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Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
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Development of A Process for Formulating Infant Flour from Local Products: Contribution to the Fight Against Child Malnutrition

Khady NDIAYE*, Mamadou Moustapha DIOUF, Kalidou BA, Mamadou Faye, Adama DIOP

Laboratory for Water, Energy, Environment, and Industrial Processes (LE3PI), Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD)/Dakar/SENEGAL

Abstract: Malnutrition remains a major public health issue worldwide, particularly in Africa. The quality of the flours used during infant weaning plays a crucial role in their nutritional development. This study aims to develop infant flour formulations using exclusively local ingredients such as corn, peanuts, cowpeas, and carrots. To optimize the roasting process for the seeds (corn, peanuts, cowpeas), a design of experiments approach was used, applying a central composite design using JMP Pro software. This method reduced the number of trials required to ten samples subjected to different combinations of roasting temperatures and times. The proportions of the ingredients were determined using a calculation system developed in Python, based on the matrix formulation method in order to comply with WHO/FAO standards : F1 (cowpea 19%, corn 69%, and peanut 12%); F2 (cowpea 20%, corn 67%, peanut 12%, and carrot 1%); F3 (cowpea 23%, corn 65%, carrot 12%); and F4 (cowpea 24%, corn 64%, peanut 11%, and carrot 1%). The results show that the formulated flours comply with WHO/FAO standards. The microbiological loads detected in these flours were below the microbiological criteria applicable to infant flours. Among the formulations tested, flours F4 and F10 obtained the highest scores in sensory evaluations. These formulations can therefore be recommended for young children, thereby contributing to the fight against child malnutrition.

Keywords: Malnutrition, cereal, infant, valorization, nutrients

Received October 15, 2025; Revised November 17, 2025; Accepted November 25, 2025

Citation: Khady NDIAYE, Mamadou Moustapha DIOUF, Kalidou BA, Mamadou Faye, Adama DIOP, Development of A Process for Formulating Infant Flour from Local Products: Contribution to the Fight Against Child Malnutrition. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 13 (6). 185-191. January 2025. doi:10.12691/ajfn-13-6-1

1. Introduction

Malnutrition and deficiencies in essential nutrients remain major problems in several developing countries. Among children, malnutrition is one of the leading causes of public health problems and social difficulties in these regions [1].

In 2020, 22% of children under the age of 5 worldwide were stunted, with the situation even more critical in sub-Saharan Africa. There are many causes of child undernutrition, including insufficient food intake and a lack of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients. In addition, complementary foods are often unbalanced and low in energy and nutrients, exacerbating nutritional deficiencies in young children [2].

To improve the energy and nutritional intake of young children, several strategies can be implemented, such as the use of high-energy and nutrient-dense porridges obtained through partial starch hydrolysis and fortification during the manufacture of complementary foods [3].

In Africa, more and more research is focusing on the development of local infant flours that meet international standards [1,4,5,6,7,8,9]. Nutritional deficiencies particularly affect children aged 6 to 24 months, a period when their nutritional needs exceed what they can obtain from breast milk or traditional family meals [10,11,12,13].

During the weaning period, babies need a specific diet that provides them with sufficient energy, protein, and other nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and trace elements [14,15]. During this period, it is essential to introduce new foods in liquid or semi-liquid form to supplement breast milk. These foods, known as complementary foods, must be of good nutritional quality and satisfactory in terms of health and organoleptic properties [16].

It is therefore appropriate to produce flours from local ingredients (cereals, vegetables) rich in macronutrients and micronutrients essential for optimal health and proper development in children. This approach aims to facilitate child nutrition and promote local products. It is in this context that interest has been focused on developing a process for formulating different cereals based on local products to help combat child malnutrition.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Plant Material

The plant material consists of corn (Zea mays), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), carrots (Daucus carota L) purchased at the Grand Dakar market in the Dakar region of Senegal, and cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) from the Volo-Volo market in Moroni, Comoros.

The images illustrating the ingredients used are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Plant material

2.2. Physical and Chemical Analysis Equipment

The protein analysis equipment is that of the Analysis and Testing Laboratory (LEA) of the Higher Polytechnic School (ESP).

Color determination was performed using a CR-5 colorimeter. Experimental color measurement allows the corresponding physical parameters (L*, a*, b*) to be determined.

3. Methods

3.1. Analysis Methods

The mineral composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry using a Niton XL3T XRF analyzer connected to a computer equipped with NDTr 6.5.2 software.

