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Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
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Journal of Preventive Medicine
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Pulmonary Adenofibroma; A Rare Finding

Heidarali Esmaeili, Mahzad Azimpouran*, Behrouz Shokohi, Elmira Mostafidi, Mahsa Karbasi

Department of General Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract: Pulmonary adenofibroma is a rare lung benign tumor resembling adenofibroma of the breast and genital tract. Few cases have been reported with this entity. We report a case of pulmonary adenofibroma in a 65-year-old female, which was found incidentally through the work up for her gastrointestinal problems. Chest radiograph and computed tomography scan disclosed a well circumscribed pulmonary mass at left lower lung lobe. Surgical excision was done and the specimen studied macroscopically and microscopically. Histological findings revealed a biphasic lesion showing a leaflike fibroepithelial pattern with stromal and epithelial components. Immunohistochemical studies showed positivity for pan cytokeratin (CK), CD34, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), but negative for S100 and calretinin. The patient had neither symptoms nor recurrence through one and half year follows up.

Keywords: Pulmonary, Lung, Adenofibroma, benign, tumor, immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Citation: Heidarali Esmaeili, Mahzad Azimpouran, Behrouz Shokohi, Elmira Mostafidi, Mahsa Karbasi, Pulmonary Adenofibroma; A Rare Finding. American Journal of Medical Case Reports, 4 (3). 101-107. January 2016. doi:10.12691/ajmcr-4-3-8

1. Introduction

Pulmonary adenofibroma is a rare benign tumor of lung with biphasic appearance resulting from the intimate admixture of epithelium and stroma. To our knowledge, handful of cases of this diagnose have been reported [1-7]. Its rarity in clinicopathological reporting and the importance of differentiating from other types of benign and malignant tumors, which involve the lung, is challenging. We report a case of pulmonary adenofibroma, which is found incidentally in evaluating patient’s constipation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of pulmonary adenofibroma in Iran.

2. Case Report

Figure 1. chest radiograph showing left lung lobe mass

A 65-year-old nonsmoker woman complained of vague abdominal pain and constipation for last six months. Her medical history, physical examinations and laboratory findings were not notable. Upper cuts of abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan, which was done to obtain a clue for patient’s discomfort, incidentally revealed signs of pulmonary mass. The patient had undergone chest radiography and chest CT-scan, both showed well-circumscribed soft tissue nodular mass, measuring 9 * 8 cm, located in left lower lobe of lung (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The patient underwent left lower lobectomy. On pathologic findings, grossly, it was a grayish-white well circumscribed subpleural mass, measuring 9.5 * 7.5 * 5 cm (Figure 3). Histological studies showed an unencapsulated biphasic lesion consisted of a leaflike fibroepithelial pattern with stromal and epithelial components. The epithelial component composed of gland like structures with simple columnar to cuboidal lining and the stromal component composed of spindle cell fibroblastic proliferation surrounding the glandular part (Figure 4, Figure 5). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that epithelial component stained positivity for pancytokeratin (CK), whereas the stromal component was positive for SMA, vimentin and CD34 (Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9). Immunohistochemistry results for S100 and calretinin were negative (Figure 10, Figure 11). Thus the diagnosis of pulmonary adenofibroma was made. Patient is well, without evidence of disease after one and half year.

Figure 2. CT-scan disclosing left lung lower lobe mass

Figure 3. grayish-white well-circumscribed homogeneous mass

Figure 4. H & E staining, low power(*40) showing leaflike growth patern

Figure 5. a & b, H & E staining, high power(*400), showing biphasic appearance, composed of epithelial (glandular) and stromal components. 5c,showing pulmonary normal tissue at the left side and biphasic tumoral appearance at the right side

Figure 6. IHC staining for CK show immunopositivity for epithelial component(red arrow)

Figure 7. IHC staining for SMA, show negative staining for epithelial component(red arrow) and positive staining for stromal component(yellow arrow)

Figure 8. IHC staining for Vimentin, show negative staining for epithelial component and pnuemocytes(red arrow) and positive staining for endothelial cells, fibroblasts and macrophages(yellow arrow).

Figure 9. IHC staining for CD34, positive for stromal component(green arrow)

Figure 10. IHC staining for S100, negative(red arrow)

Figure 11. IHC staining for Calretinin, negative(red arrows)

3. Discussion

Pulmonary adenofibroma is an uncommon pathologic entity; its main histogenesis is in doubt. It was first described by Scarff and Gowar in 1944[1], they implied that its origin might be the same as lung cartilaginous hamartoma. In 1969, Butler and Kleinerman described it as neoplastic finding [2], however Suster and Muran in 1993 stated this tumor as an immature form of lung hamartoma [3]. Later in 2005 Cavazza and Rossi interpreted it as Solitary fibrous pseudopapillary tumor of the lung [4].

