Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Label_Title

Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Characterization and Modeling of Rigid Pile Behavior

Cheikh Ibrahima TINE*, Oustasse Abdoulaye SALL, Déthié SARR, Aida Ndiouck FAYE, Papa Abdourahmane FALL

Department of Civil Engineering, UFR SI- Iba Der THIAM University of Thies, Thiès, SENEGAL

Abstract: The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the behavior of rigid piles subjected to lateral loading and head moment in clay soil, taking into account soil-structure interaction. In order to establish the behavioral model of the assembly, soil-pile interaction models according to different authors were presented. According to several authors, the soil-pile interface is characterized by the soil reaction modulus. This parameter, which characterizes the interaction between the soil and the structure, depends not only on the mechanical and geometric properties of the concrete, but also on the foundation soil. Within the framework of our work, the model of is used to determine the modulus of reaction. This is a function of the rheological parameters of the soil (and EM) and the geometric characteristics of the pile. After solving the behavior model of the rigid soil-pile assembly, the Python programming tool was used to perform the parametric analysis. The results showed the significant impact of the interaction model adopted and the forces applied at the pile head. The study shows that soil parameters have a greater influence on foundation behavior than pile parameters. The results also show that the forces applied at the pile head have a non-negligible influence on the behavior model.

Keywords: Rigid pile, lateral loads, soil-pile interaction, analytical calculation, numerical modelling

Received May 16, 2024; Revised June 18, 2024; Accepted June 25, 2024

Citation: Cheikh Ibrahima TINE, Oustasse Abdoulaye SALL, Déthié SARR, Aida Ndiouck FAYE, Papa Abdourahmane FALL, Characterization and Modeling of Rigid Pile Behavior. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 12 (3). 67-74. January 2024. doi:10.12691/ajcea-12-3-4

1. Introduction

At present, vertical piles are designed to withstand axial loads, but they can sometimes be subjected to lateral loads. The latter may be quasi-static (impact of a ship docking, sudden braking of a convoy on a bridge, etc.) or dynamic (swell, effect of wind on structures, earthquake, etc.). The calculation of foundation structures is an important and complex task, since it involves soil-structure interaction. In this context, a complete characterization of the soil-pile interaction is a prerequisite for good control of the structure's behavior, and this has led to the development of several research works [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. It is in this context that we are interested in studying the behavior of rigid piles under lateral loads. In this work, the pile is considered as a for and the soil is modeled as a set of horizontal springs with a reaction modulus Es. The aim of this work is to characterize the soil-pile interaction and establish a behavior model for the assembly. This model will then be solved in order to carry out a parametric study.

2. Modeling the Behavior of Rigid Piles Under Lateral Loads and Characterizing Soil-pile Interaction

Several studies have been carried out to characterize the behavior of piles under lateral loads. These studies have led to the development of several approaches that can be classified into four categories:

• Reaction modulus method [9],

• p-y curve method [10] & [11],

• Elastic continuum method [12],

• Finite element or finite difference numerical methods.

Although somewhat complex, finite element and finite difference methods are often used.

2.1. Behavior Model

Winkler's analytical method is the oldest, and can be used to predict the lateral reaction of the soil. It involves modeling the interaction between the soil and the pile using a series of independent springs of varying stiffness. The stiffness provides a direct link between the lateral reaction of the soil (p) and the lateral displacement of the pile (y) under lateral loading (Figure 1). This method is the basis of the p-y curves, where the "springs" have a non-linear behavior.

Winkler's model defines soil as a stack of independent slices. Each slice of soil is modelled by a lateral spring (Figure 2) on which the pile rests.

Figure 1. Pile mobilizing lateral soil reaction [9]

Figure 2. Representation of the Winkler Model [9]

The pressure p on a soil "slice" depends only on its lateral displacement and on a soil reaction coefficient, called in the case of lateral loading.

[picture] | (1)

This equation is also expressed in the following form:

[picture] | (2)

Where

Soil reaction per unit length of pile

Soil reaction modulus, ()

D : Pile diameter or width

The pile is idealized as a laterally loaded elastic beam. The soil is modelled by horizontal springs, independent of each other, and of stiffness . Thus, the pile's behavior is governed by the equation of a beam on elastic supports:

[picture] | (3)

This leads to the following equation, which governs the behavior of the pile.

[picture] | (4)

The solutions to this equation can be obtained either analytically or numerically. The main advantage of this method is that at any point along the pile, the soil-pile interaction can be defined. But this definition is restricted by the assumption that the pressure at a point is a linear function of the displacement at that point, and by its dependence on the soil-pile interaction model characterizing the entire structure.

