Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Microcontroller Based Dual Axis Sun Tracking System for Maximum Solar Energy Generation

Hussain S. Akbar*, Abulrahman I.Siddiq, Marwa W. Aziz

Physics Department, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk City, Iraq

Abstract: Solar energy is becoming a promising renewable energy technology. Conventional fixed solar panel with a certain angle limits there area of sun exposure due to rotation of Earth. The automatic solar tracking system solves this problem. In this paper a dual axis solar tracker is designed and implemented to track the sun in both azimuth and altitude axes by using an AVR microcontroller. The implemented system consists mainly of the ATmega 328 controller, DC motors, light sensors and relays. The results show that the designed low cost sun tracker increases the output power generation efficiency by 25-30 % as compared with the fixed panel systems. The effect of temperature and panel covering by colored cellophane, on the performance of the designed system is also studied. The temperature and the colored cellophanes decrease the output power of the solar panel.

Keywords: Dual –Axis sun tracker, ATmega 328 Microcontroller, photo -voltaic, solar energy, maximum power point

Citation: Hussain S. Akbar, Abulrahman I.Siddiq, Marwa W. Aziz, Microcontroller Based Dual Axis Sun Tracking System for Maximum Solar Energy Generation. American Journal of Energy Research, 5 (1). 23-27. January 2017. doi:10.12691/ajer-5-1-3

1. Introduction

Energy is an essential factor for the development of nations. Most of the energy production depends on fossil fuel. The resources of the fossil fuel are limited; therefore, there is a growing demand on energy from renewable resources such as solar, geothermal and ocean tidal wave [1]. Solar energy is more popular than other renewable energy resources to take over the scarcity of hydrocarbon in future [2]. Photovoltaic (PV) panels convert the sun radiation to electricity. Maximizing output power from a solar system is desirable to increase efficiency. In order to maximize the output power from solar panels, they must be kept aligned with the sun. As such, a means of tracking the sun is required [3].

Solar tracker is a device that keeps photovoltaic or photo thermal panel in an optimum position perpendicularly to the solar radiation during daylight hours. This can increase the amount of collected energy from the sun by up to 40% [4]. Usually, fixed PV panels cannot follow the sun movement. The single axis tracker follows the sun East-West movement [5,6,7,8], whereas the two-axis tracker follows the sun a long a changing altitude angle too [9]. Many tracker system technologies have been developed by many scholars [10,11,12,13]. Figure 1 shows a dual axis solar tracker [14].

Figure 1. Dual axis solar tracker [6]

Dual axis solar trackers have more efficiency than both fixed angle panels and single axis solar tracker systems. But, this advantage is at the expense of more system complexity [15].

The implementations of the sun trackers systems have done by many workers [16,17,18,19]. The performance of PV module is influenced by several parameters such as ambient temperature, humidity, rain, cloud and dust. In a desert environment the operational performance is impeded via sand particles accumulation on surface and higher ambient temperature [20].

Therefore, in this paper a dual axis sun tracking system is designed and implemented. Its power generation performance is evaluated and compared with fixed panel systems under different temperature and cell covering situation at the geographical area of Kirkuk city-Iraq.

The proposed system model is explained in section 2, together with the hardware and software design and implementation details. In section 3, the results of the practical tests of the implemented system are given. Finally, concluding remarks are presented in section 4.

2. Experimental Setup

The proposed tracking system tracks the sunlight by rotating the PV panel in two different axes. The dual-axis solar tracker follows the angular height position of the sun in the sky in addition to following the sun’s east-west movement. The proposed model for dual axis tracker is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The proposed model for dual axis tracker

The tracker model is composed of: Solar panel of 87 watt and it is of poly crystalline type from Kyocera Company and its length is 100cm while the width of it is 65 cm, four Light Dependent Resistance (LDR) sensors, two DC motors, Arduino UNO microcontroller and four relays. Two LDR sensors and one motor with two relays are used to track the sun’s east – west movement. The other two sensors and the other motor which is fixed at the bottom of the tracker with the other two relays are used to track the sun’s up-down movement. The DC motors are basically performing function of sun tracking. Upper panel holder DC motor tracks the suns up-down movement and base DC motor tracks the east-west movement of the sun. These DC motors and sensors are interfaced with a microcontroller which is controlling DC motors on the basis of sensor’s input. The LDR sensors sense the light intensity and send signal to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is compares the signals received from LDR sensors and decides the rotation direction of the DC motors according to the stored program. The designed system is described in detail in ref. [21].

