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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
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Dear Label_Name,

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American Journal of Public Health Research
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The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
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Dear Label_Name,

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I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

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Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
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Soil-structure Interaction Taken into Account in Characterizing the Behavior of Flexible Piles

Cheikh Ibrahima TINE*, Oustasse Abdoulaye SALL, Déthié SARR, Aida Ndiouck FAYE, Papa Abdourahmane FALL

Department of Civil Engineering, UFR SI- Iba Der THIAM University of Thies, Thiès, SENEGAL

Abstract: The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the behavior of flexible piles subjected to lateral loading and head moment in clay soil, taking into account soil-structure interaction. In order to establish the behavioral model of the assembly, soil-pile interaction models according to different authors were presented. According to several authors, the soil-pile interface is characterized by the soil reaction modulus Es. This parameter, which characterizes the interaction between the soil and the structure, depends not only on the mechanical and geometric properties of the concrete and the foundation soil. In this context, the model of was used to characterize Es, which is a function of the rheological parameters of the soil (α and EM) and the geometric characteristics of the pile. After establishing and solving the behavior model of the rigid soil-pile assembly, the Python programming tool was used to perform the parametric analysis. The results show the significant impact of the interaction model adopted. The analysis also shows that the soil pressure modulus, soil slenderness and pile head forces are more influential than the other model parameters.

Keywords: Flexible pile, Characterization, Soil-structure interaction, Analytical calculation, Numerical modeling

Received May 04, 2024; Revised June 06, 2024; Accepted June 13, 2024

Citation: Cheikh Ibrahima TINE, Oustasse Abdoulaye SALL, Déthié SARR, Aida Ndiouck FAYE, Papa Abdourahmane FALL, Soil-structure Interaction Taken into Account in Characterizing the Behavior of Flexible Piles. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 12 (2). 10-18. January 2024. doi:10.12691/ajme-12-2-1

1. Introduction

Traditionally, deep foundations are designed to withstand axial loads. However, these structures are sometimes subjected to lateral loads. These may be quasi-static (e.g., the impact of a ship docking, the sudden braking of a convoy on a bridge) or dynamic (e.g., swell, the effect of wind on structures, earthquakes). However, the calculation of flexible piles is often complex, since it involves soil-structure interaction. For this reason, a complete and rigorous characterization of the soil-pile interaction is essential to ensure proper control of the structure's behavior. This phenomenon of soil-pile interaction has seen the development of several research works [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. It is in this context that this study focuses on the consideration of soil-structure interaction in the characterization of flexible piles under lateral loads. In the context of this work, the pile is considered as a beam and the soil is modeled as a set of horizontal springs with a reaction modulus Es. The aim of this work is to characterize the soil-pile interaction, establish the behavioral model of the assembly and carry out a parametric study after resolution of the behavioral model.

2. Modeling the Behavior of Flexible Piles Under Lateral Loads and Characterizing Soil-Pile Interaction

Several studies have been carried out to characterize the behavior of piles under lateral loads. These studies have led to the development of several approaches that can be classified into four categories:

• Reaction modulus method [9],

• p-y curve method [10] & [11],

• Elastic continuum method [12],

• Finite element or finite difference numerical methods.

Although somewhat complex, finite element and finite difference methods are often used.

2.1. Behavior model

Winkler's analytical method is the oldest, and can be used to predict the lateral reaction of the soil. It involves modeling the interaction between the soil and the pile using a series of independent springs of varying stiffness. The stiffness provides a direct link between the lateral reaction of the soil (p) and the lateral displacement of the pile (y) under lateral loading (Figure 1). This method is the basis of the p-y curves, where the "springs" have a non-linear behavior.

Figure 1. Pile mobilizing lateral soil reaction [9]

Winkler's model defines soil as a stack of independent slices. Each slice of soil is modelled by a lateral spring (Figure 2) on which the pile rests.

