Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Prevalence, Aetiology and Diagnostic Accuracy for Erythroderma in a Tertiary Centre in Portharcourt, Nigeria

Otike-Odibi Bolaji*, Ujile Ichechiek

Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology/Rheumatology Unit, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital

Abstract: Background: Erythroderma is a rare, life threatening dermatological emergency with multiple underlying aetiologies. Methods: We reviewed the clinical, laboratory and histologic findings of 22 patients diagnosed with erythroderma, who were managed in the dermatology unit over six years (from 2016 to 2021). Results: Symptoms were scaly lesions, generalized rash, itching, fever, pustules, and on examination there was lichenification. The Male to Female ratio was 1.75:1 with a mean age at diagnosis of 41.6+17.3 years. The causative factors were commonly idiopathic (59 %) and drug-induced (9%). Others were psoriasis, lichen planus, and onchodermatitis. The comorbidities identified were HIV and Chronic kidney disease. Test of agreement between clinical and pathological diagnosis was 62.5%. Conclusion: Erythroderma is more common in men, aetiology was mostly idiopathic Test of agreement between clinical and pathological diagnosis was 62.5, showing biopsies are an important aid in making a definitive diagnosis.

Keywords: Erythroderma, prevalence, aetiology, diagnostic accuracy

Received April 11, 2022; Revised April 18, 2022; Accepted April 25, 2022

Citation: Otike-Odibi Bolaji, Ujile Ichechiek, Prevalence, Aetiology and Diagnostic Accuracy for Erythroderma in a Tertiary Centre in Portharcourt, Nigeria. American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 10 (1). 27-31. January 2022. doi:10.12691/ajcmr-10-1-6

1. Introduction

Erythroderma is also known as exfoliative dermatitis, it is an inflammatory disorder with a striking clinical presentation characterized by generalized erythema and scaling of >80-90% of the body surface area. [1,2]

Other manifestations include diffuse alopecia, keratoderma, nail dystrophy, ectropion, peripheral oedema and lymphadenopathy. [1,3]

It is a rare, life threatening dermatologic emergency. [2,4,5]

There are multiple aetiologies with common causes such as existing dermatoses such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, hypersensitivity drug reactions or cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. [6]

Uncommon causes are pityriasis rubra pilaris, ichthyosis, bullous dermatoses, infestations such as scabies, and connective tissue diseases. [1]

There are also other rare causes which include paraneoplastic, inflammatory and neoplastic causes. The list is extensive and continues to increase despite extensive clinical investigations. The underlying cause is usually not found in at least 25% of patients. [1,5] This is termed idiopathic erythroderma.

A meticulous and detailed clinical assessment and pathologic correlation contribute toward making a diagnosis. [1]

Men are more commonly affected, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from approximately 2:1 to 4:1. [1] There is no racial predilection. The condition can occur at any age but is most commonly seen in patients older than 40years with exceptions of atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and hereditary ichthyosis. [7]

The pathways involved in the de novo genesis of erythroderma are complex, and age-related immune senescence is a contributory factor in elderly patients. [8] There is a complex interaction of cytokines, chemokines, and intercellular adhesion molecules.

Significant systemic complications include fluid and electrolyte abnormalities, hypoalbuminemia, thermoregulatory disturbance, cardiac failure, capillary leak syndrome, infection, and death. [8]

There are few studies in the literature and they are mostly retrospective. This study is aimed at looking into the demographics, aetiology and diagnostic accuracy of patients with erythroderma attending the dermatology clinic of the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital, Port Harcourt Nigeria.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Area

This study was carried out at the Dermatology Clinic of the University of Port Harcourt teaching hospital. This is a tertiary centre located in an urban town of Port Harcourt and serves the people of Rivers State and referrals from primary and secondary health centres and private hospitals.

2.2. Study Population

The study population included individuals aged 18years and above presenting to UPTH dermatology clinic with erythroderma.

2.3. Sample and Sampling

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study to review cases of Erythroderma seen at the Dermatology Unit of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) between 2016 and 2021.

A proforma data collection sheet was used to collate the history of duration and type of eruptions, onset of eruptions, location of initial lesion, itching, pain, fever, presence of scaly lesions, ulcerations, pustular lesions, topical medication use, comorbidities and examination of the integumentary system.

Results of investigations such as retroviral screening, hepatitis B and C, full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum electrolytes, urea and creatinine, urinalysis, liver function tests, Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD assay), fasting blood glucose, fasting lipid profile and skin biopsy was collated.

