Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
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American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

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Parametric Analysis on the Erosion and Corrosion Behavior of GRP's Hybrid Composite Pipes Used for the Transport of Petroleum Waste-water

Mohamed K. Hassan*, Mohammed S. Alrabbaee, Ahmed F. Mohamed, Ahmed H. Backar*

Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract: Cast iron and concrete are only two examples of the various materials that glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRP) are a strong substitute for. It is distinguished by having strong erosion and corrosion resistance and high corrosion resistance. Commercial GRP was utilized in erosion and corrosion tests. It is well-known for being installed in the severe environment of petroleum fields' effluent. This kind of GRP material was put through a simulation of an inclement, or severe, climate. A large number of experiments were conducted: fifteen liters of water were mixed with four different amounts of abrasive sand (200 gm, 250 gm, 300 gm, and 350 mg) of 65 µm diameter. The resulting mixture of abrasive agents is struck by GRP samples that were taken from the walls of cylinder pipes at three different angles—85, 90, and 95 degrees—as well as two different flow rate conditions. Also, the effect of the diameter of the nozzle from which the fluid is projected is investigated by using three different nozzle diameters: 0.25, 0.375, and 0.5 inch The effect was also investigated when a 5% weight of chlorine was added to the sample. Additionally, the same tests were run for one, two, three, and four hours at different times. The amount of abrasive sand and the flowrate both increased the erosion rate, according to the results. The amount of weight loss, which served as an indication of erosion activity, was shown to have a significant impact on the corrosion rate. Therefore, in hostile environments or in situ situations, GRP provided higher erosion and corrosion protection than traditional materials.

Keywords: GRP's composite pipes, erosion rate, petroleum waste-water, hostile environments, flow characteristics

Received October 28, 2023; Revised November 30, 2023; Accepted December 06, 2023

Citation: Mohamed K. Hassan, Mohammed S. Alrabbaee, Ahmed F. Mohamed, Ahmed H. Backar, Parametric Analysis on the Erosion and Corrosion Behavior of GRP's Hybrid Composite Pipes Used for the Transport of Petroleum Waste-water. American Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 11 (4). 143-160. January 2023. doi:10.12691/ajme-11-4-4

1. Introduction

Oil pipelines often break due to corrosion and erosion. Combined pipe corrosion and erosion degrade materials. Sludge abrasion, soil particles, granules, and liquids impacted by mechanical and chemical action form droplets, bubbles, cavitations, or fast-flowing fluids [1]. FRP is lightweight, especially for Young's modulus and impact resistance. Polymer composites are ideal for commercial and military aircraft. Sometimes reinforced polymers fail due to stress corrosion and failure, thus the environment should be investigated.

Glass fiber reinforced polymer is known as GFRP. is incredibly light and powerful. It is an extremely adaptable material with a wide range of uses in many different industries, including building, aerospace, and even household use. It offers good mechanical characteristics that are beneficial for a variety of industrial applications.

Glass fiber reinforcement is added to polymer constructions by combining thermosetting resin with either long or short glass fibers. utilized as reinforcement sometimes. These matrices and multilayer polymers are used to make fiberglass reinforced pipelines [2]. Copper pipes cost more than polymer composite pipes. Metallic pipes are forbidden in situations where there is a significant risk of corrosion, erosion, weight, and environmental damage [3]. Because fiberglass-reinforced pipes have a higher specific strength, they may be utilized for piping and water transportation. Transmission above and below ground was studied before room temperature water was studied.

GRP erosion and corrosion were studied using in situ or severe scenario simulations by Hassan, M.K. et al. [4]. They mixed 0.015 m3 water with 250, 400, and 500 g of 65 μm abrasive sand. Samples of abrasive sand were obtained 90 degrees from cylinder tube walls. Researchers used 10% chlorine at 0.01 m³/min, 0.0067 m³/min, and 0.01 m³/min. Similar tests were done at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours. They found that flow rate and abrasive sand accelerated erosion. Erosion surpassed three at 0.015 m3 chlorine per 500 g sand. The same conditions caused corrosion's peak. The erosion impact—determined by weight loss—strongly affects corrosion, the study revealed. They found that GFRP resists erosion and corrosion better under severe environments.

Eugene Medvedovski et al. [5] compared hard boronized coating on carbon steel achieved by thermal diffusion with two iron boride layers (FeB and Fe₂B) in synergistic erosion-abrasion-corrosion circumstances imitating oil production to bare steel. Custom wear testing equipment was made. Their experiment subjected tubular sections' inner surfaces to high-velocity erosive flows of water-oil slurries with silica sand and salts and steel pony rod rotation and oscillation. The researchers conducted surface structural investigation and profilometry following wear testing. They concluded that due to its high hardness, chemical inertness, dual-layer design, and diffusion-induced substrate bonding, the iron boride coating outperformed bare carbon steel in abrasion and erosion-abrasion-corrosion conditions. In the most critical situations, boronized steel tube and casing with inner surface protection works well.