Protein analysis was performed using the NFV 18-100 method.

Microbiological analysis was performed using the NF V08-051 method.

3.2. Seed Roasting Method

In order to reduce the number of trials required for roasting seeds (peanuts, corn, cowpeas), experimental designs are well suited. The software used for this study is JMP Pro, and the model applied is the central composite design. Two factors were considered: temperature (°C) and time (h). The limits set for these factors are: minimum values of 80°C for temperature and 1 hour for time. The maximum values are 110°C for temperature and 5 hours for time. The plan was executed to generate ten trials, the parameter combinations of which are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Experimental matrix for roasting

3.3. Flour Formulation Strategy

The flour formulation strategy is carried out using a Python-assisted formulation system, using a calculation system based on the matrix formulation method. From a list of food ingredients, this method makes it possible to find infant cereal formulas that comply with standards. The equation system used is as follows:

Ten formulas were obtained taking into account the roasting pairs (Table 1). The proportions and composition of four of them (F1, F2, F3, and F4) are shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Compositions and proportions of infant flours F1, F2, F3, and F4

The other six formulas (F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10) have the same composition and proportions (Table 3). Let F denote the other six formulas (F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, and F10).

Table 3. Composition and proportions of infant formulas F5 to F10

The composition of these flours was defined based on the nutritional characteristics (WHO/FAO standard) [17] of the raw materials used.

3.4. Infant Cereal Formulation Protocol

3.4.1. Diagrams of Formulas F1, F2, F3, and F4

The formulation process for flours F1, F2, F3, and F4 is shown in the diagrams below. These four formulas were chosen for protein and mineral analysis. Microbiological analysis was performed on formula F1. Figure 2 shows the formulation diagrams for flours 1 to 4, and Figure 3 shows the diagrams for formulas 5 to 10.

Figure 2. Steps in the formulation of flours (F1, F3, F2, and F4)

3.4.2. Formulation Diagram for Flours F5 to F10

Figure 3. Steps in the formulation of flours F5 to F10

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Protein Characterization

The protein content of the formulated flours was determined using the standard NFV 18 – 100.

The results of the analyses are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Protein content of four infant cereal formulas

The formulated flours are rich in protein. The protein content of the flours (F1, F2, F3, and F4) varies between 11.17 and 14.36. The protein percentages obtained after analysis correlate with and confirm the program established in (Table 2) and are in line with the standards established by WHO/FAO [19], with a few differences that could be due to measurement errors. In fact, we obtained 14.36% for formula F2; 13.57% for formulas F1 and F2.

On the other hand, it is also noted that the protein content of formula F1 is 11.17% lower than that of F1, F2, and F3. This difference can be explained by the differences in proportions (Table 2).

The formulated flours are rich in protein and comply with the standards established by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Infant Formula (13%). They are richer in protein than the “Forza” brand flours widely used in Senegal (7.5%) and have a protein content close to that of the “Rouye Lacté de Lionceau” brand (12.3%).

4.2. Characterization of Minerals

Mineral analyses of the four formulas (F1 to F4) were performed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The results obtained are shown in Table 4.

The infant formulas listed in Table 4 are all relatively rich in iron, calcium, potassium, and sulfur. However, there are slight differences between some of the formulas. For example, there are no significant differences between formulas F2 and F4 in terms of certain minerals. This can be explained by differences in roasting temperature.

In addition, flours F2 and F4 are particularly rich in potassium, which can be attributed to the presence of carrots in their formulation, an ingredient well known for its high potassium content [20].

The flours are richer in iron and zinc than certain flours available on the Senegalese market. For example, Lionceau brand rolled milk flour has iron (3.3 mg/100 g) and zinc (2.6 mg/100 g) contents.

4.3. Microbiological Characterization

Microbiological analysis was performed in the laboratory using the NF V08-051 method. Table 5 shows the results of the microbiological analyses.

Table 5. Mineral compositions of infant formulas (F1, F2, F3, and F4)

Table 5 shows the microbiological quality of infant flour F1. The total germ count is 5.6 x 10⁴ (CFU/g), which is below the standard (<10⁵ CFU/g). The concentrations of fecal coliforms, yeasts, and molds are also below the standard (10 CFU/g). Thus, the infant flour complies with the food safety standards established by the WHO and FAO [22].

