eng Science and Education Publishing American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology 2328-4064 2021-07-29 9 3 71 82 10.12691/ajidm-9-3-1 AJIDM2021931 article Rebeccah. M. Ayako ayakorebeccah@gmail.com 1 2 Joshua. M. Mutiso 2 John. C. Macharia 2 David Langoi 3 Lucy Ochola 3 Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Animal Science, Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya Malaria and visceral leishmaniasis coexist in the same geographical regions. However, dual co-infection with parasites causing these diseases and their impact on public health is poorly documented. Interactions between these parasites may play a role in disease outcome. The present study set out to evaluate the clinical and immunological parameters following Leishmania donovani and Plasmodium berghei co-infection in BALB/c mice. Mice were divided into four groups; L. donovani- only, L. donovani-P. berghei, P. berghei- only and naïve. Body weight, parasite burden, total IgG, IFN-¦Ã and IL-4 responses were determined. To determine the survival rate, four mice were used from each group. Tissues for histological analysis were taken from spleen, liver and brain. Results indicated significant differences in body weight (P<0.0001), L. donovani parasite load (P< 0.0001), L. donovani IgG (P< 0.0001), P. berghei parasitemia (P= 0.0222), P. berghei IgG (P= 0.002), IFN-¦Ã (P<0.0001) and IL-4 (P<0.0001) in dual-infected mice. There was no correlation between L. donovani parasite load and IgG responses in single or dual infections, while there was a positive relationship of P. berghei parasitemia and IgG responses in the dual infection group only. Plasmodium berghei had the highest mortality rate compared to L. donovani- only and L. donovani- P. berghei infected mice groups. Histological analyses showed enlarged red and white pulps and pathological changes in the spleen, liver and brain tissues which were less pronounced in co-infected group. We conclude that L. donovani and P. berghei co-infection reduces disease severity and these changes seem to correlate with variation in serum IgG and cytokines (IFN-¦Ã and IL-4). Therefore, the study recommends the importance of inclusion of early screening of malaria in Visceral Leishmaniasis patients in regions where malaria is co- endemic. http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajidm/9/3/1/ajidm-9-3-1.pdf disease severity co-infection cytokines IgG Leishmania donovani Plasmodium berghei BALB/c mice