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American Journal of Public Health Research
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The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
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Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

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Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

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Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Russian Federation: the Open, Multicenter, Prospective Study, DIREG 1

Oxana Drapkina*, Yulia Evsyutina, Vladimir Ivashkin

Department of Internal Disease Propaedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation

Abstract: Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very serious medical and social problem that can lead to the progression of liver cirrhosis and eventually hepatic failure. There is a paucity of data regarding the prevalence and risk factors for NAFLD in the Russian Federation. Methods: The open multicenter prospective screening study, DIREG 1, involved patients aged 18–80 years who were admitted to various polyclinics for ambulatory therapeutic care (with or without apparent signs of hepatic diseases) at 208 centers in the Russian Federation from March 25th to November 26th, 2007. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography; a range of clinical and laboratory findings were also recorded for each participant. Results: A total of 30,754 outpatients were included in the screening study analysis. The prevalence of NAFLD was 27.0% (8,315/30,754), of which 80.3% had steatosis, 16.8% had steatohepatitis and 2.9% had disease at the cirrhotic stage. Most cases of NAFLD were observed in those aged 50-59 years (31.1%), 40-49 years (23.6%), and 60-69 years (18.1%). The most common risk factors associated with the NAFLD cohort vs the general screening population were dyslipidemia (75.9% vs 37.6%), arterial hypertension (69.9% vs 41.8%), and hypercholesterolemia (68.8% vs 33.5%) (all P<0.001). Conclusion: There is an urgent need to address the high prevalence of NAFLD in the Russian Federation (27%) and the large proportion of individuals with associated risk factors.

Keywords: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis, cirrhosis, obesity, dyslipidemia

Received April 07, 2015; Revised May 19, 2015; Accepted May 29, 2015

Citation: Oxana Drapkina, Yulia Evsyutina, Vladimir Ivashkin, Prevalence of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Russian Federation: the Open, Multicenter, Prospective Study, DIREG 1. American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 3 (2). 31-36. January 2015. doi:10.12691/ajcmr-3-2-3

1. Introduction

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involves fatty infiltration (steatosis) of the liver, and is diagnosed by various visual or histological examinations, in the absence of alcohol consumption or use of steatogenic medication or hereditary disorders. [1] NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of liver disease from benign steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) to progressive fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. [2] Long-term studies have shown that NASH increases overall mortality by 35–85% compared with the age and sex-matched general population. [3] Furthermore, liver-related mortality is increased 9–10-fold with cirrhosis. As with other liver diseases that cause cirrhosis, NAFLD increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, a disease with poor outcomes and limited therapeutic options. [4] In addition to liver morbidity and mortality, NAFLD also increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. [3,5,6] NAFLD can also impose substantial costs to the patient and the health care system. [7]

The prevalence of NAFLD is rising and it is now recognized as the most common chronic liver disease in many parts of the world. [3,8,9] According to previous studies, the prevalence of NAFLD ranges from 6% to 40% based on a variety of assessment methods, whereas the prevalence of NASH ranges from 3% to 9%. [1,10,11] Established risk factors for NAFLD include obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome. [1,6,12,13].

However, other factors are now known to have associations with NAFLD including polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypothyroidism, obstructive sleep apnea, hypopituitarism, hypogonadism, and pancreato-duodenal resection. [1,14,15] More studies are needed to better understand the incidence of NAFLD and its risk factors across different age, ethnic, and geographic groups. The aim of this investigation was to further assess the epidemiology of NAFLD by evaluating its prevalence and risk factors in a large, nationwide population study conducted in the Russian Federation.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Patients

The open multicenter prospective screening study, DIREG 1, was conducted at 208 medical centers in the Russian Federation from March 25th, 2007 to November 26th, 2007. Consecutive patients aged 18 to 80 years admitted to various polyclinics for ambulatory therapeutic care regarding many diseases, with or without apparent signs of hepatic diseases, were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: refusal to participate in the study, pregnancy and participation in other clinical studies (at this time or in the course of the 3 recent months).

The study was conducted in accordance with the latest version of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki, the European Guidelines for the Rules of Conduct of Clinical Studies, International Conference of Harmonisation (ICH) Guidelines for Conduct of Clinical Studies, and current Russian legislation. A written informed consent was received from all patients before their inclusion in the program.

2.2. Study Design

All patients included in the study were subject to history taking and physical examination. Laboratory tests included serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), prothrombin time, fasting blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, thrombocytes, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies. All patients were subject to ultrasonography for measurement of liver, pancreas and spleen size, and the diameter of the portal vein and the splenic vein; for assessment of the structure of the liver and the presence of steatosis, fibrosis and cirrhosis; for assessment of the structure of the pancreas and the presence of steatosis and fibrosis, and for identifying signs of portal hypertension. NAFLD was diagnosed based on ultrasound findings; hepatic biopsy was not carried out due to the large patient numbers involved.

The primary objective was to evaluate NAFLD incidence in the included outpatients. Other important endpoints were the different types of NAFLD e.g. cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic stages, and steatosis and steatohepatitis in patients with an approved diagnosis of NAFLD and by age group. In addition, the prevalence of NAFLD risk factors was evaluated.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

Results of summary outcome measures were reported as mean (SD) and proportions. All statistical tests were conducted with the use of two-sided hypothesis with significance value of <0.05.