Qunfeng Zeng and Wenchuang Qi [6] simulated elbow erosion-corrosion in critical chemical equipment using COMSOL multi-physics finite element modeling software. Electrochemical corrosion, solid particle erosion, chemical reaction, and turbulent flow interact. They suggested particle count to explain erosion. The modeling findings indicate that particles with high turbulence intensity immediately impact the elbow wall, creating a tilted elliptical erosion zone at 40-50◦ on the extrados surface. Due to differences in material concentration distribution, chemical reactions in turbulence cause varying corrosion current densities in the tube. The elbow's extrados surface received 1/6 of the discharged particles.

Fatima Alabtah et al. [7] studied hybrid steel/GFRP composite pipes under strong corrosive environments for lengthy periods. The specimens were submerged in intense hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and sulfuric acid solutions for up to a year. SEM, XRD, and EDX were used for qualitative analysis. Hybrid pipes have a corrosion rate of less than 1% of ordinary steel pipes. Due to increasing absorption and saturation moisture in the material with prolonged soaking time, the GFRP layer forms pores, resulting in reduced corrosion. The authors suggested a more regulated protective layer fabrication procedure to limit or prevent this. These encouraging results suggest using GFRP protection layers in innovative corrosion-controlling designs.

Using both computational and experimental techniques, Khan et al. [8] studied the impact of sand fines velocity on erosion-corrosion in AISI 1018 carbon steel 90◦ elbows under liquid-solid flow conditions. Sand fines with a mean diameter of 50 μm were examined using a flow loop at 0.5, 1, and 2 m/s. Material loss analysis, discrete phase modeling (DPM), multilayer paint modeling (MPM), microscopic imaging, CFD, and DPM were used to understand erosion-corrosion and deterioration. Compared to low transport velocity, increasing slurry velocity affects particle-wall impaction and doubles elbow bottom material deterioration. They observed that erosion pits and scars on the elbow's inside surface control carbon steel wear and promote downstream erosion and corrosion. Pitting and plastic deformation replaced cutting when sand particle transit velocity increased from 0.5 to 2 m/s.

Abradant particle size and concentration affect carbon steel erosion-corrosion, according to Rasse et al. [9]. Researchers conducted degradation studies in a jet erosion-corrosion cell capable of 4.8 m/s flow rate and 30◦ and 90◦ jet angles. Abradant particles were angular alumina powder with average sizes of 181, 219, and 359 μm. Experimental data suggests a threshold flow velocity of 2.5 m/s for particles of 181 μm and 45◦ jet angles. Dissolved dioxygen enhanced degradation rate compared to stagnation without erosion. A 45◦ jet angle resulted in a maximum erosion-corrosion rate of 4 mg × cm−2 × h−1, independent of particle size. Abradant concentration enhanced degradation regardless of jet angle. At 45◦ and 90◦, degradation rates plateaued at 7 mg × cm−2 × h−1 and 5 mg × cm−2 × h−1, respectively Degradation slows at a specific concentration, showing dense fluid particle behavior impacts material degradation. Particle interactions in concentrated liquids diminish kinetic energy and explain this critical concentration by affecting flow and metal surface trajectories.

Nishizaki researched toughness and water. GFRP's underwater flexural strength was lower than ambient [3]. Bergman controlled sodium chlorate polymer breakdown. Metals and polymer erosion corrosion were examined to identify polymer processing industry applications.

Aluminium alloy AA5052 was tested for corrosion and attack in a slurry containing 3.50% NaCl by weight and silica as the attack particle [10]. Soil concentrations were 90.0 g/l, solution jet speed was 3.0 m/s, and impact angle was 25.0° to 90.0°. In erosion and corrosion studies, catholic shielding samples maximize wear rates. Erosion and corrosion peak at 30.0° effect angle. In key conditions, fine corrosion flow has a substantially higher corrosion rate than scour corrosion flow. Also, corrosion at different exposure angles is negligible.