4.4. Color Characterization

Color plays an essential role in food processing. It attracts consumers by offering an appealing visual appearance, creating a positive impression, and arousing curiosity about the product.

Quantitative color analysis was performed using a Minolta CR-5 colorimeter with the CIELab system. The results are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Microbiological parameters of infant formula flours

Flours F1 and F3 (L = 80.32 and 80.2, respectively) have slightly higher luminance values, indicating lighter shades compared to flours F2 and F4 (L = 76.69 and 78.83), which are slightly darker.

The chromatic component b* (yellow-blue) is higher for flours F2 and F4 (b = 42.41, 41.03), which means that they have a more pronounced yellow color. In contrast, flours F1 and F3, with lower b* values (33.11 and 31.31), appear less yellow.

Regarding the a* component (red-green), all flours show a slight reddish hue, although this is not very pronounced.

The yellowness index (YI) reflects the proportion of yellow perceived in the samples. Higher values indicate a more intense yellow hue. Thus, flours F2 and F4 (YI = 60.29, 57.91) confirm a marked yellow dominance.

Overall, all samples show a light color (high L) with a strong yellow dominance (high b* and high YI). The variations between the flours mainly lie in the intensity of the yellow (b*) and the lightness (L). In summary, flours F1 and F3 appear lighter and slightly less saturated, while flours F2 and F4 have darker and more intense yellow hues.

These distinctions can be explained in part by differences in roasting time and temperature. Consequently, a qualitative assessment of the ten formulas is required.

4.5. Sensory Tests

Sensory analysis involves evaluating the organoleptic characteristics of a product, such as its taste, smell, texture, and appearance (color), using the human senses [23]. The results of this analysis are used to identify consumer preferences, highlight the product's strengths, and identify areas for improvement.

This analysis was based on the assessments of carefully selected individuals (doctors, doctoral students, engineers, food technicians, and lay people), who judged the product according to its sensory characteristics: color, smell, taste, and texture.

The tasting test was based on a sheet presenting the ten samples obtained.

The panel consisted of six women and six men. Forty milliliters of water and five spoonfuls of flour were heated for two minutes until a homogeneous mixture was obtained, then milk was added in the same quantity as the flour.

The averages of the sensory tests are recorded in Table 6.

The results of the organoleptic analysis revealed that flour F5 has the best color, flour F10 has the best smell, flour F4 stands out for its texture, and flour F10 is also the highest rated for its taste. The high scores for flour F10 (110°C/3h) can be explained by the important role played by roasting. We can therefore conclude that the highest-rated flours, which were appreciated by the jury, are flours F4 and F10. Figure 4 illustrates the results of the sensory test averages.

Table 7. Color parameters of flours F1, F2, F3, and F4

Table 8. Organoleptic characteristics of the ten formulated flours

This graph shows the ratings given to the flours during sensory testing. In terms of taste, flours F1, F3, and F10 received the highest ratings, a result attributable to roasting at temperatures ranging from 95°C to 110°C for between 3 and 5 hours. In terms of texture, formulas F4 and F10 received the highest ratings. These qualitative results (sensory tests) confirm the quantitative results obtained with colorimetric analysis. Finally, in terms of aroma, the F10 flour is the most popular, which could be explained by the roasting process (110°C/3 hours) and the presence of carrots in its composition.

Figure 4. Graph showing the averages of the sensory tests

5. Conclusion

The objective of this study was to develop a program for formulating infant cereals from local products without exceeding the nutrient levels established by regulatory standards. This study led to the development of infant cereal formulas based on peanuts, corn, cowpeas, and carrots with a protein content of around 13%, significant amounts of minerals such as calcium, iron, manganese, potassium, and zinc, no trace of metals, and compliance with microbiological requirements.

Formula F4 (24% cowpea, 64% corn, 11% peanut, and 1% carrot) with a roasting cycle (80°C/1 hour) and formula F10 (24% cowpea, 64% corn, 11% peanuts, and 1% carrots) with a roasting cycle (110°C/3 hours) are the most popular.

These results show that these flours can help improve the nutrition of young children while promoting local resources.

References

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[21]   | «FAO/WHO (2004) – Microbiological hazards in infant formulae and powdered infant foods. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 77. → Décrit les méthodes ISO utilisées pour l’analyse des farines infantiles. (FAO.org – PDF officiel ) - Recherche Google». Consulté le: 31 octobre 2025. [En ligne].
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