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Comparative Study of Artisanal and Industrial Palm Kernel Meal as a Potential Substitutes of Soybean Meal in Broiler Chickens Diet

Ngouana Tadjong Ruben*, Kana Jean Raphaël, Mube Kuietche Hervé, Leng Tchang Brice, Edie Nounamo LangstonWilfried, Teguia Alexis

University of Douala, Institute of Fisheries and Aquatic Science of Yabassi, Aquaculture Department, Laboratory of Aquaculture and Demography of Fisheries Resources, PO Box 2701 Douala-Cameroon

Abstract: This study was designed to assess the effect of the incorporation level of artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal as protein source in broilers diet at the finishing phase. A control ration without palm kernel meal was formulated with soybean meal as the main protein source. Three other rations were obtained from the control ration by substituting 50, 75 and 100% soybean meal with artisanal or industrial palm kernel meal. Each experimental rations were randomly assigned to 112 chicks in a completely randomized design. The main results revealed that feed intake decreased significantly (p <0.05) with increasing levels of palm kernel meal regardless of the type palm kernel meal. The highest growth performances were recorded with the ration containing 50% of artisanal palm kernel meal compared to all other treatments including the control. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased by 35% with 100% industrial palm kernel meal (3.08) compared to the ration containing 50% of artisanal meal (1.92). Carcass yields and the relative weight of organs were not affected (p>0.05) by the incorporation levels irrespective of the type of palm kernel meal in the ration. Increasing the level of artisanal or industrial palm kernel meal in the ration tends to reduce triglycerides and cholesterol contents in the serum. It was concluded that both the artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal can advantageously replace 50% soybean meal in broiler chicken’s ration.

Keywords: broilers, palm kernel meal, plant protein, serological profile, soybean meal

Received June 08, 2020; Revised July 09, 2020; Accepted July 17, 2020

Citation: Ngouana Tadjong Ruben, Kana Jean Raphaël, Mube Kuietche Hervé, Leng Tchang Brice, Edie Nounamo LangstonWilfried, Teguia Alexis, Comparative Study of Artisanal and Industrial Palm Kernel Meal as a Potential Substitutes of Soybean Meal in Broiler Chickens Diet. American Journal of Food Science and Technology, 8 (4). 154-160. January 2020. doi:10.12691/ajfst-8-4-4

1. Introduction

Soybean, meal constitutes the main source of protein in poultry rations. Unfortunately, this meal is subjected to numerous speculations, due to high demand from emerging Asian countries causing regular stock-outs and fluctuation of prices. Abd El Tawab et al., [1] estimated that traditional sources of plant proteins will not only become more expensive but will also become scarce in the near future, thus the need to concentrate efforts on finding alternative sources of protein. The challenge today is to identify, among the diversity of local plant and animal resources, the ingredients that can totally or partially replace soybean meal in poultry feed. Among the most abundant local resources is palm kernel meal which is a by-product derived from the extraction of palm kernel oil. It is abundant and relatively less expensive (90 to 100 FCFA/kg) compared to soybean meal (450 to 500 FCFA/kg). The annual production of palm kernel meal, in Cameroon in 2010 was estimated at 230,000 tonnes [2].

Palm kernel meal is not commonly used in poultry feed because of its high cellulose content (21-23%) Boateng et al., [3], its gravelly and less palatable appearance [4]. According to Boateng et al., [3] the nutritional quality of palm kernel meal depends on the variety of the palm tree and the extraction process used. Indeed, the meal obtained under pressure contains more lipids than that extracted with a solvent [5]. In the same line, Ezieshi and Olumu [6] reported that lipid contents varied between 5 and 12%, and 0.5 and 3% respectively for meals extracted under pressure and with organic solvent. The extraction processes also bring about variations in the contents of other nutrients such as proteins and minerals which, according to Ezieshi and Olumu [6] are less concentrated in meals obtained under pressure compared to meals extracted with organic solvents. Informations are scarces or inexistent on the nutritional value and zootechnical performances of animals fed palm kernel meal obtained from traditional extraction methods by many small oil palm operators in Cameroon. The objective of this study is to promote the use of available and less expensive local feed resources like palm kernel meal in animal nutrition in order to reduce the cost of production.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals and Diets

This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations of institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals. Chickens were humanly handled in respect of the ethical standards laid down in 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