Biocompatible, biodegradable magnesium alloys are safe. They are medicinal materials due to their metallic and mechanical qualities. This material has lesser corrosion resistance than others utilized in physiological or saline situations. They are frequently less useful as biomaterials due to biomechanical inefficiency. Anodizing, surface treatment, coating, pre-treatment, micro-arc oxidation, and electro-deposition address this issue. Mechanical and electrochemical features of biocompatible and biodegradable magnesium alloys are studied here to increase corrosion resistance in physiological and saline settings. Surface-modified (Mg) alloy corrosion and fatigue reasons are also explained [10].

S. Sivasankaran and colleagues measured e-glass mat and woven glass FRP by hand-laying pipes and making several samples for tensile and bending testing. CNC machines and PCD cutting tools were used for the trials. E-glass fabric and mat samples have process characteristics such feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, and workpiece type. The two tubes are filament-wound. Pipes include 30% glass fiber and 70% epoxy polyester resin. Mat and woven E-glass fiber reinforced composites were compared. Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties were ascribed by ASTM [11].

In the work in hand, different parameters are to be investigated for their effect of both erosion and corrosion in GRP pipes.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Material

Table 1 demonstrates the use of glass-fiber reinforced polymer pipes with a heterogeneous structure made up of matting, sand, and roving unsaturated polyester resin in the current experiment. Unsaturated polyester resin joins pipe fibers, making them chemical- and environment-resistant. Unsaturated poly-yester is used to create GRP pipe, which is cheaper but has somewhat higher strength and chemical resistance. For low-pressure applications, it's cheaper. Traditional filament winding was utilized to make composite glass fiber pipes. Layers cover the GRP's intricate structure inside and out. The manufacture method is outlined in [12]. Quartz sand is introduced between the barrier and chaff layers on the exterior and interior surfaces to form the structural layers. Composite material quality depends on manufacturing method, layer thickness, fiber pretension, and fiber form. The ASTM D3171-99 standard and ignition removal process determined these component compositions [13]. Petroleum industries employ these chemical waste pipeline pipes. Table 2 lists composite glass fiber pipe (GRP) elastic characteristics. The pipes used in this experiment were removed after a while. GRP composite roll density was 2.15 g/cm3.

These very tiny threads are woven together to create a flexible fabric. Since GFRP is a molded product, it needs to be placed either inside or outside of the required shape for the object. The most widely used matrix materials are polyester thermosetting resin, epoxy, or vinyl ester. To improve wear resistance, GFRP composites can be reinforced with quartz or aluminum oxide. Polymers reinforced with glass offer a wide range of applications. Because of its resilience to chemicals, it is often employed in water pipelines and other situations where PVC is undesirable. Fiberglass, or fiberglass-reinforced polymers, are widely used in sports equipment like kayaks and nets, but also have a broad range of additional applications in the automotive, aerospace, and other sectors. The current experiment employed random matt unsaturated polyester resin, sand, and hetero-structure glass fiber reinforced polymer pipes of roving, in accordance with the values shown in Figure 1 and documented in Table 1. Polyester resin creates a tubular structure that is resistant to weather and chemicals by binding the fibers together. GFRP pipe may be made with unsaturated polyesters, which are less costly than other resins. Despite the fact that they provide a little boost in strength and chemical resistance.

Table 1. Composition of GFR pipes

Table 2. Elastic properties of GRP

2.2. Testing Equipment

The erosion/corrosion testing apparatus was constructed as shown in Figure 1. It is made up of two steel super constructions supported by four columns that are welded at each corner. Inside are the test chamber, agitator, controls, and pump. The top contains the test chamber, a 40 x 40 x 40 cm cubic box with a three-jaw chuck to hold the sample and expose it to the water flow. The walls are attached to the steel beams and columns using super glue, which is subsequently covered with silicone to prevent cracking. The walls are made of acrylic glass, often referred to as methyl methacrylate, on four sides, which provides exceptional transparency for experiment viewing. The device comprises a cylindrical basin for mixing water and sand that measures 30 cm in diameter and 50 cm in height. An electric mixer mixes water and sand in the basin's middle. The water-sand mixture passes through the conduit directly to the pump. The electric water pump raises the mixture's flow rate before sending it to the flow meter and nozzle. The flow meter is used to measure the volumetric fluxes, both linear and non-linear. The nozzle directs the mixture of water and sand into a linear stream. The water falls into the basin after losing momentum and velocity when it reaches the sample. This system is closed in this circuit. As advised in publications [14-16], the samples were extracted from the cylinder wall using a diamond cutter to prevent sample damage and delamination. The rectangular samples had an average dimension of 17 × 14 mm.

Figure 1. Testing device

2.3. Experimental Parameter

Table 3 below shows the different testing parameters and their used values in the experiments.

Table 3. Experimental Conditions

2.4. Evaluation of Erosion Rate

Weight loss is employed as the measure of erosion rate resulting from fluid flow over the specimens’ surface.

