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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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200 U vs 300 U Botulinum Toxin A Injections for Patients with Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury

Lin JM, Chen Hui*, Liu QL, Huang MP, Li QQ, Huang TH, Yang XY

Department of Urology in Guangdong Provincial Work Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Guangdong, China

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the d the safety and efficacy of 200 U vs 300 U botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections for patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) secondary to spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: we retrieved the data for the patients who receive a single dose into the detrusor of BTX-A (300 U or 200 U). The clinical outcome included maximum detrusor pressure (Pdetmax) during cystometry, voiding volume, urinary incontinence (UI) episodes between CICs per 24 hour, and complete dryness.Related adverse events were recorded. Results: From July 2015 to June 2017, 28 cases received 300 U BTX-A injections(experiment group) while 19 cases received 200U BTX-A injections(control group). There were no significant differences in baseline evaluation items (gender, age, duration of spinal cord injury, level of neurological injury, AIS scores) between the two groups. There were significant improvement in Pdetmax, UI and I-QoL from baseline in the two groups. Patients in experiment group had statistically greater improvement than those in the control group for Pdetmax (-32.09 cmH₂O vs. -28.02 cmH₂O, P = 0.016), mean urinary incontinence episodes (-6.18/d vs. -5.01/d, P = 0.042), complete dryness (11 vs. 2, P = 0.031), mean voiding volume (160.52 ml vs. 133.66 ml, P <0.001), and I-QoL (28.53 vs. 20.41, P <0.001). Conclusion: Preliminary results indicate that 300 U BTX-A is more effective than 200 U BTX-A for SCI patients with NDO.

Keywords: botulinum toxin A, 200U, 300U, neurogenic detrusor overactivity, spinal cord injury

Received June 03, 2019; Revised July 09, 2019; Accepted August 02, 2019

Citation: Lin JM, Chen Hui, Liu QL, Huang MP, Li QQ, Huang TH, Yang XY, 200 U vs 300 U Botulinum Toxin A Injections for Patients with Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury. American Journal of Medical Case Reports, 7 (10). 250-252. January 2019. doi:10.12691/ajmcr-7-10-7

1. Introduction

Detrusor overactivity (DO) is characterized by spontaneous or provoked involuntary detrusor contractions during storage phase in urodynamic investigation [1]. Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is DO caused by various neurogenic diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) [2]. NDO can cause a variety of long-term complications such as urinary incontinence, stones, hydronephrosis, recurrent urinary tract infection, vesicoureteric reflux (VUR); the most dangerous being damage of renal function. These complications may dramatically impact the quality of life of people with SCI, including limiting their behavior, causing social embarrassment, and possibly threatening their life [3].

Botulinum toxin A (Botox®, Allergan, Irvine, Calif.) is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular blocking agent indicated by the beneficial treatment effect on NDO patients who have an inadequate response to or are intolerant to anticholinergic medication according to both clinical and urodynamic test, such as improvement percentage of I-QoL, reduction of urinary incontinence episodes and lower detrusor pressure, etc [4].

To our knowledge, several studies reported satisfactory clinical results about different dose BTX-A injections. However, most of these studies were small and single-center experience. Therefore, the objective of thisstudy was to evaluate the clinical results of 200U and 300U BTX-A injections for NDO.

2. Method

From July 2015 to June 2017, inpatients with SCI and urodynamic DO were included. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Age >18 years ;(2) Patients who have an inadequate response to or are intolerant of an anticholinergic medication. Exclusion criteria included patients with: (1) Acute urinary tract infections; (2) Patients or caregivers who were unable to perform CIC. Previously, the protocol was approved by hospital ethics committee. All patients provided their written consent before undergoing treatment. Bladder diaries, urodynamic test, and I-QoL were preformed at baseline and 12 weeks postinjections.