Figure 2. Representation of the Winkler Model [9]

The pressure p on a soil "slice" depends only on its lateral displacement and on a soil reaction coefficient, called in the case of lateral loading.

[picture] | (1)

This equation is also expressed in the following form:

[picture] | (2)

Where

Soil reaction per unit length of pile

Soil reaction modulus, ()

D: Pile diameter or width

The pile is idealized as a laterally loaded elastic beam. The soil is modelled by horizontal springs, independent of each other, and of stiffness . Thus, the pile's behavior is governed by the equation of a beam on elastic supports:

[picture] | (3)

This leads to the following equation, which governs the behavior of the pile.

[picture] | (4)

The solutions to this equation can be obtained either analytically or numerically. The main advantage of this method is that at any point along the pile, the soil-pile interaction can be defined. But this definition is restricted by the assumption that the pressure at a point is a linear function of the displacement at that point, and by its dependence on the soil-pile interaction model characterizing the entire structure.

2.2. Characterization of Soil-structure Interaction

Defining the reaction modulus profile is the main difficulty in studying pile behavior. It depends on numerous parameters such as pile stiffness, loading level, soil type, etc. Pressiometric test results are commonly used for foundation design. [13] lists most of the models used to predict soil-structure interaction. He concludes that the reaction modulus can be determined either from Young's modulus (E) or from the pressiometric modulus (EM). Several authors have worked on the characterization of soil-structure interaction, namely (Table 1 to 3):

Table 1. Reaction modulus according to various authors

The different parameters involved in the relationships of Table 1 are defined below:

: Soil density

A: Dimensionless coefficient as a function of sand density given in Table 2.

Table 2. A coefficient values from [2]

: Reference diameter equal to 0.6

: Rheological coefficient

depending on soil type

: Pressuremeter modulus

E : Soil modulus of elasticity

D : Pile diameter

EpIp : Flexural rigidity of the pile

ν : Poisson's ratio

L : Pile length

z : Depth

D : Pile diameter

β: Angle dispersion between φ/4 and φ

φ : Angle of ground friction

L : Pile length

K : Soil parameter (Table 3)One of the disadvantages of this Poulos method [3] is that it cannot be extended to a stratified soil medium, nor can the influence factors be calculated using the equation of Mindlin [16]. Indeed, Mindlin's equation is not applicable to a non-homogeneous stratified medium. Furthermore, the assumption that the pile is a rectangular strip embedded in the soil is only approximately valid if the pile has a square or I-shaped cross-section. In the case of piles with a circular cross-section, this idealization needs to be brought closer, but seems reasonable. This method has been used in practice by several engineers.

Table 3. K parameter values [4]

Another approach is the P-y method, a generalization of the Winkler model. It is a semi-empirical method, because the prediction and construction of curves for the study of an isolated pile is based on laboratory or in situ tests. Each soil is represented by a series of P-y curves. In effect, the soil is assimilated to linear or non-linear elastic supports (commonly referred to as springs). This is translated into (P, y) diagrams (Figure 3), i.e. relationships between lateral reaction, P, and lateral displacement, y.

Figure 3. (a) Winkler model for lateral loading and (b) reaction curves (p-y) [9]

For a soil-pile system subjected to lateral loading, let's consider what happens at a section (or pile slice) located at depth z. At rest, after installation, the section is subjected to lateral earth pressure, the resultant of which is zero.

When the pile is subjected to lateral loading, the section under consideration is displaced laterally by yi and the stress state is modified in such a way that the lateral resultant on the section under consideration has a direction opposite to the displacement yi. Over the entire height of the pile, for a given depth, similar behavior with varying intensities can be observed. This makes it possible to study the entire pile for any loading and any soil type. Non-linear P-y curves that vary with depth and soil type are obtained along the entire length of the pile (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Series of p-y curves for a pile [14]

Since a p-y curve represents the behavior of a pile at a given cross-section, and therefore for different slabs for the whole pile, assuming that the cross-sections are independent, several researchers have proposed methods for determining them in order to dimension piles. For the shape of the pile cross-section, tests carried out by [15] show that the shape has very little influence on lateral pressure distribution and ultimate pile strength. The methods devised and developed by numerous researchers use a variety of approaches: in situ tests, laboratory tests, physical modelling or numerical modelling. The diversity of these approaches leads to as many P-y reaction curves.