According to Eqn. 1, the erosion rate E can be calculated as follows:

[picture] | (1)

The area exposed to erosion At for the material is calculated using Eqn. 2 as follows:

[picture] | (2)

where the impact angle is α. Additionally, using Eqn. 3, the following relationship between weight loss and corrosion is discovered:

[picture] | (3)

Where K constant (876 x 10⁴), T is Time Exposure (hours), w is weight loss, and D material density (GRP density was listed in Table 1).

[picture] | (4)

Where i=1,2 to 5, j=1, 2, 3 to 5 the two adjacent hours.

Figure 2. Nozzle inclination angles (a) right angle 90o - (b) obtuse angle 95o - (c) acute angle 85o (d) Incident angle changes used in experiments

The effect of the parameters listed in Table 3 were tested through carrying out 304 experiments with different testing conditions to be able to study the effect of these parameters on the cumulative weight loss which was determined based on equation 4 and the corrosion rate in the test specimen.

Figure 2 shows the directions of the flow incident angle onto the specimens which were used in the experiments to study the effect of nozzle inclination; three nozzle inclination angles were used, namely, 85o, 90o, 95o as mentioned in Table 3.

3. Results

The whole erosion/corrosion test data for each combination of test parameters is included in Tables 4 and 5 in the appendix. The sample that was eroded with 250 g of sand at a rate of 10 l/min had an erosion rate of 1.15% at its highest, whereas the sample that was eroded at a rate of 6.67 l/min had an erosion rate of around 0.05%. This resulted from the sample's initial lower strength of the reinforcing phase, which caused the values to corrode. When it came to erosion conditions, there was a negative indication at 10 l/min + 10wt. This is due to the fact that the bonding of the silica sand particles utilized in the production of GRP pipes is greatly impacted by chlorine. Water can seep into the spaces created between the sand particles because of the epoxy resin's chemical reaction with the chlorine. According to Abdellah et al. [14], this is why their weight increases at shallow depths of the ablated surfaces following the test. However, in bigger damaged sand patches of 400 or even 500, this phenomenon vanished because the fast rate of erosion in these conditions did not allow the material to retain water inside.

Test results are illustrated using ANOVA interaction plot using Minitab software. The resulted graphs are shown in the following set of figures.

Hereby, the experiments are devoted to reveal the effect of petroleum wastewater flow parameters on the erosion corrosion wear of GRP’s composite pipes. As mentioned in Table 3 before, many parameters were investigated, namely, flow rate which values were 6 and 10 L/min, Nozzle diameter of 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 inch. Four values of sand concentration were used, 200, 250, 300 and 350 gm per 15 Liter of water. To study the effect if incident angle (hitting angle) three variations of angles were used, acute, right and obtuse angles with the values of 85 o, 90 o and 95 o were used. The experiments combinations of parameters were conducted for periods of time of 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours each. And in order to investigate corrosion in addition to erosion, chlorine was added to the fluid with 5% concentration for some experimental parameters. The results of the conducted experiments are interpreted in the following sections

3.1. Effect of Flow Rate

When various test parameters are used, such as nozzle diameter (Figure 3), injection time (Figure 4 and 5), incident angle (Figure 10 and 11), or sand particle concentration (Figure 16 and 17), the results show that flow rate has a significant impact on cumulative weight loss and erosion rate. It is evident from each of these situations that the erosion rate and cumulative weight loss both rise with flow rate. This makes sense since when the flow rate increases, the impact velocity increases as well. This is explained by the fact that abrasive sand at high velocity produces enormous momentum and high kinetic energy, which impacts the sample surfaces and erodes the weaker layers. As a result, material loss results from an increase in the number of impact sites caused by an increase in sand quantity.

3.2. Effect of Nozzle Diameter

Figures 6 and 7 presents the effect of the nozzle diameter on the erosion rate and on the cumulative weight loss respectively. The test results show that as the nozzle diameter decreases, both the erosion rate and the cumulative weight loss increase this is due to that decreasing nozzle diameter leads to the increase of velocity, hence kinetic energy resulting in higher removal rate.

3.3. Effect of Incident Angle

It was observed that the incident angle has an effect on both cumulative weight loss and erosion rate, figures 8 and 9. As shown in figures 10, 11, 12 and 13 the cumulative weight loss and erosion rate reaches their maximum values in the case the flow is perpendicular to the specimen surface and these values decrease as the angle of incidence either increased or decreased. But it worth noting that from the results it can be observed that decreasing the angle to 85o (acute angle) resulted in obtaining cumulative weight loss and erosion rate larger than the case of increasing the angle to 95o (obtuse angle). This can be explained that as the flow strikes the surface at an obtuse angle the flow smoothly slides over the surface leading to less kinetic energy exchange and hence less effect of the energy on the surface resulting in less erosion rate. This needs more investigations in future work by inspecting the effect of different angles of incidence and the amount of energy within the process.