The study was conducted for four weeks (22-49 days) with 112 Cobb 500 strain broilers, including 56 females and 56 males, chickens were 21 days old and weighing averagely 887.75 ± 57.00 g. These animals were housed in pairs per cage corresponding to 56 experimental units at the poultry research unit, Teaching and research Farm, University of Dschang, Cameroun. All the animals were vaccinated against infectious bronchitis (H120) and Newcastle disease (Hitchner B1) at the age of 3 days with a booster on the 18th day and against Gumboro disease (IBA Gumboro) on the 10th day. During the rearing period, anticoccidian (Vetacox®) and vitamins (Amintotal®) were administered in drinking water three days per week.

Table 1. Composition of the experimental rations

The artisanal palm kernel meal was bought from artisanal presses in Melon in the Moungo Subdivision and the industrial palm kernel meal was bought from a processing factory located in Douala. Samples of these two types of meal were analyzed for their nutrient content. The dry matter (DM), crude protein, fat and ash contents were determined according to the procedure described by [7]. Magnesium, potassium and sodium were determined by the flame spectrophotometry. Iron and phosphate by the colorimetric method using a digital colorimeter, while calcium was determined by complexometry by ethylene diamine tetra acetate (EDTA) according to the procedure described by Pauwels et al. [8].

A control ration without palm kernel was formulated (Table 1) with soybean meal as the main source of plant protein. The 3 other rations for each type of meal were obtained from this control ration by substituting soybean meal with artisanal or industrial palm kernel meal at the level of 50; 75 and 100%. For each type of meal, the experimental rations were randomly assigned respectively to 56 experimental units. Each ration was assigned to 14 chicks (7 males and 7 females). Each experimental unit constituted of 2 chicks (1 male and 1 female) housed in the same cage. Feed and water were given ad libitum throughout the trial period.

2.2. Data Collection

The previously weighed feed was distributed daily to the animals. At the end of each week, the leftover were collected and weighed. Feed intake was calculated by doing the difference between the quantity of feed served and the leftover collected in each of the experimental units.

At the beginning of the trial and every 7 days thereafter, the were weighed. The weekly weight gain was obtained by the difference between 2 consecutives weekly weights. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated by dividing the amount of feed intake during the week by the weight gain in the same week.

At 49 days, 10 birds per treatment (05 males and 05 females) were randomly selected and fasted for 24 hours then weighed, sacrificed, scalded, plucked and eviscerated as recommended by Kana et al. [9]. The length of the intestine was measured from the duodenum to the cloaca using a measuring tape. The density of the intestine was calculated from the following formula:

The blood of each animal sacrificed during carcass evaluation was collected in a test tube without anticoagulant and centrifuged at 3000 turns/minute for 15 minutes, and the serum was collected and stored in the refrigerator at -20°C for the analysis of aspartate-amino transferase, alanine-amino transferase, total protein, urea, triglycerides, creatinine and cholesterol. Creatinine, alanine-amino transferase and aspartate-amino tranferase were analyzed by the kinetic colorimetric method. The analysis of total proteins and albumin was carried out respectively by the colorimetric method of Biuret and bromocresol green according to the description of the Chronolab® commercial kits.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Data on feed intake, body weight, carcass characteristics, and biochemical parameters were submitted to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). When there was a significant difference between treatments, the means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% significance level. The statistical software SPSS 21.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used for the analyses.

3. Results

The proximate analyses revealed that the protein and crude fiber content of industrial palm kernel meal is higher than artisanal meal. The meal obtained by artisanal extraction is more than 4 times richer in fat and 2 times in ash than the meal obtained by industrial processes. Artisanal meal is more concentrated in iron and magnesium compared to industrial meal, While the industrial meal is more concentrated twice as rich in calcium, potassium and sodium than the traditional meal (Table 2).

Table 2. Proximate analyses of artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal

The type of palm kernel meal had no significant (p<0.05) effect on broiler chicken’s feed intake. However, although not significant, feed intake tends to decrease with palm kernel meal obtained by artisanal extraction methods compared to industrial meal (Table 3). In both cases, feed intake decreases with the increasing level of this meal in the ration.