The study was approved by the ethical committee of the hospital.

Cochrane’s formula was used in the sample size calculation. Using an alpha level of 0.05, an erythroderma rate of 4.22% from an African study was obtained. [9], with error limit of 0.1,non-response of 10%, a sample size of 22 was deemed appropriate for the study.

The Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 21 was employed in the statistical analysis. Frequencies and proportions were used to summarize the qualitative variables while means and standard deviations were used for quantitative variables in the study. Chi-square statistics were used to compare differences in proportions using the 0.05 significant level.

3. Results

A total of 2,628 new dermatology patients were seen in the dermatology outpatient clinic during the study period, a diagnosis of erythroderma was made in 22 patients, with 14males and 8 females giving a male to female ratio of 1.75:1. The mean age of patients in this study was 41.6 + 17.3 years (age range 4-83 years).

Table 1 shows the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population with half the population (50%, 11) in the 40-59 age range.

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the study population

The aetiologies identified were Idiopathic, Lichen planus, Psoriasis, Atopic dermatitis, Onchodermatitis, and Drug-induced. The most common cause was idiopathic.

Figure 1. Shows location of initial rash

Figure 1 shows the location of the initial rash which was generalized (27.3%), palm (13.6%), soles (9.1%), leg (9.1%), hand (9.1%), back (4.5%), knee (4.5%), scalp (4.5%), forehead (4.5%), feet (4.5%) and elbows (4.5%) with the generalized presentation being the most common.

Table 2. Duration of dermatological complaints

Half (50%) of the population had the duration of complaints from 1month to 1year. However, 95.5% had complaints ranging from 1month to > 1year.

Only one patient was HIV positive using serum antibody tests. All 12 tested were negative for both Hepatitis B Antigen and Hepatitis C Antibody.

Drug causes (herbal medications) were identified in two patients. The herbal medications were alcohol-based, other ingredients could not be identified.

Sixteen out of twenty-two patients reported itching, fourteen reported scaly lesions, and four had a fever.

The comorbidity identified was Chronic kidney disease on maintenance haemodialysis. There were no patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus or asthma.

None of the patients had hepatomegaly, peripheral lymph node enlargement or anaemia. However, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was elevated in two patients, with values of 40 and 62mm/hr.

Liver function tests were within normal limits in four patients who carried out the investigation.

Skin biopsies were done in 10 of the 22 patients and the diagnosis of erythroderma was confirmed in four patients. Skin biopsy was not done in some of the patients due to financial constraints.

Figure 2. Shows results of serology tests.

3.1. Analysis Outputs

A total of 16 patients with skin lesions who underwent biopsy were involved in the study. Mean age (SD) was 45.6 (15.5) years. Male to Female ratio was 1.3:1.

3.2. Validity Tests for Clinical Diagnosis in Relation to Histological Diagnosis

Table 3. Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Diagnosis in Relation to Histological Findings among Patients with Erythroderma

4. Discussion

In approaching a patient with erythroderma, who usually presents with non-specific clinical features, the history or clinical evidence of characteristic pre-existing inflammatory skin lesions, exposure to medications and chemicals should be sought, in addition to clinical manifestations of a primary dermatosis.

Offending agents should be identified and discontinued, risk factors for HIV should be checked, as well as evaluation for rare causes. Confirmation via histologic examination(multiple skin biopsies; lymph node biopsy if lymphadenopathy exists), laboratory evaluation and imaging should be done if necessary.

The prevalence rate of 0.84 % contrasts with 2.7% which was obtained by Salami et al in Irrua, Edo state, Nigeria [8] where more HIV-positive cases (70%) and antiretroviral medications accounted for 5% of cases of Erythroderma. A study in Senegal gave a prevalence of 0.2% of all medical visits [9]. 13% was observed by Munyao et al [10] in the Kenyatta national hospital, Kenya. This was a 10year study so this could account for the increased prevalence.

The male to female ratio in this study was 1.75:1 which is similar to ratios obtained from previous studies [3,8,11] which is a pointer to male preponderance. The reason remains unclear.

This study had a lot of idiopathic cases, similar to a study in Sao Paulo where there were 16.8% of such cases, though diagnosis for a few patients were later found during follow-up visits [12]. The cases in this study may be as a result of many late presentations and prior modification of rash with various topical medications including corticosteroids and herbal use. [13].

The disease is life-threatening [14] and necessitates hospital admission in some patients with impairment of quality of life.