Figure 3. Effect of Nozzle Diameter on Erosion rate for different Flow rates

Figure 4. Effect of Injection Time on Cumulative weight loss for different Flow rates

Figure 5. Effect of Injection time on Erosion rate for different Flow rates

Figure 6. Effect of Injection Time on Erosion rate for different Nozzle Diameters

Figure 7. Effect of Injection Time on Cumulative weight loss for different Nozzle Diameters

Figure 8. Effect of Injection Time on Erosion rate for different incident angles

Figure 9. Effect of Injection Time on Cumulative weight loss for different incident angles

Figure 10. Effect of incident angle on Erosion rate for different Flow rates

Figure 11. Effect of incident angle on Cumulative weight loss for different Flow rates

Figure 12. Effect of incident angle on Cumulative weight loss for different Nozzle diameters

Figure 13. Effect of incident angle on Erosion rate for different Nozzle diameters

3.4 Effect of Sand Concentration

Figures 14, 15, 16 and 17 show the effect of sand concentration on both cumulative weight loss and erosion rate. It is obvious that increasing sand concentration leads to increasing cumulative weight loss. Also, it worth noted that the effect of increasing sand concentration greatly affects the cumulative weight loss and erosion rate at higher flow rate than at lower flow rate. This can be explained by the effect of higher flow rate resulting in higher kinetic energy specially in case to high sand concentration.

Figures 18 and 19 present the main effect of different test parameters of the cumulative weight loss and the erosion rate respectively. It is clear from Figure 19 that the cumulative weight loss is directly proportional to the values of flow rate, time and sand concentration while adversely proportional to the values of nozzle diameter. Whereas the cumulative weight loss reaches its maximum in case of a right incident angle having lower amount in case of acute angle and a minimum value for obtuse angle.

Similar trends can be observed from Figure 20 which depicts that the erosion rate is directly proportional to the values of flow rate and sand concentration while adversely proportional to the values of nozzle diameter and time. Whereas the cumulative weight loss reaches its maximum in case of a right incident angle having lower amount in case of acute angle and a minimum value for obtuse angle.

The following Figure 20 (a and b) shows the interaction of all test parameters with the cumulative weight loss and erosion rate respectively.

Figure 14. Effect of Injection time on Erosion rate for different sand particles Concentration

Figure 15. Effect of Injection time on Cumulative weight loss for different sand particles Concentration

Figure 16. Effect of sand particles Concentration on Cumulative weight loss for different Flow rates

Figure 17. Effect of sand particles Concentration on Erosion rate for different Flow rates

Figure 18. Main effect of different parameters on cumulative weight loss

Figure 19. Main effect of different parameters on erosion rate

Figure 20. Interaction plots using ANOVA showing the contribution of all test parameters to the cumulative weight loss and erosion rate

Figure 21. Effect of adding 10% Cl

3.5. Effect of Adding Chlorine

Figure 21 (a and b) illustrates the effect on cumulative weight loss in case of adding 10% Chlorine to emulsion. In both figures, a comparison between the cases with and without adding CL. It can be seen that adding 10% Cl leads to increasing the cumulative weight loss. The effect of adding CL increases at higher sand concentration as seen in Figure 21 b.

4. Conclusion

Today's robust and competitive substitute for metals, particularly steel, are GRP pipes, due to their exceptional resistance to erosion and corrosion. It was thoroughly qualified to study the erosion/corrosion behavior of GRP material put in a tough environment. The concentration of sand and the flow rate of the erosive fluid both had a significant impact on the rate of erosion. The erosion rate was shown to increase with the amount of abrasive grit present in the fluid. The amount of abrasive sand and the GRP material's degradation and corrosion were strongly correlated. Chlorine's influence on the corrosion and erosion behavior of the material was discovered here, as it has been proven to have a substantial effect on corrosion in prior study. Also, as a result from this research, in the design of the pipe fittings, it is better to use elbows with obtuse angle rather than right or acute angles as in this case the erosion will be less. Also, try to avoid reducing fittings diameters as this will result in higher flow rates and hence higher erosion in the pipes.

Appendix A

Table 4. Experimental conditions and results

Table 5. Test data at flow rate 10 GPM with the addition of chlorine

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