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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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Intracranial Nocardiosis a Rare Condition: A Case Report

Neeraj Salhotra*, Mahmood Al Hattali, Livingston C., Nawal Al Kindy, Amal Al Jabri, Jospaul Lukas, Kauther Al Zakwani, Yasser Al Joubori

Department of Neurosurgery, Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Oman

Abstract: Cerebral Nocardiosis is a rare, challenging, opportunistic infectious disease of the central nervous system occurring in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. It often results in intraparenchymal abscess formation, which represents only 2% of all cerebral abscesses. The diagnosis of cerebral Nocardiosis is seldom based on imaging. Bacteriological diagnosis is often reached only after surgical excision of the abscess. We herewith reports 37 yr old patient with cerebellar abscess which grew nocardia.

Keywords: format, microsoft word template, style, insert, template

Received January 19, 2021; Revised February 24, 2021; Accepted March 05, 2021

Citation: Neeraj Salhotra, Mahmood Al Hattali, Livingston C., Nawal Al Kindy, Amal Al Jabri, Jospaul Lukas, Kauther Al Zakwani, Yasser Al Joubori, Intracranial Nocardiosis a Rare Condition: A Case Report. American Journal of Medical Case Reports, 9 (5). 295-297. January 2021. doi:10.12691/ajmcr-9-5-9

1. Introduction

Brain nocardiosis is a serious opportunistic infection with high mortality. It exists more common in the immunocompromised hosts than the immunocompetent patients. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) has been mostly considered as the choice of the medical treatment. Linezolid is also newly found to be effective to avoid the invasive surgery.

2. Material and Methods

A 37 yr old juvenile diabetic patient was admitted in our hospital with complaints of headache and vomiting and dizziness. Examination revealed cerebellar ataxia. GCS was 15/15. Patient underwent a CT brain which revealed a large cerebellar cystic lesion with peripheral wall enhancement post contrast. A MRI brain followed which again revealed large cerebellar hypointense mass lesion with peripheral contrast enhancement with pressure effect as per Figure 1. A provisional diagnosis of brain abscess was kept in mind though blood parameters were not pointing towards any infective focus.

3. Results

Patient was explained all possible risks and benefits of posterior fossa craniotomy and tapping of brain abscess. Once he agreed the surgery was done. Tapping revealed frank pus which on culture grew nocardia farcinica as per Figure 2. Cotrimoxazole and meropenum in combination was given for a period of 4 weeks and a contrast CT was done as per Figure 3. Significant improvement was seen Patient is planned for a prolonged course of antibiotics.

Figure 1. T2WI, B-FLAIR, C-T1WI, D-DWI, E-ADC, F-SWI, G- Post contrast T1WI. Peripherally rim enhancing lobulated lesion with central diffusion restriction is seen in the left cerebellar hemisphere. The dual rim sign suggestive of an abscess is seen on T2WI and SWI. Mass effect with effacement of the adjacent sulcal spaces, 4th ventricle, the left CP angle cistern and mild tonsilar descent.

Figure 2. Actual images of the isolate including gram stain from the growth, modified ZN stain and isolate growth on both blood and chocolate agars showing nocardia farcinica

Figure 3. Follow up CT following craniotomy, evacuation of the abscess and antibiotics

4. Discussion

Sachin baldawa as per his study in 2014 described their experience in nocardiosis in brain at their center In their opinion total surgical excision of the abscess reduces the mass effect, surrounding vasogenic edema and provides bacteriological diagnosis, thereby enabling early initiation of organism-specific antimicrobial therapy. Prolonged antimicrobial therapy and long-term surveillance are needed to prevent relapse, thereby ensuring excellent patient outcome [1]. Pea F in 2012 revealed their experience of use of low dose linezolid as prolonged treatment in cerebral nocardiosis They suggested that in patients requiring prolonged treatment with linezolid and receiving complex polytherapy TDM coupled with careful ambulatory counseling may be of paramount relevance either in ensuring efficacy while avoiding the risk of premature discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events or in highlighting issues of poor compliance [2]. Yamada SM in 2005 described a case of rapidly growing nocardiosis abscess mimicking a glioblastoma They felt that nocardial brain abscesses are often misdiagnosed as malignant brain tumors, and a definitive diagnosis may not be possible without detecting bacteria from the lesion. Total excision of the abscess can produce good results when the abscess is large and located superficially, but incomplete aspiration and drainage of a lesion is associated with a high chance of relapse. [3] Anagnostu T described their experience of nocardiosis of central nervous system of a series of 84 patients in 2014 They opined that the optimal therapeutic approach is still undetermined and depends on speciation, but lower mortality and relapse rates have been reported with a combination of targeted antimicrobial treatment including trimethoprim/sulfomethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for more than 6 months and neurosurgical intervention [4]. Kim in 2014 described his case of nocardiosis in an immunocompetent patient. They described Nocardia species being a rare cause of brain abscess in immunocompetent individuals. In Korea, this is the second report of an immunocompetent patient with a brain abscess caused by N. farcinica. [5]

5. Conclusion

Our patient other than being a juvenile diabetic on insulin was a immunocompetent patient still landed with cerebellar nocardiosis an uncommon entity. After diagnosis as reported in literature is on meropenum and cotrimoxazole and is showing good recovery as per last scan.

References

[1]   | Baldawa S, Nayak N, Kukreja S, D'souza D, Diyora B, Sharma A. Cerebral nocardiosis. Asian J Neurosurg. 2014 Oct-Dec; 9(4): 245.
[2]   | Pea F, Cojutti P, Pagotto A, et al. Successful long-term treatment of cerebral nocardiosis with unexpectedly low doses of linezolid in an immunocompromised patient receiving complex polytherapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 3438-3440.
[3]   | Yamada SM, Nakai E, Toyonaga S, et al. A rapidly enlarging nocardial brain abscess mimicking malignant glioma. J Nippon Med Sch 2005; 72: 308-311.
[4]   | Anagnostou T, Arvanitis M, Kourkoumpetis TK, et al. Nocardiosis of the central nervous system experience from a general hospital and review of 84 cases from the literature. Medicine 2014; 93: 19-32.
[5]   | Kim S, Lee KL, Lee DM, et al. Nocardia brain abscess in an immunocompetent patient. Infect Chemother 2014; 46: 45-49.