded state can be stated [3,4]

[picture] | (4)

or

[picture] | (5)

and for the relative phase shift can be applied

[picture] | (6)

In this way the information about the whole speckle field was acquired, by which so-called 2π phase image, digital image created by black points with 0 grey level and white points with 255 grey level, was generated. Such image still does not provide information about object deformation, but if it will be unwrapped, what is a process of the starting point determination, the removing of discontinuities from the grey scale as well as the offset definition, the continuous phase map is obtained (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Typical 2π phase image (left) and corresponding phase map (right)

By determination of the conversion factor it is possible from unwrapped phase map calculate the displacements. The conversion factor, known also as the sensitivity vector , expresses a difference between the observing and the illuminating vector. It is different for each object point, but considering small object deformations in regard to its distance from CCD camera, it can be assumed as constant for the whole object surface.

For expression of relative phase difference in Cartesian coordinate system can be stated [3,4]

[picture] | (7)

where , and are the components of deformation vector and , or are the unit vectors in directions , or .

The value of the sensitivity vector can be expressed by a relation

[picture] | (8)

where represents the wavelength of the laser light and is the angle between the illuminating and the observing vector in plane .

By the use of three different directions of illumination, three independent directions of sensitivity vector, allowing the calculation of all displacement components, are acquired

[picture] | (9)

and then

[picture] | (10)

The optical system Q-300 with laser diode of 780 nm wavelength is able to illuminate the investigated object in three different directions:

• in-plane – the active illuminating arms are the left one and the right one,

• in-plane – the active illuminating arms are the upper one and the bottom one,

• out-of-plane – the left and right illuminating arms are active and the object is illuminated also by direct reference beam

In such a way it is possible to get information about displacements in directions , and . For determination of normal and tangential strains the following relations are used [1]

[picture] | (11)

Typical strain fields acquired by the optical ESPI system Q-300 Dantec Dynamics are depicted in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Illustrative strain fields obtained from Q-300 Dantec Dynamics

3. Experimental Analysis of Deformations of the Specimen Loaded by Tension

For evaluation of deformation in arbitrary point of rolled steel sheet the optical system Q-300 Dantec Dynamics, working on the principle of electronic speckle pattern interferometry, was used. The measured specimen, which shape and dimensions are depicted in Figure 4, was prepared by a modification of Dog-bone shape, used for performing of uniaxial tensile tests.

Figure 4. Shape and dimensions of the specimen

To ensure an optically rough surface, the specimen was spraying by white difuse color. The specimen was loaded by tension force along its longer side via universal testing machine Zwick Z020 with maximal loading force of 20 kN in such a way to ensure in the area of notches only elastic deformation.

Figure 5. The measuring chain used for experimental investigation of strains

For right full-field strain investigation of specimen mentioned above using ESPI system were in control software Zwick Roell setup the following parameters:

Table 1. Setup for testing machine Zwick Z020

As by the acquisition of particular loaded steps, the relative movement between the specimen and the sensor cannot occur, the movement of travers could not be continuous. For that reason a „step movement“ (0.01 mm/step) was set, whereby to ensure stabilization of speckle image before each travers movement the sensor wait for three seconds. The acquisition of the speckle image was then realized four seconds after travers movement and this process was repeated until the maximal force (1700 N) was reached.

The distance between CCD camera and the specimen was 292 mm. By the use of configuration with 25 mm objective containing lenses of 50 mm focal length, located in four short illuminating arms, the field of view of ca. 60x50 mm was captured.

As the principal part of specimen deformation is in direction of loading, in the following parts of paper, only the strains in y direction (see coordinate system in Figure 6) will be discussed. Figure 6 – Figure 9 depict the fields of strain in four loading states caused by forces 450 N, 850 N, 1250 N and 1700 N (corresponding to the 10th, 20th, 30th and the last 40th loading step).

Figure 6. [mm/m] strain field acquired by loading force of 450 N

Figure 7. [mm/m] strain field acquired by loading force of 850 N

Figure 8. [mm/m] strain field acquired by loading force of 1250 N

Figure 9. [mm/m] strain field acquired by loading force of 1700 N

From the mentioned results it is clear, that the strain distribution on the specimen surface is not symmetric.

