Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Clinical and Hematological Effects of Dengue Viruses Infection

Badawy A. Abdul Aziz*, Sharaf Elsayed Ali Hassanien, Adel Mahmoud Abdou

Department of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Egypt

Abstract: Background: Dengue viruses infection is increasingly recognized as one of the world's emerging infectious diseases. Dengue usually presents with subclinical or mild infection to full blown dengue fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Aim: To evaluate clinical features, disease severity, laboratory findings in serologically confirmed cases of dengue fever in Muhammad Saleh Basharahil Hospital, Madina Road, Omra Gadida, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This study was conducted on 83 patients with clinically suspected dengue fever. Hematocrit, platelet counts and total leucocyte counts were done serially in all the cases until they normalized. Liver function tests, chest X-ray, ultrasound abdomen, RFT, CT scan. The serological assay for dengue were performed using standard kits, dengue IgG/IgM Rapid Test is a solid phase immunochromatographic assay for the rapid, qualitative and differential detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to dengue virus in human serum or plasma. Patients with positive result for IgM or IgG antibodies against dengue virus were considered suspected dengue-positive group and the samples were confirmed by RT-PCR in a higher center. Results: Among 83 patients, 32 were confimed dengue cases and the remaining 51 were considered as dengue negative and appropriate control. Among the positive dengue cases, 62.5(20/32) were male and 37.5(12/32) were female. Fever was present in all cases (100%) followed by myalgia in 93.75%. Macular, pruritic rashes was present in 28.125%. Abdominal pain was present in 25% of cases. Hemorrhagic manifestation in the form of petichae only was seen in 15.63%. Hepatomegaly was present in 12.5% and splenomegaly was present in 9.38. There was a significant difference in the total leucocyte count and platelets count, Significant differences were also seen in the liver function test and there was clear change in hematocrit value between dengue positive and dengue negative patients. Conclusion: Fever, myalgia and headache were the most common symptoms and hepatomegaly was the most common finding in the cases. Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and hematocrit changes were significant features of dengue fever.

Keywords: dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) thrombocytopenia

Citation: Badawy A. Abdul Aziz, Sharaf Elsayed Ali Hassanien, Adel Mahmoud Abdou, Clinical and Hematological Effects of Dengue Viruses Infection. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 4 (4). 74-78. January 2016. doi:10.12691/ajidm-4-4-2

1. Introduction

Dengue virus infection is increasingly recognized as one of the world's emerging infectious diseases [1,2]. Dengue is caused by the infection of dengue viruses, a flavivirus in the family of Flaviviridae. There are 4 serotypes of the virus [1,2]. Aedes mosquito serving as a vector for the transmission of the viruses. Aedes aegypti is the most important vector. A. aegypti is found in urban areas while Aedes albopictus predominates in the rural setting [3].

Case definition criteria for dengue fever were fever with rash, retro orbital headache, conjunctival congestion and myalgia. The criteria for dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) included a triad of hemorrhagic manifestations, platelet count of < 1, 00,000/ cmm and clinical signs of plasma leakage observed in the form of pleural effusion, ascites or hypoproteinemia. The case definition criteria for dengue shock syndrome (DSS) included features of shock in the form of rapid weak pulse and profound hypotension with systolic pressure of less than 90 mm Hg [4].

Laboratory diagnosis methods for confirming dengue virus infection may involve detection of the virus, viral nucleic acid, antigens or antibodies, or a combination of these techniques. After the onset of illness, the virus can be detected in serum, plasma, circulating blood cells and other tissues for 4–5 days. During the early stages of the disease, virus isolation, nucleic acid or antigen detection can be used to diagnose the infection. At the end of the acute phase of infection, serology is the method of choice for diagnosis [5].

Antibody response to infection differs according to the immune status of the host [5]. When dengue infection occurs in persons who have not previously been infected with a flavivirus or immunized with a flavivirus vaccine, the patients develop a primary antibody response characterized by a slow increase of specific antibodies. IgM antibodies are the first immunoglobulin isotype to appear. These antibodies are detectable in 50% of patients by days 3-5 after onset of illness, increasing to 80% by day 5 and 99% by day 10. IgM levels peak about two weeks after the onset of symptoms and then decline generally to undetectable levels over 2–3 months. Anti-dengue serum IgG is generally detectable at low titers at the end of the first week of illness, increasing slowly thereafter, with serum IgG still detectable after several months, and probably even for life [6,7]. During a secondary dengue infection (a dengue infection in a host that has previously been infected by a dengue virus, or sometimes after non-dengue flavivirus vaccination or infection), antibody titers rise rapidly and react broadly against many flaviviruses. The dominant immunoglobulin isotype is IgG which is detectable at high levels, even in the acute phase, and persists for periods lasting from 10 months to life. Early convalescent stage IgM levels are significantly lower in secondary infections than in primary ones and may be undetectable in some cases, depending on the test used [8]. To distinguish primary and secondary dengue infections, IgM/IgG antibody ratios are now more commonly used than the haemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) [9].