In this way, we have thus represented the displacements y(z), the bending moments M(z), and the shear forces V(z) as a function of the ratio between the depth and the length of the pile (z/l) for a value of the moment at the head M₀ = 3 MN.m and V₀ = 0.1 MN (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Comparative study of the Ménard and Poulos formulas

3. Resolution of the Behavioural Model of a Rigid Pile Subjected at the Head to a Moment M₀ and a Lateral Force V₀

The behavior of the foundation depends on both its own bending stiffness (Ep, Ip) and that of the soil Es, i.e. the relative stiffness of the pile-soil. This is expressed hereafter as the transfer length l₀. Let's consider a flexible pile subjected at the head to a moment M₀ and a force V₀ in linearly elastic clay (Figure 6).

Considering a beam section loaded by a distributed load P and delimited by two infinitely adjacent cross-sections dz apart (Figure 7).

Figure 6. Diagram of a pile under M₀ and V₀

Figure 7. Diagram of an infinitesimal pile section under V and M

We obtain the following equilibrium equations:

[picture] | (5)

By assuming

[picture] | (6)

[picture] | (7)

We find the equations for straight beams subjected to a uniformly distributed force P (kN/m):

[picture] | (8)

[picture] | (9)

[picture] | (10)

EpIp: Flexural rigidity of the pile in relation to the main axis of inertia

y(n) : Derivative of displacement perpendicular to the mean fiber with respect to z

P(z) : Soil reaction distributed along the pile in kN/m (P = p × B)

B: Pile section width for a rectangular section (B = D for a circular section)

V(z) : Shear force; by convention, shear force is counted positively and the derivative of the moment with respect to z is equal to +V(z).

M(z) : Bending moment

In this work, the deferred Young's modulus (Ep = Ep,eff ) was considered to take account of the effect of creep. If the soil reaction law can be considered as linear elastic : . If the soil reaction law can be considered linear elastic, the fundamental relationship describing the behavior of the pile can be deduced, which is the 4th-order linear differential equation:

[picture] | (11)

The reaction modulus distribution is assumed to be of the form: Es (z) = a.zn (Gibson's Sol).

We are in the case of an over-consolidated homogeneous clay, so

The reaction modulus is therefore constant

Equation (11) becomes:

[picture] | (12)

[picture] | (13)

Posing , we obtain the equation :

[picture] | (14)

derivative of displacement perpendicular to the mean fiber with respect to z.

3.1. Displacement and Load Calculations

The general solution to this equation [17] is given by:

[picture] | (15)

Where integration constants determined from the boundary conditions at the head and foot of the pile.

: Transfer or elastic length. It can be defined as the minimum pile length for which lateral head loading exists. The remainder of the plug beyond about three times this length is mechanically inactive.

[picture] | (16)

This solution allows us to obtain the expressions for bending moment M and shear force V at any soil level, given respectively by the following expressions:

[picture] | (17)

[picture] | (18)

These results can be applied when the pile sheet for a flexible pile or for a rigid pile, they are intended to be used for simple cases where the soil is relatively homogeneous and for given head loads. When the flexible piles are loaded at the head, the conditions at the tip do not come into play, and the positive exponential terms are negligible. We are then reduced to a system of two equations with two unknowns, and the conditions at the head make it possible to determine the two remaining constants and .

3.2. Calculating Integration Constants

A pile is said to be long when its length L is greater than or equal to three times the transfer length . The general solution turns into:

[picture] | (19)

For a free-heading pile subjected to a horizontal force and a moment noted at z = 0. Displacement and rotation are free at the head of the pile.