Injections were performed with no anesthesia or under epidural anesthesia in the operating room with a rigid cystoscope (Ackermann). The bladder was instilled with 100-150 ml sterile saline to achieve adequate visualization so as to avoiding the blood vessels during injections. A 23 gauge needle (Cook Urological Incorporated) was inserted approximately into the detrusor. In experiment group 300 U Botox® vials (100 U each) were reconstituted in a total of 30 ml sterile saline (10 U/ml). In control group 200 U BTX-A were reconstituted in a total of 30 ml sterile saline (6.7 U/ml). A total of 30 injections were administered and distributed about apart across the bladder wall [5]. The clinical outcome included maximum detrusor pressure (Pdetmax) during cystometry, voiding volume, urinary incontinence (UI) episodes between CICs per 24 hour, and complete dryness. Related adverse events were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 13.0 soft-ware package (SPSS, Inc., ). Statistical relationships between pre- and postoperative outcome parameters were sought by the Student’s t-test for quantitative variables. Statistical significance was considered at P value < 0.05.

3. Result

A total of 47 SCI patients (28 cases in the experimental group and 19 cases in the control group) completed 12 weeks of follow-up and data were available and analyzed. At baseline, there were no significant differences between group with respect to any demographic or baseline characteristics (Table 1).

Patients in experiment group had statistically greater improvement than those in the control group for Pdetmax (-32.09 cmH₂O vs. -28.02 cmH₂O, P = 0.016), mean urinary incontinence episodes (-6.18/d vs. -5.01/d, P = 0.042), complete dryness (11 vs. 2, P = 0.031), mean voiding volume (160.52 ml vs. 133.66 ml, P <0.001), and I-QoL (28.53 vs. 20.41, P <0.001) (Table 2).

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants

Table 2. Mean baseline and change from baseline in clinical outcomes

4. Discussion

The primary aim in the treatment of NDO is to keep the detrusor pressure within safe limits during both the filling phase and the voiding phase for protection of the upper urinary tract [2]. The present trial reports significant improvements in these parameters were evident with the 200 U or 300U dose of BTX-A injection. In this trial, 300U BTX-A injections were superior to those 200U with respect to NDO. Specifically,and most importantly, the Pdetmax decreased more significantly of 300U rather than 200U to levels traditionally considered safe for the upper urinary tract.

Another important aims in the treatment of NDO is to improve the patient’s quality of life (QoL) [2]. The improvements in urodynamic outcomes also transfer into the increases in scores of I-QoL in both groups. Significant benefits were evident by week 12. However, the mean change of I-QoL in the experiment group was substantially higher than that in control group at week 12(28.53 vs.20.41, P<0.001). The larger improvement in I-QoL in the experimental group may be related to the following changes: (1) The proportional reduction of daily urinary incontinence episodes was significantly larger with 300U BTX-A injections than 200 U; (2) the patients in the experiment group showed greater improvement in voiding volume than those in the control group (160.52 ml vs.133.66 ml, P<0.001); and (3) most importantly, 11 patients in experiment group developed complete dryness postoperatively, and their I-QoL was very high. Thus, these patients are less likely to worry about the disturbance from urinary incontinence which affects their physical activities, social relationships, and feelings.

No patients developed systemic or significant adverse events of treatment in this trial. Similar safe outcomes have also been demonstrated by previous studies at 1.5-3 months [6].

A limitation of this study is that number of patients was relatively fewer. Therefore, further studies are warranted.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (grant number B2017040, A2018124).

References

[1]   | Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, et al.The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: Report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002; 21(2): 167-78.
[2]   | Groen J, Pannek J, Castro Diaz D, et al.Summary of European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines on Neuro-Urology[J]. Eur Urol, 2016, 69(3): 324-333.
[3]   | Hagen EM, Eide GE, Rekand T, et al.Traumatic spinal cord injury and concomitant brain injury: a cohort study. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2010; (190): 51-7.
[4]   | Chapple C, Patel A. Botulinum toxin: new mechanisms, new therapeutic directions? Eur Urol, 2006, 49 (4): 606-608.
[5]   | Schurch B, Stöhrer M, Kramer G, et al. Botulinum-A toxin for treating detrusor hyperreflexia in spinal cord injured patients: a new alternative to anticholinergic drugs? Preliminary results. J Urol, 2000, 164 ( 1): 692-697.
[6]   | Patel AK, Patterson JM, Chapple CR. Botulinum toxin injections for neurogenic and idiopathic detrusor overactivity: a critical analysis of results. Eur Urol 2006; 50 (8): 684-710.