Birds fed on diet containing 50% industrial palm kernel meal recorded a lower (p<0.05) live weight compared to broilers fed on artisanal palm kernel meal at the same level (Figure 1). Furthermore, artisanal palm kernel meal at the level of 50% in the ration induced the highest live weight and weight gain compared to all other treatments including the control ration.

Feed conversion ratio was not significantly affected by the type of palm kernel meal (Table 3). However, throughout the trial period, the cumulative feed conversion ratio were significantly (p<0.05) higher with rations containing 100% palm kernel meal, regardless of the type compared to other rations. The lowest feed conversion ratio (p<0.05) was obtained with the ration containing 50% of artisanal palm kernel meal. Considering the artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal at the same time, feed conversion ration increases with the incorporation level in the ration.

The effect of the incorporation level of artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal on the relative weight of the gizzard, intestine, length and density of the intestine is summarized in Table 4. Whatever the type of palm kernel meal in the ration, the relative weight of the gizzard increased with the increasing level in the ration. Although not significant, birds fed on the ration containing 100% artisanal palm kernel meal obtained a heavier gizzard compared to those fed on the industrial meal. The intestine's weight and density were lower with industrial palm kernel meal, regardless of the incorporation level compared to artisanal meal. From Table 5 which summarized the effect of the incorporation level of artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal on carcass characteristics, it was seen that all the groups of broilers were comparable for all the carcass characteristics studied.

Figure 1. Regression of live weight with respect to the incorporation level of artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal in the ration

Table 3. Variation of broilers growth performances according to the type and incorporation level of palm kernel meal in feed

Table 4. Variation of digestive organs of broiler chickens fed on artisanal and industrial palm kernel meal

Table 5. Variation of carcass characteristics with respect to the type and rate of incorporation of palm kernel meal into the ration

Whatever the incorporation level, serum content in total cholesterol and triglycerides were lower with the industrial palm kernel meal compared to the control group. Meanwhile, with the artisanal palm kernel meal at the levels of 50 and 75% total the cholesterol was higher than the control group while at the level of 100% the opposite trend was observed. The serum content in HDL-cholesterol, increased with the incorporation level of the industrial palm kernel meal in the ration whereas with the artisanal meal, the reverse trend was observed. Unlike serum cholesterol level, serum ALAT, ASAT, creatinine and Urea content equally increased with the increasing level of industrial palm kernel or artisanal palm kernel meal in feed compared to the control group. Serum protein level tends to decrease with the increasing incorporation level of the two types of palm kernel meal in feed. At the same incorporation level, all groups of broilers fed on the two types of meal are comparable to the control group.

With few exceptions, the correlation between growth and biochemical parameters was very weak (Table 7). With industrial palm kernel meal in feed, body weight and weight gain were negatively correlated to serum content in protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol, urea, HDL cholesterol, ALAT and ASAT. With artisanal palm kernel meal, the correlations were positive and highly significant between weight performances and serum triglycerides levels. With industrial meal, feed conversion ratio was strongly and positively correlated with serum content protein and HDL-cholesterol levels whereas with artisanal palm kernel meal these two biochemical parameters were negatively and very weakly correlated with FCR.

Table 6. Variation of biochemical parameters according to the type and incorporation level of palm kernel meal in the ration

Table 7. Correlation between growth and biochemical parameters

4. Discussion

The contents of dry matter, protein, fat, cellulose, ash and minerals varied greatly from one meal to another. This result corroborates the work of Sundu et al. [5], Ezieshi et al. [10], Meffeja et al. [11], Boateng et al. [3] and Fereira et al. [12] who reported a great variability in the chemical composition of palm kernel meal with respect to their origin and extraction technology.

Feed intake decreased significantly with the increasing incorporation level of palm kernel meal regardless of the type in the ration. This result confirms the finding of Ezieshi and Olumu [6], who reported that an increase in the incorporation level of palm kernel meal in broilers feed leads to a decrease in feed intake. The drop in feed intake recorded in this study may be due to the rapid passage of palm kernel meal in the digestive tract of poultry and equally to the low water retention capacity (2.93 g water/g of feed) of feed containing on this meal Sundu et al., [13,14]. The present result corroborates that of Ezieshi and Olumu [6] and Boateng et al. [3] who reported that palm kernel meal, due to its gravelly state, alters the texture, color, and odor of feed, which would have affected broiler chicken’s feed intake.