2.2. Characterization of Soil-structure Interaction

Defining the reaction modulus profile is the main difficulty in studying pile behavior. It depends on numerous parameters such as pile stiffness, loading level, soil type, etc. Pressiometric test results are commonly used for foundation design. [13] lists most of the models used to predict soil-structure interaction. He concludes that the reaction modulus can be determined either from Young's modulus E or from the pressiometric modulus EM . Several authors have worked on the characterization of soil-structure interaction, namely (Table 1 to 3):

Table 1. Reaction modulus according to various authors

The different parameters involved in the relationships of Table 1 are defined below:

: Soil density

A: Dimensionless coefficient as a function of sand density given in Table 2

: Reference diameter equal to 0.6

: Rheological coefficient

depending on soil type

: Pressuremeter modulus

E : Soil modulus of elasticity

D : Pile diameter

EpIp : Flexural rigidity of the pile

ν : Poisson's ratio

L : Pile length

Z : Depth

D : Pile diameter

β: Angle dispersion between φ/4 and φ

φ : Angle of ground friction

L : Pile length

K : Soil parameter (Table 3)

One of the disadvantages of this Poulos method [3] is that it cannot be extended to a stratified soil medium, nor can the influence factors be calculated using the equation of Mindlin [16]. Indeed, Mindlin's equation is not applicable to a non-homogeneous stratified medium. Furthermore, the assumption that the pile is a rectangular strip embedded in the soil is only approximately valid if the pile has a square or I-shaped cross-section. In the case of piles with a circular cross-section, this idealization needs to be brought closer, but seems reasonable. This method has been used in practice by several engineers.

Table 2. A coefficient values from [2]

Another approach is the P-y method, a generalization of the Winkler model. It is a semi-empirical method, because the prediction and construction of curves for the study of an isolated pile is based on laboratory or in situ tests. Each soil is represented by a series of P-y curves. In effect, the soil is assimilated to linear or non-linear elastic supports (commonly referred to as springs). This is translated into (P, y) diagrams (Figure 3), i.e. relationships between lateral reaction, P, and lateral displacement, y.

Table 3. K parameter values [4]

Figure 3. (a) Winkler model for lateral loading and (b) reaction curves (p-y) [9]

For a soil-pile system subjected to lateral loading, let's consider what happens at a section (or slice of the pile) located at depth z. At rest, after installation, the section is subjected to lateral earth pressure, the resultant of which is zero.

When the pile is subjected to lateral loading, the section under consideration is displaced laterally by yi and the stress state is modified in such a way that the lateral resultant on the section under consideration has a direction opposite to the displacement yi. Over the entire height of the pile, for a given depth, similar behavior with varying intensities can be observed. This makes it possible to study the entire pile for any loading and any soil type. Non-linear P-y curves that vary with depth and soil type are obtained along the entire length of the pile (Figure 4).

Since a p-y curve represents the behavior of a pile at a given cross-section, and therefore for different slabs for the whole pile, assuming that the cross-sections are independent, several researchers have proposed methods for determining them in order to dimension piles. For the shape of the pile cross-section, tests carried out by [15] show that the shape has very little influence on lateral pressure distribution and ultimate pile strength. The methods devised and developed by numerous researchers use a variety of approaches: in situ tests, laboratory tests, physical modelling or numerical modelling. The diversity of these approaches leads to as many P-y reaction curves. Among the various methods of calculating the reaction modulus Es, two are applicable to clays, namely the formulas of [1] and [3].

Figure 4. Series of p-y curves for a pile [14]

Figure 5. Comparative study of the Ménard and Poulos formulas

First, we carry out a comparative analysis of these two formulations to determine which is closer to the exact results. Code programs in Python have enabled us to plot the displacement, moment and force curves of flexible and rigid piles subjected to a moment M₀ and a lateral force V₀ at the head, as a function of depth. To make our results more applicable and accessible, we have employed adimensional coefficients.

In this way, we have thus represented the displacements y(z), the bending moments M(z), and the shear forces V(z) as a function of the ratio between the depth and the length of the pile (z/l) for a value of the moment at the head M₀ = 3 MN.m and V₀ = 0.1 MN (Figure 5).