A viral nonstructural protein, NS1, is released by infected cells into circulation and can be detected using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies. Th detection of NS1 is the basis of commercial tests, including rapid tests. These tests of reliable point of care diagnosis of acute dengue infection [10].

Dengue fever is known to affect hematological parameters and accordingly a simple clinical and hematological monitoring of the afflicted patients helps to reduce the morbidity and mortality. To validate this hypothesis, the present study was taken up in people attending a tertiary care centre at Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Subjects

This study was conducted on 83 patients with clinically suspected dengue fever at the department of medicine in Muhammad Saleh Basharahil Hospital, Madina Road, Omra Gadida, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, from August 2015 to June 2016. The age group of patients was in the range of 13 - 68 years.

Hematocrit, platelet counts and total leucocyte counts were done serially in all the cases until they normalized. Liver function tests, chest X-ray, ultrasound abdomen, RFT, CT scan, ABG analysis were done according to clinical condition in selected cases. All cases were monitored and managed with IV fluids; blood products according to standard WHO guidelines [11].

2.2. Data Collection

Information regarding the suspected clinical pictures of dengue fever was recorded using a standardized questionnaire.

2.3. Diagnosis of Dengue Fever

The serological assay for dengue were performed using standard kits, dengue IgG/IgM Rapid Test is a solid phase immunochromatographic assay for the rapid, qualitative and differential detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to dengue virus in human serum or plasma. This test provides only a prelimenary test result. This test simultaneously detects and differentiate IgG and IgM antibodies to dengue virus (Den 1,2,3 and 4) in human serum and plasma by using a mixture of recombinant dengue envelop protein. Both the mouse monoclonal anti human IgG & IgM on the membrane and the dengue virus envelop protein gold will react specifically with IgG & IgM antibody to dengue virus for human serum or plasma. Patients with positive result for IgM or IgG antibodies against dengue virus were considered suspected dengue-positive group and the samples were sent for confirmation by RT-PCR in a higher center, while those that were not positive for the two assays were considered dengue negative.

3. Specimen Collection and Storage

Serum: collect the whole blood into the collection tube (Not containing anticoagulants) by venipuncture, leave to settle for 30 minutes for blood coagulation and then centrifuge blood at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes to get serum specimen of supernatant. With a 5 ul capillary pipette, add 5 ul of serum specimen drawn to black line into the square sample well, and then add 4 drops (90-120ul) of assay diluent to the assay diluent well, and then interpret test result in 15-20 minutes. Manufactured by SD; STANDARD DIAGNOSIS, INC. 156-68 Hagal-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Kyonggi-do, korea.

3.1. Ethical Considerationsl

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Muhammad Saleh Basharahil Hospital’s ethics committee.

3.2. Data Analysis

Results are presented as mean ±SD (standard deviation). Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 13.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and chi-square and Student ttests were used to compare data.

P value >0.05 is non significant (NS)

P<0.05 is significant (S)

P≤0.001 is highly significant (HS)

4. Results

A total of 83 adult cases who presented with fever and dengue-like illness were included in the study. Of these, 32 were confirmed dengue cases and the remaining 51 were considered as dengue negative and appropriate control. Among the positive dengue cases, 62.5% (20/32) were male and 37.5% (12/32) were female (Table 1 and Figure 1). The patients were presented most commonly by fever, rashes, headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, vomiting, loose motion, cough. The clinical and hematological features observed are in Table 1 - Table 4 and Figure 1, Figure 2. Fever was present in all cases (100%) followed by myalgia in 93.75%. macular, pruritic rashes was present in 28.125%. Abdominal pain was present in 25% of cases. Hemorrhagic manifestation in the form of petichae only was seen in 15.63%, other significant bleeding manifestations (as hematemesis, melena, epistaxism and hematuria) were not present. Hepatomegaly was present in 12.5% and splenomegaly was present in 9.38. Manifestations of increased capillary permeability in the form of ascites, pleural effusion and edema were not present.

Table 1. demographic and clinical data of dengue positive and negative cases

Figure 1. demographic and clinical data of dengue positive and negative cases

Table 2. Hematological parameters in dengue positive and negative cases

Table 3. Haematocrit profile

Figure 2. Haematocrit profile

Table 4. Biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function in dengue positive and negative cases

With respect to the hematological parameters, a significant difference in the total leucocyte count and platelets count was observed (in Table 2). Significant differences were also seen in the liver function test and expressed in Table 4. There was clear change in haematocrit values between dengue positive and dengue negative patients seen in Table 3.