Figure 3 shows the block diagram of the tracking system and the flow chart of the control program are given in Figure 4.

Figure 3. Tracking system

Figure 4. Tracker control algorithm

Algorithm starts with taking data from LDR sensors. The microcontroller read this data and made a comparison between them and then decides about the movement direction of the DC motors. The electronic circuit is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5. The electronic control circuit

3. Experimental Results

Two panels were tested; one of them was fitted on the implemented tracking system where the position of the other was fixed at the local latitude 35⁰ of Kirkuk/Iraq. The test was done at May (2016). The generated output current and voltage were measured during the local time of Kirkuk from (9 am) to (4 pm). Figure 6 illustrates the change of the output power of the solar panel, which is the product of the short circuit current and open circuit voltage with the local time for the measurement duration. Figure 6 shows a graphical comparison for the fixed panel, single and dual axis tracker output power.

Figure 6 shows that for the fixed panel the power increases gradually and be become maximum at 12 pm, then decrease with sunset. While for the single axis tracker the curve of the output power is higher above the fixed PV array system and the gain is (24.05%). The used single axis tracker is the same implemented dual axis tracker but operated in the east-west directions only and the up-down direction is fixed at 35⁰ elevation angle. The dual axis achieves (26.22%) higher power as compared to the fixed panel, which is in agreement with the other works.

Figure 6. The hourly variation of the output power for the fixed, single and dual solar panel of May (2016)

There are many parameters which have influence on the conversion efficiency of PV cell using tracker system such as temperature and illumination. So, the effect of temperature has been investigated in this paper. Figure 7 shows a plot of the output power versus time and monthly-average hourly panel temperature versus time for the tracker panel and the fixed panel in May, 2016.

Figure 7 show that when the temperature of the panel increases the output power of the panel is decreased.

Figure 7. The hourly variation of the output power and temperature versus time at May (2016)

Finally, the effect of the panel covering by colored cellophanes on the output power of the tracker system is studied. The color of the covers is yellow, green and blue. The output from this colored cellophane is compared with the output of the solar tracker panel without any color as shown in Figure 8. This colored cellophane is available in the market and cheap.

From Figure 8 it can be concluded that the colored filters only allowed light of the same color to pass through. After analyzing the data, it was determined that the output of the panel under sun light was significantly higher than any of the other colored light. This is due to the loss of light intensity inherent to the tint of the color filters.

Figure 8. The hourly variation of the output power for the colored filters with respect to the output power of the tracker at May (2016)

4. Conclusions

In this paper we have come to a conclusion that dual-axis solar tracker is more efficient in terms of the electrical energy output when compared to the single axis tracker and fixed solar panel. The gain of the dual-axis tracking system is about 25-30% compared with the fixed system. For the temperature and covers, they decrease the output power of the solar panel. Therefore, any covering such as dust protection covers will have a negative effect on the amount of power generated by the solar panel.