3. Results

After applying our exclusion criteria, 30,787 primary-care participants were available for analysis. Subsequently, 33 patients were excluded from the analysis due to lack of a full dataset, and the final analysis included 30,754 subjects.

3.1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Population

Of the total population, 56% were female and the mean (SD) age was 47.8 ± 16.4 years. Patients were categorized by age into 6 groups: 18-29 years (16.8%), 30-39 years (16.5%), 40-49 years (21.2%), 50-59 years (21.0%), 60-69 years (12.4%) and 70-80 years (8.8%) (Table 1). Obesity (according to body mass index [BMI]) was recorded in 7,328 patients: 15.7% had stage 1 obesity, 4.1% had stage 2 obesity and 2.1% had stage 3 obesity. The study population commonly had arterial hypertension (41.8%) or dyslipidemia (32.4%), with 9.0% having type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 1. Characteristics of the study population

3.2. Ultrasound Characteristics and Laboratory Findings of the Study Population

In total, 16.3% of the study population had an enlarged liver based on ultrasound findings, and 24.7% had heterogeneous structures within the liver (Table 2). Liver steatosis was observed in 24.2% of subjects, with fibrosis and cirrhosis seen in 2.3% and 0.8%, respectively. In total, 0.22% of patients had hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 2. Ultrasound characteristics of liver, pancreas, and spleen among the study population

Normal levels of ALT, AST and GGT were reported in approximately 70% of subjects in the study population (Table 3). Elevated levels of ALT ≥1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) were observed in 3.3% of the study population, while 2.6% had AST ≥1.5 x ULN.

Table 3. Laboratory findings among the study population

Fasting blood sugar levels were normal in 74% of subjects, while cholesterol and triglyceride levels were normal in only 56–61% of subjects.

3.3. Prevalence of Hepatic Diseases

NAFLD was observed in 8,315/30,754 (27.0%) of subjects in the study population. NAFLD was detected in most of these patients (8,018/8,315; 96.4%) during the course of the study screening, with only 297 (3.6%) subjects having a diagnosis of NAFLD established before the screening study was initiated.

Steatosis was diagnosed in 80.3% of those with NAFLD (6,680/8,315) and was established in only 3.0% (253/8,315) subjects before the screening study. In the course of screening, steatohepatitis was detected in 16.5% of NAFLD patients (1,375/8,315); according to anamnestic data, steatohepatitis was already established in 0.5% of subjects before screening (44/8,315). In the NAFLD population, the disease at the non-cirrhotic stage was noted in the majority (8,078/8,315; 97.1%) of patients. The disease at the cirrhotic stage was observed in 2.9% (237/8,315) of NAFLD patients.

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or alcohol use in dangerous doses (medical history) was noted in 5.2% of the study population (1,608/30,754) and viral hepatitis/virus carrier status was observed in 5.3% of subjects (1,617/30,754).

3.4. Hepatic Diseases by Age

The greatest proportion of the NAFLD population was aged 50-59 years (31.1%), followed by 40-49 years (23.6%), 60-69 years (18.1%), 70-79 years (12.2%), 30-39 years (8.3%) then 18-29 years (3.5%).

The age distribution for a range of different hepatic diseases is shown in Table 4. Among patients in the age group 18-29 years, NAFLD was found in 287/5,158 (5.6%) patients. Of these NAFLD patients aged 18-29 years, steatosis was discovered in 76.7% patients, steatohepatitis in 21.6% patients, and cirrhosis in 1.7% patients.

Similarly, of the NAFLD patients aged 30-39 years, steatosis was discovered in 76.8% patients, steatohepatitis in 21.7% patients, and cirrhosis in 1.4% patients.

Among the patients in the age group 40-49 years, NAFLD was found in 1,960/6,520 (30.1%) patients. Steatosis was observed in 78.9% of these NAFLD patients, steatohepatitis in 19.4% patients, and cirrhosis in 1.7% patients.

NAFLD was observed in 2,582/6,469 (39.9%) subjects aged 50-59 years, primarily steatosis in 80.9% of these patients, steatohepatitis in 16.8% and 2.2% had cirrhosis. In total, 39.4% (1,508/3,825) of patients aged 60-69 years had NAFLD. NAFLD manifested as steatosis in 81.2% of these patients and steatohepatitis in 14.7% patients. The proportion of subjects with cirrhosis (4.1%) was numerically higher than in the younger age groups.

Among the patients in the age group 70-80 years, NAFLD was found in 1,014/2,693 (37.7%) of patients. Steatosis was observed in 82.3% of these NAFLD patients, steatohepatitis in 12.3% of patients, with cirrhotic disease present in a considerable proportion (5.3%) of patients.