[picture] | (20)

[picture] | (21)

[picture] | (22)

[picture] | (23)

Boundary conditions at the top: at z = 0, and . We obtain the expressions of the constants:

[picture] | (24)

The solution to the differential equation is therefore:

[picture] | (25)

[picture] | (26)

[picture] | (27)

4. Parametric Study of the Model

The behavior of the pile will be studied for different values for each soil-pile interaction parameter, while other data remains constant. Table 4 below shows the basic data used for the influence study.

Table 4. Data used for the influence study

fck represents here the characteristic compressive strength of the concrete.

Figure 8 shows that pile slenderness has a non-negligible influence on the stress state, especially over the upper 3/5 of the pile length. The results also show that variations in slenderness have a negligible influence on transverse pile displacements. These results highlight the significant role played by the soil mass in limiting the displacements generated by the lateral load in the clay.

Figure 9 and Figure 10 show that an increase in Young's modulus leads to a reduction in the displacements of the flexible pile. These observations highlight the significant impact of Young's modulus on the structural response of the flexible pile in clay. An increase in Young's modulus reduces deformations, while a decrease results in greater deformations for a flexible pile. It should be noted that the influence of Young's modulus is nevertheless quite weak (on a small scale), hence the zoom (figure 10) for a better appreciation.

The results in Figure 11 show that the lower the pressuremeter modulus, the greater the displacement. This is because the pressure modulus is a measure of soil stiffness and represents the relationship between the pressure applied to the soil and the resulting deformation. As a result, a higher pressuremeter modulus indicates a more rigid soil that is less likely to deform, resulting in reduced displacements. The influence of the pressiometric modulus is most noticeable in the upper 3/5ths of the pile length.

Figure 12 and Figure 13 show a significant influence of the lateral force applied at the head on the displacements of flexible piles, compared to the moment. The influence of pile head forces is most noticeable in the upper 2/5 of the pile. These forces play a decisive role in the pile's ability to deform and alter its interaction with the ground.

Figure 8. Influence of pile slenderness

Figure 9. Influence of Young's modulus of pile

Figure 10. Zoom on the influence of Young's modulus of the pile

Figure 11. Influence of the Pressiometric Module

Figure 12. Influence of shear force at the head of the pile

Figure 13. Influence of bending moment

5. Conclusion

In summary, the aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the behavior of piles in a clay soil massif subjected to lateral loads applied at the head, taking into account soil-structure interaction, which is a complex phenomenon. After establishing the behavioral model, the influence of certain parameters, such as soil reaction modulus, pile diameter, Young's modulus and pressiometric modulus, on the behavior of rigid piles was studied. Analytical and numerical approaches were used to predict the response of flexible piles under lateral loads. The results showed the significant impact of the interaction model adopted. The analysis also showed that the soil pressure modulus, soil slenderness and pile head forces were more influential than the other model parameters.

References

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[9]   | WINKLER E., Die lehhre von der eiastizitat und Festigkeit (On elasticity and fixity), Prague, 1867.
[10]   | MATLOCK H., Correlations for the design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay, Offshore Technology Conference, Texas, 1970, (p.1, pp.577-594).
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[14]   | REESE L. C. & SULLIVAN W.R., Documentation of Computer program COM624, Austin: Geotechnical Engineering Center, the University of Texas at Austin, 1980, 234 pages.
[15]   | ROSCOE K. H., A comparison of tied and free pier foundations, 4th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 1957, pp 419-423.
[16]   | MINDLIN R.D., Force at a Point in the Interior of a Semi-Infinite Solid, Physics., 1936, pp 195-202.
[17]   | FRANK R., Calcul des fondations superficielles et profondes, éditions Techniques de l’Ingénieur et Presses de l’ENPC,1999, 141 p.