The incorporation of 50% artisanal palm kernel meal in broiler’s feed induced an increase in live weight and weight gain for about 9% compared to the control group. This result corroborates the findings of Okeudo et al. [15] and Sundu et al. [16] who recorded a 2% increase in live weight with the incorporation of 30% palm kernel meal in the ration of broilers compared to the control without palm kernel. Likewise, Boateng et al. [3] obtained similar results with the incorporation of 20% palm kernel meal in the ration to replace maize. This increase in weight could be due to the high fat content of this meal which would not only make up for its low energy content but also would increase the palatability of the ration which promotes good ingestion of feed [6]. Meanwhile, Oyediji [17] recorded a decrease in body weight with the incorporation of palm kernel in the ration at levels of 10 and 30% respectively. This drop in weight was explained by the low digestibility of the ration due to the high fibre content of this ingredient [13,18]. The divergence observed between the results with the same incorporation levels confirms the variation in the quality of this meal with respect to the extraction method. Indeed, Sundu et al. [13] showed that artisanal meal contains more nutrients than industrial meal, which could explain more the discrepancies.

Feed conversion ratio increased with the increasing incorporation level of palm kernel meal in the ration. This result corroborates those of Eziechi and Olomu [6] who recorded similar results in chickens fed on rations containing increasing levels of palm kernel meal in feed. Likewise, Soltan et al. [19] reported that the incorporation of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of palm kernel meal in the ration of broiler chickens led to an increase of 5.8; 16.5; 25.6 and 23.0% respectively in feed conversion ratio compared to the control. In contrast, Okeudo et al. [15] and Soltan [19] recorded a drop of 45% in feed conversion ratio when palm kernel meal was incorporated in the ration of broiler chickens. Boateng et al. [3] reported that the increasing substitution of maize by palm kernel meal in the ration had no effect on feed conversion ratio. The poor feed conversion recorded with the high incorporation levels of palm kernel meal in this study could be due to the relatively high level of crude cellulose in the experimental rations.

The highest carcass yields were recorded in chickens fed on the control ration without palm kernel meal. This result is similar to the finding of Okeudo et al. [15] when they incorporated palm kernel meal in chicken ration between 15 and 20%. However, this result contradicts those recorded by Okeudo et al. [15] and Soltan [19] who incorporated 20 to 30% palm kernel meal in the ration and obtained a significantly higher carcass yield compared to the control ration without palm kernel meal. This dissimilarity could also be explained by the variation in the quality of this meal according to its origin and method used for oil extraction.

The increasing incorporation level of palm kernel meal had no significant effect on the relative weight of the liver and the heart. While, the relative weights of the head, legs and gizzard increased with the level of palm kernel meal in feed. These results corroborate those of Soltan [19] when palm kernel meal was incorporated in the ration up to 40% with a methionine supplement. The increase in the relative weight of the gizzard could be attributed to the high fiber content of this ingredient and its gravelly state which affects the overall state of the ration which could have therefore induced more intense mechanical activity in this organ.

The assay of biochemical parameters in nutrition studies provides an indication of the proper functioning of the organism and the metabolism of nutrients [20]. Blood level of triglycerides, total cholesterol and serum protein tends to decrease with the increasing level of palm kernel meal in the ration. This result is similar to those reported by Sarikhan et al. [21] who observed a drop in triglyceride and cholesterol level with the increasing fibre level in broiler ration. This drop in triglyceride and cholesterol levels with the increasing fibre levels is believed to be due to the increase in fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids involved in the digestion of lipids [22]. Bello et al [23] recorded an increase in the total protein level from 2.7 to 3.2 mg/dl when the level of palm kernel meal in broiler’s ration increased from 10 to 30%. HDL cholesterol and urea increased significantly with the increasing level of industrial palm kernel meal in the ration. This confirms the results of Sarikhan et al. [21] and Bello et al. [23] who recorded similar results with the increasing level of palm kernel meal in the ration. The increase in serum urea level suggests a low protein catabolism rate of palm kernel meal-based rations.

5. Conclusion

The nutritional value of palm kernel meal varies depending on the method used to extract oil from kernel. It is recommended not to replace more than 50% of soybean meal by palm kernel meal in broiler’s feed, whether it comes from artisanal or industrial extraction.

References

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