The acquired results were compared to the results obtained by numerical modelling of the investigated problem in program Ansys Workbench. As the analyzed specimen has two axis of symmetry, after its numerical model creation, two symmetry regions were set in Ansys, that led to acquiring of its quarter model (Figure 10).

Figure 10. Defined symmetry regions in numerical model created in Ansys Workbench

By given uniaxial tension loading the mentioned procedure does not discard the quality of the acquired results. Vice versa it leads to the reduction of time needed for numerical calculation, because it increases the number of elements as well as their nodes. The material of analyzed specimen was defined as structural steel with E = 2.10⁵ MPa a µ=0.3.

On the analyzed specimen, which was modelled as a plane one with the thickness of 1 mm, the mesh of finite elements was created, whereby the elements of type quads were used. The size of the elements was set to 1 mm, only in the area of notch (on two edges) the mesh was resizing to the size of 0.1 mm (see Figure 11).

Figure 11. Resizing of the mesh in the area of notch

The total amount of elements, used for the creation of mesh, was thus 2324 and the amount of nodes was equal to 7361. The created quarter model with defined symmetry was loaded by a force, which value corresponds to one half of the maximal loading force, thus 850 N.

The strain field, obtained numerically in the area of notch via Ansys Workbench, is depicted in Figure 12.

Figure 12. strain field acquired numerically by maximal loading force

From the acquired results can be stated, that the strain distribution in the interesting area of specimen has the same character as the strain field obtained experimentally using ESPI method. For the quantitative verification of acquired results, the virtual gages were used. Program ISTRA allows depicting of spatial distribution of strains along the line, circle or polygon. For that reason, a gage in a form of line passing the horizontal centerline of the specimen was chosen (see Figure 13).

Figure 13. Virtual gage in a form of line used in ISTRA

The program Ansys Workbench does not allow such function. For that reason, in the numerical model several virtual gages in a form of discrete points, lying on the mentioned line, were used. Figure 14 does not depict all the virtual gages created in Ansys Workbench – to avoid their covering only one half of all gages is shown.

Figure 14. A half of overall amount of virtual gages used in Ansys Workbench

The comparison of courses obtained experimentally by ESPI and numerically by Ansys Workbench in mentioned virtual gages by maximal loading of specimen is depicted in Figure 15.

Figure 15. Course of along virtual gages obtained in ISTRA and Ansys

4. Summary

The paper describes the possibilities of using electronic speckle pattern interferometry by full-field strain analysis of investigated object loaded by tension loading. ESPI system Q-300 Dantec Dynamics is designed for evaluation of static loading with high sensitivity. Its big advantage is, that it is simply portable and non-contact. The performance of the experiment is relatively quick, as ESPI method besides the creation of optically rough surface does not demand of any other preprocessing phases of experiment.

From a comparison of the results obtained experimentally and numerically it was determined, that the strains in chosen analyzed locations differ maximally in ca. 10%. This difference can be caused e.g. by non-ideal boundary conditions – the specimen probably was not clamped directly along its longitudinal axis and the specimen was thus loaded by combined loading. It can be seen also from the strain distribution obtained by ESPI, that is non-symmetric in the area of notches. In general, it can be stated, that the obtained difference in the results is adequate to the comparison of experimental and numerical analysis.

Acknowledgements

The paper is the result of the project implementation APVV-15-0435.

The authors would like to thank Dantec Dynamics GmbH, Germany for the possibility of realization experiment in the company’s laboratory.

References

[1]   | Walz, T. and Ettemeyer, A., Material and component validation by speckle interferometry and correlation methods, Insight: Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring, 47(4). 226-231, April 2005.
[2]   | R. Jones, C. Wykes, Holographic and Speckle Interferometry, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
[3]   | Svanbro, A., Speckle Interferometry and Correlation Applied to Large-Displacement Fields, Doctoral Thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2005.
[4]   | Johansson, E.-L., Digital Speckle Photography and Digital Holography for the Study of Transparent Media, Doctoral Thesis, Luleå University of Technology, 2007.