5. Discussion

Dengue fever (DF) is a viral illness transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito, usually Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus [5]. Dengue illness can range from a non-specific febrile illness, as in DF, to a more severe illness with bleeding tendency, thrombocytopenia, and plasma leakage [dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) [12,13].

In the present study the most common symptoms are fever, myalgia, headache, vomiting, rash and abdominal pain and this was in agreement with Banerjee et al., 2008 who reported in his study that The most common clinical features of dengue were fever and rash seen in 85% of patients [11]. Also Pervin et al., 2004 [14], reported occurrence of rash in 33 % of patients and myalgia reported in 84.5% of patients. Prathyusha et al., 2013 in his study, the common symptoms were fever 100%, abdominal pain (57.5%),vomiting(42.5%), significant bleeding(36.25%) myalgia(32.5%) and rash(28.75%) [16]. A study by Dhooria et al., 2008, the common symptoms described were fever 91%, vomiting 41%, abdominal pain 16%, poor intake 21%, significant bleeding 15% [17]. Also in study by Rategeri et al., 2005, the common symptoms were fever 100%, vomiting 82%, abdominal pain 61%, headache 22% [18]. According to Rahman et al., 2002, the common symptoms were headache 91%, myalgia 85% and vomiting 45%. In the present study hepatomegaly was present in 12.5 % [19]. And this was similar to Banjeree et al., 2008 who found in his study hepatomegaly was 15% [14]. Also in the present study splenomegaly was present in 9.38%, in a similar study by Prathyusha et al., 2013 splenomegaly was 5% [16]. Also Singh et al., 2005 found that hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were found in 10% and 5% of the cases [20]. In the present study the bleeding manifestation was in the form of petichae in 15.63%, In a study By Rategeri et al., 2005, GI bleeds were seen in 22%, patechiae in 18% [18].

In the present study hematocrit >40% was seen in 18.75%, 30 40% in 59.375 % and <30% in 21.88 %. In study by Parathyusha et al., 2013 hematocrit >40% was seen in 41.25%, 30 40% in 53.75 % and <30% in 5 % [16]. In a study by Anju et al., 1998 hematocrit >40% is seen in 18 %, >30 40% in 66 % and <30% in 16 % [21].

In the current study there was a good significant difference as regard total leucocyte (TLC) count between dengue positive and dengue negative patients (p value <0.001), It was observed that the dengue patients had a mean total leucocyte count of 4761.6±2,739 as compared to 7329±4,864 of dengue negative cases. And this was similar to a study by Jakribettu et al., 2015 who observed that the dengue patients had a mean total leucocyte count of 4,984 ± 3,082 as compared to 7,926 ± 2,760 of dengue negative cases [22]. Also Prathyusha et al., 2013 obseved Leucopenia (TLC < 4000/cu.mm) was in 53 (66%) cases with a mean leukocyte count of 2376+ 1349 [13].

In the present study the platelets counts were significantly low in dengue positive cases compared to dengue negative cases (p<0.001) as shown in Table 2, and this similar to many previous studies. Banerjee et al., 2008 observed that thrombocytopenia (platelets <1,00,000/ cmm) was seen in 19% of patients and the platelet count in those patients ranged between 44,000 – 1, 00,000/cmm [14]. Also thrombocytopenia was observed in dengue by studies by Jain, 2016, Arunagirinathan et al., 2015, Ratageri et al., 2005 and Sharma et al., 2014 [18,23,24,25]. Also thrombocytopenia observed by Prathyusha et al., 2013 that the mean platelets count was 55810±43097. [16].

In the current study the liver enzymes were significantly altered in dengue positive cases compared to negative cases (p <0.0001) and this was similar to other studies by Sharma et al., 2014, Sahana et al., 2012 and Jagadishkumar et al., 2012 who observed that there were altered in liver functions in dengue. [25,26,27]. Also study by Jain, 2016 observed that elevated liver enzymes were observed in 38% of the patients and all patients with severe dengue had high values of enzymes [23]. Also there are many studies observed hepatic dysfunction in dengue (Prathyusha et al., 2013, Dhooria et al., 2008 and Faridi et al., 2010 [16,17,28].

6. Conclusion

Dengue fever is a self-limiting arboviral infection transmitted by vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Fever, myalgia and headache were the most common symptoms and hepatomegaly was the most common finding in the cases. Hematological findings including TLC, platelets and hematocrit changes were observed in dengue positive cases.

Consent

All authors declare that written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this paper.