3.5. Risk Factors Associated with NAFLD

Among all patients included in the analysis, risk factors associated with NAFLD were commonly observed (Table 5). Certain risk factors were observed significantly more frequently in subjects in the NAFLD population vs the whole screening population: 69.9% vs 41.8% had arterial hypertension, 75.9% vs 37.6% had dyslipidemia and 68.8% vs 33.5% had hypercholesterolemia (all P<0.001 vs the whole screening population). Regarding insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes was present in 23.1% of the NAFLD population vs 9.0% of the whole screening population, while the metabolic syndrome was present in 31.8% of those with NAFLD vs 12.8% of the total. In total, 54.2% of the NAFLD population were obese compared with 35.9% of the whole study population.

Table 4. Type of hepatic disease by age

Table 5. Prevalance of risk factors associated with NAFLD development

In the two age groups with the highest prevalence of NAFLD, risk factors were particularly frequent. Among patients with NAFLD aged 40-49 years, 71.2% had dyslipidemia, 65.5% had hypercholesterolemia and 56.3% had arterial hypertension. Among the patients with NAFLD aged 50-59 years, 80.6% had dyslipidemia, 72.6% had hypercholesterolemia and 75.5% had arterial hypertension.

4. Discussion

The main finding of this large, multicenter prospective population study of more than 30,000 participants was that over one-quarter (27%) of patients admitted to outpatient clinics in the Russian Federation had ultrasound signs of NAFLD. In 80.3% of patients, NAFLD presented as steatosis, with NASH observed in 16.8% of NAFLD cases.

A limited number of studies have assessed the prevalence of NAFLD [Chalasani et al 2012] and these have generally been small studies. The reported NAFLD prevalence varies depending on the population studied and the deﬁnition/diagnosis method used. Generally consistent with the findings of the current study, other studies using ultrasound assessment have reported a NAFLD prevalence of 17% to 46%. [9,15,16] For example, in a US study consisting of 400 middle aged individuals, the prevalence of NAFLD deﬁned by ultrasonography was 46% and the prevalence of histologically conﬁrmed NASH was 12.2%. [16] In an urban US population (n=2,287), almost one third of the population had hepatic steatosis assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [10] In a recent study of the Chinese population in Hong Kong (n=2,493), the prevalence of NAFLD was 42% as assessed by ultrasonography and transient elastography [17].

An epidemiological review sought to determine of the current burden of liver disease in Europe. [18] The prevalence rate of NAFLD was found to be 2% to 44% in the general European population (including obese children) and 42.6% to 69.5% in people with type 2 diabetes. [18] Of note, annual mortality due to cirrhosis ranged from 0.001% of Greek females to about 0.1% of Hungarian males. Liver cancer was thought responsible for around 47,000 deaths per year in the European Union.

The current study confirms and extends these findings by demonstrating the high prevalence of NAFLD in a large population from the Russian Federation, where the prevalence of NAFLD was previously unknown. Of particular importance is that 96.4% of cases of NAFLD were diagnosed during the course of the study screening, highlighting the high proportion of patients who were unaware that they had NAFLD prior to study initiation. In addition to general NAFLD, the current study emphasizes the substantial burden of severe liver disease in this Russian population, with 2.3% participants exhibiting fibrosis, 0.8% of participants presenting with cirrhosis and 0.22% diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Patients with NAFLD in the current screening population were most commonly aged between 40 and 59 years. Although not uncommon in young adults, NAFLD occurs more often in the middle aged and the elderly given that the risk factors for its development tend to increase in prevalence with advancing age. [19] NAFLD in the elderly appears to be accompanied by a substantial burden of hepatic (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) and extra-hepatic manifestations and complications (cardiovascular disease, extrahepatic neoplasms) than in younger age groups. [19,20] Indeed, in the current study, cirrhotic disease as a proportion of NAFLD cases was observed in a considerable proportion of older participants: 4.1% of 60-69 years old and 5.3% of 70-80 years old compared with 1.7% of 18-29 year olds.

In line with established risk factors, dyslipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension and obesity were frequently observed in those with NAFLD. However, these risk factors were also present in a large proportion of the whole screening population, which may serve as a warning for future development of NAFLD. Important risk factors for NAFLD progression related to insulin resistance, namely type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, were present in one-quarter to one-third of those with NAFLD. In addition to liver damage, steatosis can also worsen and/or induce insulin resistance, worsen glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, and predict subsequent development of the metabolic syndrome; NAFLD is also associated with increased cardiovascular risk [1,6,21].

This study may be considered limited in that NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography. Due to the large patient numbers involved, biopsy was not appropriate. However, ultrasonography has proved useful in the diagnosis of NAFLD in other population-based studies [9,15,22] Despite this potential limitation, our results provide important insights into the burden of NAFLD and may have significant clinical importance for NAFLD prevention and management in the Russian Federation and elsewhere. There should be increased awareness of NALFD among clinicians, along with greater consideration for its consequences, associated conditions, causal factors and predictors related to progression.

In conclusion, our results showed that NAFLD is highly prevalent in outpatients in the Russian Federation. There is an urgent need to address the considerable burden of liver disease and the large proportion of individuals with risk factors who may develop NAFLD in the future.

Financial Support

Editorial assistance was funded by Sanofi.

List of Abbreviations

NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALD, alcoholic liver disease; BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV, hepatitis C virus; ULN, upper limit of normal

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