The location of the initial lesion in the patient who was HIV positive was on the forehead in contrast with a previous study by Salami et al which showed presentations of HIV patients as adverse cutaneous drug reactions. [15]

There was no identifiable underlying malignancy in this patient series however occult malignancies have been identified in older patients. [8]

The test of agreement between clinical diagnosis of erythroderma and histopathological diagnosis was 62.5%, which is higher than 31% gotten in another study on erythroderma. [16]

Though 62.5% is good, it shows that it very important to do a skin biopsy in all erythroderma patients to aid in the establishment of a definitive diagnosis.

There was no recorded death in this patient series, probably due to early age of presentation, and management at a teaching hospital where specialist care by dermatologists contributed to the outcome.

5. Conclusion

Erythroderma is a challenging diagnosis with aetiology sometimes difficult to establish, so a biopsy is mandatory. There was a male preponderance in this stsudy. Appropriate and timely management is very relevant to preventing increased morbidity and mortality.

Study Limitations

Complete investigations for most of the patients were not done due to financial constraints.

Small sample size as some patients were lost to follow up, probably due to out of pocket payment for healthcare for most individuals.

Acknowledgements

The Staff of the Dermatology unit and Medical records are thanked for their cooperation in this study.

References

[1]   | Bolognia JL, Schaffer JV, Cerroni L Dermatology Fourth edition Elsevier; 2018 pages 175-187.
[2]   | Lloyd E. King Jr Erythroderma Who, Where, When, Why, and How Arch Dermatol. 1994; 130(12):1545-1547.
[3]   | Ayanlowo OO, Akinkugbe AO Erythroderma at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of a Tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria Nigerian J of Dermatology Vol1 No 03 June 2013.
[4]   | A. Cuellar-Barboza, J. Ocampo-Candiani, ME Herz-Ruelas, A Practical Approach to the diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Erythroderma Actas Dermo-Sifiliografias(English Edition), Volume 109, Issue 9, 2018 pages 777-790.
[5]   | Bruno et Grewal Erythroderma: a dermatologic emergency CJEM 2009; 11(3): 244-6.
[6]   | Stringer BF, Henry LF, Mago S, Perucki WH, Savage JA, Bhatt PS Severe erythroderma secondary to Pacemaker allergy Heart Rhythm Case Reports 2021: 7: 207-210.
[7]   | J. Revuz et al (eds), Life-threatening Dermatoses and Emergencies in Dermatology, Springer-Verlag BERLIN Heidelberg 2009.
[8]   | Salami TAT, Oziegbe OE, Omeife H Exfoliative dermatitis: patterns of clinical presentation in a tropical rural and suburban dermatology practice in Nigeria International Journal of Dermatology 2012, 51, 1086-1089
[9]   | Diallo M, Diadie S, Diatta BA, Diop A, Ndiaye MT, et al. (2017). Acquired Erythroderma in Adults in Senegal: Epidemiological and Etiological Aspects. Dermatol Case Rep 2: 128.
[10]   | Munyao TM, Abhya NA, Ndele JK, et al. Exfoliative erythroderma at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East Afr Med J 2007; 84: 566-570.
[11]   | Akhyani M, Ghodsi ZS, Toosi S, Dabbaghian H Erythroderma: A clinical study of 97 cases BMC Dermatology 2005, 5: 5.
[12]   | Miyashiro, D, Sanches, J.A. Erythroderma: a prospective study of 309 patients followed for 12years in a tertiary center.Sci Rep 10, 9774 (2020).
[13]   | Buscia k. Medical provision in Africa. Phyother Res, 2005; 19: 919-23 [Pubmed] [Google Scholar].
[14]   | Okoduwa C, Lambert W.C, Schwartz RA, Kubeinje E, Eitokpah A, Sinha S et al. Erythroderma: review of a potentially life-threatening dermatoses, Indian J Dermatol.2009; 54(1) 1-6.
[15]   | Salami TAT, Asalu AF, Samuel SO Prevalence of cutaneous drug eruptions in adult Nigerians with HIV/AIDS. Niger Postgrad Med J 2010; 17: 160-163.
[16]   | Caroline Ram-Wolff, Nadine Martin-Garcia, Armand Bensussan, Martine Bagot, and Nicolas Ortonne. Histopathologic diagnosis of lymphomatous versus inflammatory erythroderma: a morphologic and phenotypic study on 47 skin biopsies. Am J Dermatopathol 2010 Dec; 32(8): 755-763.