References

[1]   | Guzman MG, Kouri G. Dengue: an update. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002; 2(1): 33-42.
[2]   | Gubler DJ. The global emergence/ resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res. 2002; 33(4): 330-42.
[3]   | Lam SK. Two decades of dengue in Malaysia. Trop Med. 1993; 35(4): 195-200.
[4]   | WHO. Dengue haemorrhagic fever: diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1997.
[5]   | Vorndum Av, LoronoPlno MA, Cropp C3, lurfun 'A,, Rodrlguez Angulo LM and Rosudo. cellular receptor for dengue viruses, Nature Med. 1997; 3:828-829.
[6]   | Innis B, et al. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to characterize dengue infections where dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-circulate. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989;40(4):418-427.
[7]   | PAHO. Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever in the Americas: guidelines for prevention and control. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization; 1994. (Scientific Publication No. 548).
[8]   | Chanama S, et al., Analysis of specific IgM responses in secondary dengue virus infections: levels and positive rates in comparison with primary infections. Journal of Clinical Virology. 2004; 31(3): 185-189.

[9]  
Falconar AK, de Plata E, Romero-Vivas CM. Altered enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay immunoglobulin M (IgM)/IgG optical density ratios can correctly classify all primary or secondary dengue virus infections 1 day after the onset of symptoms, when all of the viruses can be isolated. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 2006; 13(9): 1044-1051.

[10]   | B. S. Halstead, “Denguefever and dengue hemorrhagic fever,” in Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, Kliegman, Stanton, St.Geme, Schor & Behrman, Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 19th edition, 2011; 1147-1150.
[11]   | WHO., Prevention and control of Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Comprehensive guidelines, 2009.
[12]   | Solomon T & Mallewa M. Dengue and other emerging flaviviruses. Journal of Infection. 2001; 42: 104-115.
[13]   | Rothman AL. Immunology and immunopathogenesis of dengue disease. Advances in Virus Research. 2003; 60: 397-419.
[14]   | Banerjee M, Chatterjee T,, ChoudharyGS, Srinivas V and Kataria VK, Dengue:A Clinicohaematological Profile. MJAFI 2008; 64: 333-336.
[15]   | Pervin M, Tabassum S, Ali M, Kazi M. Dengue Bulletin 2004; 28.
[16]   | Prathyusha C.V., Srinivasa Rao M, Sudarsini P and Uma maheswara Rao K. Clinico-haematological profile and outcome of dengue fever in children. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 2013; 2(10): 338-346.
[17]   | Dhooria, G.S., D. Bhat and Bias, H.S. Clinical profile and outcome in children of Dengue fever in North India. Iran J Pediatr. 2008; 18(03):222-28.
[18]   | Ratageri H, Shepur TA, Wari PK, Chavan SC. Clinical profile and outcome of Dengue fever cases. Ind J of Paediatrics. 2005; 72(8): 705-6.
[19]   | Rahman, M., K. Rahman, A. K. Siddque, S. Shoma, A.H. Kamal, K.S. Ali et al. First Outbreak of Dengue Haemorrhageic fever, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2002; 8: 738-40.
[20]   | Singh NP, Jhamb R, Agarwal SK et al., “The2003 outbreak of dengue fever in Delhi, India,” Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 2005; 36(5): 1174-1178.
[21]   | Anju Aggrwal, A., J. Chandre, S. Aneja et al. An epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome in children in Delhi. Indian Pediatr. 1998; 35(8): 727-32.

[22]  
Jakribettu RP, Boloor R, Thaliath A, Yesudasan George S, George T, Manoj Ponadka Rai, Umran Rafique Sheikh, Kadke Shreedhara Avabratha and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga. Correlation of Clinicohaematological Parameters in Paediatric Dengue: A Retrospective Study. Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015; Article ID 647162, 7 pages.

[23]   | Jain H. Clinical profile and outcome of dengue fever in hospitalized children of South Rajasthan, India. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2016; 3(2):546-549.
[24]   | Arunagirinathan A, Thirunavukarasu B, Narayanaswamy DK, Raghavan A and Raghavendhran VD. Clinical Profi le and Outcome of Dengue Fever Cases in Children by Adopting Revised Who Guidelines: A Hospital Based Study. International Journal of Scientific Study. 2015; 3 (2): 181-185.
[25]   | P. Sharma, C. M. Kumar, and A. K. Patwari, “Clinical profile of early diagnosed dengue fever in hospitalized children in south Delhi,” The Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2014; 81(9): 975.
[26]   | Sahana KS, Sujatha R. Clinical profile of dengue among children according to revised WHO classification: analysis of a 2012 outbreak from Southern India. Indian J Pediatr 2015; 82: 109-13.
[27]   | Jagadishkumar K, Jain P, Manjunath VG, Umesh L. Hepatic involvement in dengue Fever in children. Iran J Pediatr. 2012; 22: 231-6.
[28]   | Faridi, M.M.A., A. Aggrwal, M. Kumar, etal. Clinical and Biochemical Pfofile of Dengue haemorrhagic fever in children in Delhi. Trop Doct. 2008; 38(1): 28-30.