References

[1]   | Nirmal, H. B. and Naveed, S. A. “Microcontroller Based Automatic Solar Power Tracking System”, IJEET, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 109-104, January- February (2013).
[2]   | Zin, P. E. and Phyo, W. E. “Dual Axis Solar Tracking Control System by using Microcontroller”, IJSETR, Volume 3, Issue 19, pp. 3956-3961, September (2014).
[3]   | Patole, J. Apte, A. and Suryawanshi, S. “Design & Development of Bidirectional Solar Tracking System Implemented in Western Region of Maharashtra”, IOSRJEN, Vol. 3, Issue 6, pp. 1-5, June (2013).
[4]   | Francisco, D., Pedro, D.G. and Luis, C.G. “Two Axis Solar Tracker Based on Solar Maps, Controlled by a Low-Power Microcontroller”, proceeding of the international conference on renewable energies and power quality .Granda (Spain), 23rd to 25th March, (2010).
[5]   | Abdul-lateef, K. I., “A Low Cost Single-Axis Sun Tracker System Using Pic Microcontroller”, Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol. 05, No. 01, pp.65-78, June (2012).
[6]   | Sharma, M., “An Efficient Low Cost Solar Tracker Using Microcontroller”, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), V. 9, Issue 4, pp.37-40, Ver. V (Jul – Aug. 2014),
[7]   | Ghassoul, M., “Design of an Automatic Solar Tracking System to Maximize Energy Extraction”, International Journal of Emerging Tec hnology and Advanced Engineering, Vol 3, Issue 5, May (2013).
[8]   | Madhu, P. and Viswanadha, V.,” Design of Real Time Embedded Solar Tracking System”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research (IJETER), Vol. 3 No.6, pp. 180-185, (2015).
[9]   | Chia-Yen, L., Po-Cheng, C., Che-Ming, C. and Chiu-Feng L., “ Sun Tracking Systems: A Review”, Sensors, Vol .9, pp. 3875-3890, (2009).
[10]   | Ghosh, S. and Haldar, N., “Solar Tracking System using AT89C51 Microcontroller and LDR”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol 4, Issue 12, December (2014).
[11]   | Wahal, R., Firoz, U. B. and Singh, A. K., “A Study on Dual Axis Solar Sun Seeker using Microcontroller”, International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology (IARJSET), Vol. 2, Special Issue 1, May (2015).
[12]   | Akbar, H. S., “Design of Sun Tracker System for Solar Energy Applications”, Journal of Physics and Research (IJPR) Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 29-34, June (2015).
[13]   | Dragomir, F., Dragomir, O. E., Ivan, M. E., Iliescu, S. S. and Stănescu, I., “Optimal Embedded System for Two-Axis Tracking PV Panels”, Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences, 3(1), pp. 1-6, (2017).
[14]   | Waheed, A. R., “Implementation of Solar Energy Tracking System using Microcontroller”, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, Iraq, Augusts (2013).
[15]   | Seal, B., Shirke, O., Sirsikar, S. A., and Hankare, P., “Comparison between Different Solar Tracking System and Wireless Technology”, IJARCSSE, Vol 4, Issue 4, pp. 487-490, April (2014).
[16]   | Wang, J. M., and Lu, C. L., “Design and Implementation of a Sun Tracker with a Dual-Axis Single Motor for an Optical Sensor-Based Photovoltaic System”, Sensors, 13, pp. 3157-3168, (2013).
[17]   | Waheed, A. R., “Implementation of Solar Energy Tracking System”, Journal of Engineering and Development, Vol. 18, No.4, pp. 124-140, July (2014)
[18]   | Stamatescua, I., Făgărășan, I., Stamatescua, G., Arghiraa, N., Iliescua, S. S., “Design and Implementation of a Solar-Tracking Algorithm”, ScienceDirect, Procedia Engineering 69 pp. 500-507, (2014).
[19]   | Okhaifoh, J. E. and Okene, D.E., “Design And Implementation of A Microcontroller Based Dual Axis Solar Radiation Tracker”, Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 584-592, July (2016)
[20]   | Mohamed, A. O. and Hasan, A., “Effect of Dust Accumulation on Performance of Photovoltaic Solar Modules in Sahara Environment”, Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(11), pp. 11030-11036, (2012).
[21]   | Aziz, M. W., “Dual Axis Solar Tracker System for Solar Energy Applications”, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Kirkuk, Iraq, (2017).