We reviewed few cases which have been reported as pulmonary fibroadenoma [1-10], there was no specific clinical finding, most of them found incidental. Both genders in any race may be affected. It recognized in adults, mostly in 5th and 6th decade. They didn’t have similar lesions in other organs, nor any metastasis after the tumor detected. The tumor had variable size ranging from 0.8 cm to 8.5 cm. Although it is large in size, it can have benign manner without specific clinical findings, as it found incidentally in previously reported cases. To our knowledge our case has the largest size lesion of pulmonary adenofibroma (9.5 cm), which is found incidentally in abdominal CT-scan.

Histologically Pulmonary adenofibroma resembles fibroadenoma of breast and female genital tract, but it is important to distinguish it from other types of lung hamartoma, e.g. pulmonary solitary fibrous tumor, pulmonary blastomas, and metastases from soft tissue tumors. First differential diagnosis is pulmonary hamartoma which is clinically and histologically similar to adenofibroma, but it mainly consists of mesenchymal component like mature hyaline cartilage, which may be calcified or ossified.

Intrapulmonary solitary fibrous tumor is a mesenchymal neoplasm, which is not well recognized as it is also a rare condition [7,8]. IHC profile is worth to notice in which in this case, there was immunopositivity for CK in epithelial component and immunopositivity for CD34, SMA and vimentin in stromal component. Reviewing previous cases disclosed positivity of markers like pancytokeratin, EMA, and TTF-1 in epithelial component in most cases and CD34 and vimentin in stromal component, whereas SMA, desmin and Bcl2 noted to be expressed variably [5-13].

Typically biopsy of pulmonary lesions is the gold standard for diagnosis of many tumors; however in this special disease, histologic similarity with other tumors together with limited reported data about biopsies of such tumors, misdiagnosis by biopsy in our case could be very probable. Meanwhile, due to the large size of the tumor biopsy was not a logical decision.

As histopathologic findings are needed for establishing the diagnosis of pulmonary adenofibroma , VATS seems to be the best diagnostic and therapeutic modality in the management of this lesion[10,11].

References

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[2]   | Butler C, Kleinerman J. Pulmonary hamartoma. Arch Pathol 1969;88:584-92.
[3]   | Suster S, Moran CA. Pulmonary adenofibroma: report of two cases of an unusual type of hamartomatous lesion of the lung. Histopathology 1993;23:547-51.
[4]   | Cavazza A, Rossi G, De Marco L, Putrino I, Pellegrino S, Piana. Solitary fibrous pseudopapillary tumor of the lung: pulmonary fibroadenoma and adenofibroma revisited. Pathologica 2003;95:162-6.
[5]   | Vitkovski T, Zeltsman D, Esposito M, Morgenstern N. Pulmonary adenofibroma: cytologic and clinicopathologic features of a rare benign primary lung lesion. DiagnCytopathol 2013;41:991-6.
[6]   | Kumar R, Desai S, Pai T, Pramesh C.S., Jambhekar NA. Pulmonary adenofibroma: clinicopathological study of 3 cases of a rare benign lung lesion and review of the literature. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 2014;18: 238-243.

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Schirosi L, Lantuejoul S, Cavazza A, Murer B, Yves Brichon P, Migaldi M, Sartori G, Sgambato A, Rossi G. Pleuro-pulmonary solitary fibrous tumors: a clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and molecular study of 88 cases confirming the prognostic value of de Perrot staging system and p53 expression, and evaluating the role of c-kit, BRAF, PDGFRs (alpha/beta), c-met, and EGFR. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008; 32(11):1627-42.

[8]   | Rao N, Colby TV, Falconieri G, Cohen H, Moran CA, Suster S. Intrapulmonary solitary fibrous tumors: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 24 cases.JSurg Pathol. 2013; 37(2):155-66.
[9]   | Sironi M, Rho B, Spinelli M. Adenofibromatous pattern in a solitary fibrous tumor of the lung. Int J Surg Pathol 2005;13:79.
[10]   | Wang Y, Xiao HL, Jia Y, Chen JH, He Y, Tan QY, Zhang WG. Pulmonary adenofibroma in a middle-aged man: report of a case. Surg Today 2013;43: 690-3.
[11]   | Varoli F, Vergani C, Caminiti R, Francese M, Gerosa C, Bongini M, et al. Management of solitary pulmonary nodule. Eur J CardiothoracSurg 2008;33:461-5.
[12]   | Nicholson AG, Tomashefski JF, Popper Jr H. Hamartoma. In: Travis WD, Brambilla E, Muller-Hermelink HK, Harris CC, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of tumours of the lung, pleura, thymus and heart. Lyon: IARC Press; 2004: 113-4.
[13]   | Akin O, Coskun M. Biliary adenofibroma with malignant trans-formation and pulmonary metastases: CT findings. Am J Roentgenol 2002;179:280-1.