Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Congenital Absence of Left Main Coronary Artery with Anomalous Origin of Left Anterior Descending and Left Circumflex Arteries Presenting with Acute Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Mohammed Al-Sadawi, Muhammad Ihsan, Arismendy Nunez Garcia, Muhammad Dogar, Jessica Celenza-Salvatore, Samy I. McFarlane*

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, State University of New York: Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States-11203

Abstract: Congenital coronary artery anomalies are rare disease entities, occur only in 0.3%-5.6% of the general population. These anomalies could lead to serious complications in some cases and is associated with associated with sudden death due to lethal arrhythmias and premature coronary artery disease. Diagnosis of these anomalies is generally made during angiography. In this report, we present a rare case of absent left main coronary artery and anomalous origins of left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery from right sinus of Valsalva in a 62 year old man presented with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).

Keywords: congenital absence of left main coronary artery, anomalous origin of left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries, acute non-st elevation myocardial infarction

Received June 22, 2019; Revised August 05, 2019; Accepted August 12, 2019

Citation: Mohammed Al-Sadawi, Muhammad Ihsan, Arismendy Nunez Garcia, Muhammad Dogar, Jessica Celenza-Salvatore, Samy I. McFarlane, Congenital Absence of Left Main Coronary Artery with Anomalous Origin of Left Anterior Descending and Left Circumflex Arteries Presenting with Acute Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. American Journal of Medical Case Reports, 7 (10). 264-266. January 2019. doi:10.12691/ajmcr-7-10-10

1. Introduction

Congenital coronary artery anomalies are defined as a coronary pattern that is found in less than 1% of the general population, with a prevalence ranging from 0.3%-5.6% [1]. In few types of the anomalies, there is an association with sudden death and premature coronary disease [2]. Congenital absence of left main coronary artery (LMCA) and anomalous origins of left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery (LCX) arising from right sinus of Valsalva is rarely reported. Here we are presenting a 62-year-old male who presented with non-ST NSTEMI who found to have anomalous absence of left main coronary artery and anomalous origins of left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery from right sinus of Valsalva.

2. Report of the Case

62 years old man with past medical history of hypertension, dyslipidemia and type II diabetes mellitus presented with acute chest pain. The pain started suddenly, pressure like, at the left side, 9/10 in intensity, radiates to left arm and was associated abdominal discomfort, nausea and diaphoresis. The pain was relieved by sublingual nitroglycerin. Electrocardiography showed tall positive T waves at inferior leads (Figure 1). His troponin was initially 0.5 ng/L then increased after 4 hours to 1.2 ng/L. He was started on aspirin, clopidogrel and heparin. Transthoracic echocardiography showed ejection fraction estimated to be 60% without wall motion abnormality. He was taken for cardiac catheterization, which showed 95% occlusion of proximal left circumflex artery (LCX) and 60% occlusion of distal Left anterior descending artery (LAD). LCX and LAD were originated from right coronary cusp (Figure 2). He was treated with drug-eluting stent for proximal LCX (Figure 3). He was discharged on aspirin and ticagrelor in a stable medical condition.

3. Discussion

Coronary heart disease one of the leading causes of death in developed countries [3]. Congenital coronary artery anomalies are relatively rare entities with a prevalence that is reported to be approximately 0.3%-5.6%. The variation in prevalence is likely explainable by the diversity of the study populations [1]. Studies suggest that congenital coronary artery anomalies are the second most common cause of sudden death in young athletes, likely due to premature coronary disease [2]. Based on predisposition to CAD, congenital coronary artery anomalies are classified into 3 major groups: first: anomalies that predispose to ischemia such as coronary vessels originating from right atrium; second: anomalies that do not predispose to ischemia, as in anomalous origin of right coronary artery from posterior sinus of Valsalva; third: anomalies that might predispose to ischemia as in congenital absence of LAD [4]. It is usually diagnosed incidentally by CT coronary angiography, interventional coronary angiography, and in some severe and unusual cases, by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography, particularly in pediatric populations [4].

In our case, the patient has multiple anomalies: congenital absence of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) which was reported in 0.41%-0.67% of the cases [5]. It is, in most of the cases, clinically benign. However, an association with myocardial infarction and syncope were reported [6]. The second one is anomalous origins of left anterior descending artery (LAD) and left circumflex artery (LCX) from right sinus of Valsalva, were report separately as 0.03% and 0.032% respectively. The combination of both is extremely rare. The clinical significance of this anomaly is according to the course of the LAD. The possibilities of LAD course are: pre-pulmonic anterior to the right ventricular outflow tract which rarely causes ischemia; retro-aortic posterior to the aortic root, as in our case, usually benign; inter-arterial between the aorta and pulmonary artery, often associated with unfavorable outcomes; trans-septal subpulmonic course, which rarely causes ischemia; and retro-cardiac in the posterior atrioventricular groove, which predisposes to coronary disease [6]. The other aspect of the anomaly management is technical difficulties of coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention due to unexpected positions and difficult angles.

Figure 1. Electrocardiography showed tall positive T waves at inferior leads

Figure 2. 95% occlusion of proximal left circuflex artery (LCX) and 60% occlusion of distal Left anterior descending artery (LAD). LCX and LAD originated from right coronary cusp

Figure 3. Drug-eluting stent for proximal LCX

4. Conclusion

We reported a case of combined anomalies of the coronary arteries including absence of Left Main Coronary Artery with Anomalous Origin of Left Anterior Descending and Left Circumflex Arteries that presented with NSTEMI. This combination of anomalies is exceedingly rare.

While congenital coronary artery anomalies are quite rare, these entities could result in acute coronary syndrome with technical difficulties during percutaneous coronary interventions. Our case report highlights the need to keep that possible diagnosis of congenital coronary anomalies in mind while managing patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Acknowledgements

This work is supported, in part, by the efforts of Dr. Moro O. Salifu M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A., M.A.C.P., Professor and Chairman of Medicine through NIH Grant number S21MD012474.

References

[1]   | Young PM, Gerber TC, Williamson EE, Julsrud PR, Herfkens RJ. Cardiac imaging: Part 2, normal, variant, and anomalous configurations of the coronary vasculature. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011; 197: 816-826.
[2]   | Camarda J, Berger S. Coronary artery abnormalities and sudden cardiac death. Pediatr Cardiol. 2012 Mar; 33(3): 434-8.
[3]   | Roger VL. Epidemiology of myocardial infarction. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91: 537-52.
[4]   | Villa AD, Sammut E, Nair A, Rajani R, Bonamini R, Chiribiri A. Coronary artery anomalies overview: the normal and the abnormal. World J Radiol. 2016; 8: 537-555.
[5]   | Yamanaka O, Hobbs RE. Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1990 Sep; 21(1): 28-40.
[6]   | Koroush K, Munish S, Amit T, Rubinder S., Gary C. Anomalous Left Main Coronary Artery Arising from the Right Sinus of Valsalva in a Young Man Presenting with Recurrent Syncope and Myocardial Infarction. Case Rep Cardiol. 2018 Jul 31; 2018: 9805061.