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American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
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The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Atypical Multimetameric Presentation with Paresis of Zoster in an Immunocompromised Patient

Ines Kechaou*, Imene Boukhris, Eya Cherif, Samira Azzabi, Lamia Ben Hassine, Narjess Khalfallah

Internal Medicine Department B. Hospital of Charles Nicolle, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia

Abstract: We report an uncommon multimetameric presentation (L3, L4 and L5) of zoster with paresis in a 56-year-old-immunocompromised woman with past history of systemic lupus erythematosus. She was treated previously by immunosuppressive therapy with several infectious complications.

Keywords: herpes zoster virus, immunosuppression, acyclovir

Citation: Ines Kechaou, Imene Boukhris, Eya Cherif, Samira Azzabi, Lamia Ben Hassine, Narjess Khalfallah, Atypical Multimetameric Presentation with Paresis of Zoster in an Immunocompromised Patient. American Journal of Medical Case Reports, 6 (3). 53-54. January 2018. doi:10.12691/ajmcr-6-3-4

1. Introduction

Herpes zoster is a major health problem that can affects 20 to 30% of population at any age but with a predilection for people aged 50 and over [1,2]. The incidence rate was almost twice as high in immunocompromised patients compared to immunocompetent subjects [3]. In immunocompromised patients, this affection can take the same appearance as that of immunocompetent as it can manifest atypical presentation. The unusual nature may be related to the diffusion of lesions that may be haemorrhagic, ulceronecrotic, chronic or recurrent. Otherwise, uncommon presentation may be secondary to a multiple metameric presentation or neurologic involvement [4,5]. The purpose of our work is to report an atypical manifestation of shingles by its multiple metameric involvements with paresis of the lower left limb.

2. Case Report

A 56-year-old patient have had a long past history of systemic lupus erythematosus since 1985 with cutaneous, hematological, neurological and renal involvement. Since the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus made, this patient has presented infectious complications: breast abscess in 1997 and abscess of the right leg in 2003. In 2012, immunosuppressive therapy based on mycophenolate mofetil was started for stage III and V glomerulonephritis. After corticotherapy and immunosuppressive therapy, evolution was marked by the occurrence of steroid-induced diabetes and other infectious complications: skin abdominal abscesses in 2013, high urinary tract infection and condylomata acuminate human papilloma virus (HPV) in 2016. Therfore, faced with viral reactivations to HPV with condyloma acuminate, high urinary tract infections and recurrent skin abscesses, immunosuppressants were stopped in 2016.

On February 2017, the patient had presented unilateral pains of burn type and electric discharges located at the lower left of subacute installation. Seven days later, a necrotic vesicular eruption in the anterior aspect of the leg related to multi-metameric involvement (L3, L4 and L5) was appeared (Figure 1).

The neurological examination revealed a mild deficit in the dorsiflexion of the left foot suggesting a motor neurologic involvement. There was hyperesthesia noted over the left limb in the L3, L4 and L5 dermatome. The deep tendon reflexes were normal even in the lower left limb. The diagnosis of uncommon multi-metameric zoster in the lower limbs complicated by paresis was retained. The patient was treated with acyclovir at a dose of 10 mg / kg / day with local care. For neuropathic pain she had received pregabalin. All the clinical signs had disappeared after three weeks.

Figure 1. Vesicular lesions in the left leg related to zoster

3. Discussion

In our patient, the age over 50, lupus erythematosus, diabetes and immunosuppressive therapy were the factors which have contributed to shingles. In our observation, the presentation of herpes zoster was uncommon because 3 dermatomes were involved at the same time. Besides, there was a neurological impairment attested by a probable distal paresis of the left lower limb. In the literature, some cases of multi metameric involvement of Herpes zoster in the lower limb with segmental paresis have been reported [6,7]. Segmental limb paresis with cutaneous zoster is reported in 3 to 5 % [6].

By EMG, abnormalities were detected in 40 to 50% of cutaneous zoster suggesting that neurologic involvement is not unusual. In our case, the EMG was not judged necessary to do. As reported by Kawajiri et al, motor weakness is more frequent in L1-L4 segments in the lower limbs and paresis usually occurs within 2 weeks of the onset of skin rash. This segmental paresis is rare and usually appears after the eruptive phase [8]. Therefore, in view of any unilateral neuralgia whatever the location, this diagnosis must be mentioned and daily monitoring of the skin condition is required.

In addition, the shingles vaccine not yet marketed in Tunisia would have been an interesting alternative in our patient before putting on immunosuppressive treatment. This vaccine is recommended for patients with systemic disease that may receive immunosuppressive therapy [9].

4. Conclusion

In immunocopromised patients, we must be aware to atypical presentations of zoster infections. Preventives measures have to be taken in order to avoid this complication.

Statement of Competing Interests

No conflict of interest.

References

[1]   | Koshy E, Mengting L, Kumar H, Jianbo W. Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of herpes zoster: A comprehensive review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2018 (8).
[2]   | Liesegang TJ. Herpes zoster ophthalmicus natural history, risk factors, clinical presentation, and morbidity. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(2 Suppl):S3-12.
[3]   | Schröder C, Enders D, Schink T, Riedel O. Incidence of herpes zoster amongst adults varies by severity of immunosuppression. J Infect. 2017;75(3): 207-215.
[4]   | CEDEF. Infections à herpès virus de l’enfant et de l’adulte immunocompétents : varicelle et zona. Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie. 2008; 135S, F25-F31.
[5]   | Chen LK, Arai H, Chen LY, Chou MY, Djauzi S, Dong B. Looking back to move forward: a twenty year audit of herpes zoster in Asia-Pacific. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2017; 17: 213.
[6]   | Kawajiri S, Momo Tani, Noda K, Fujishima K, Hattori N, Okuma Y. Segmental Zoster Paresis of Limbs. Report of Three Cases and Review of Literature. The Neurologist. 2007; 13(5): 313-17.
[7]   | Teo HK, Chawla M, Kaushik M. A Rare Complication of Herpes Zoster: Segmental Zoster Paresis. Case Reports in Medicine Volume 2016, Article ID 7827140, 3 pages.
[8]   | Dayan RR, Peleg R. Herpes zoster- typical and atypical presentations. Postgraduate Medicine. 2017; 129(6): 567-71.
[9]   | Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008; 257(RR-5): 1-30.