3. Resolution of the Behavioural Model of a Rigid Pile Subjected at the Head to a Moment M₀ and a Lateral Force V₀

The behavior of the foundation depends on both its own bending stiffness (Ep, Ip) and that of the soil Es, i.e. the relative stiffness of the pile-soil. This is expressed hereafter as the transfer length l₀. Let's consider a rigid pile subjected at the head to a moment M₀ and a force V₀ in linearly elastic clay (Figure 6).

Figure 6. Diagram of a pile under M₀ and V₀

Let's consider a beam section loaded by a distributed load P and bounded by two infinitely adjacent cross-sections dz apart (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Diagram of an infinitesimal pile section under V and M

We obtain the equilibrium equations:

[picture] | (5)

By assuming

We find the equations for straight beams subjected to a uniformly distributed force P (kN/m):

EpIp: Flexural rigidity of the pile in relation to the main axis of inertia

y(n) : Derivative of displacement perpendicular to the mean fiber with respect to z

P(z) : Soil reaction distributed along the pile in kN/m (P = p × B)

B: Pile section width for a rectangular section (B = D for a circular section)

V(z) : Shear force; by convention, shear force is counted positively and the derivative of the moment with respect to z is equal to +V(z).

M(z) : Bending moment

In this work, the deferred Young's modulus (Ep,eff) was considered to take account of the effect of creep. If the soil reaction law can be considered as linear elastic : , the fundamental relationship describing the pile's behavior can be deduced.

If the ground reaction law can be considered linear elastic : and we deduce the following fundamental relationship, which is the 4th-order linear differential equation of the pile deformation:

[picture] | (11)

The reaction modulus distribution is assumed to be of the form: Es (z) = a.zn (Gibson's Sol).

We are in the case of an over-consolidated homogeneous clay, so

The reaction modulus is therefore constant

Equation (11) becomes :

[picture] | (12)

[picture] | (13)

Posing , we obtain the equation :

[picture] | (14)

derivative of displacement perpendicular to the mean fiber with respect to z.

The general solution to this equation [17] is :

[picture] | (15)

Where integration constants determined from the boundary conditions at the head and foot of the pile.

:Transfer or elastic length. It can be defined as the minimum pile length for which lateral head loading exists. The remainder of the plug beyond about three times this length is mechanically inactive.

[picture] | (16)

With this solution, the expressions for the bending moment M and the shear force V can be obtained at any soil level, and are given by the following relationships:

[picture] | (17)

[picture] | (18)

These results can be applied when the pile sheet for a flexible pile or for a rigid pile, they are intended to be used for simple cases where the soil is relatively homogeneous and for given head loads. When the flexible piles are loaded at the head, the conditions at the tip do not come into play, and the positive exponential terms are negligible. We are then reduced to a system of two equations with two unknowns, and the conditions at the head make it possible to determine the two remaining constants and .

In the case of short (rigid) piles, where the length L is less than or equal to the transfer length , the tip conditions come into play, and the general solution is equation (15):

To find the values of the constants, four conditions are sufficient: for a free pile, subjected to a horizontal force and a moment noted at z = 0, we have :

Free pile at head : (0) = and (0) =

Free pile at tip : (L) = 0 and (L) = 0, as beam deformation may be negligible compared to ground deformation.

[picture] | (19)

[picture] | (20)

[picture] | (21)

According to the boundary conditions we have adopted above (,) and at the tip (, ) lead respectively to the following system of equations (22 to 25) :

[picture] | (22)

[picture] | (23)

[picture] | (24)

[picture] | (25)

Solving this system of equations to determine the constants and was carried out using the Python programming language.

4. Parametric Study of the Model

The parametric study of pile behavior considering Do equal to 0.6 m, the soil rheological coefficient α equal to 0.5 and a pressiometric modulus of 2.5 MPa. The following results (Figure 8 to Figure 12) were obtained with V₀ equal to 0.1 MN, M₀ equal to 3MN.m and an average Young's modulus of the pile set at 10 GPa.

Figure 8. Influence of pile slenderness

Figure 9. Influence of Young's modulus of pile

Figure 10. Influence of the Pressiometric Module

Figure 11. Influence of shear force

Figure 12. Influence of bending moment

According to the observations in Figure 8, the displacements of the rigid pile decrease as its diameter increases. The results show a slight variation in displacements for different slenderness values. These results highlight the additional rigidity provided by the massive pile. It should also be noted that displacements evolve linearly with depth. The displacements observed at the pile tip show that the position of the bending center is independent of slenderness.

Figure 8 also shows that the reduced moment and shear forces are almost insensitive to pile slenderness. Overall, a larger diameter pile can offer better overall stability to the structure due to its greater capacity to resist lateral loads, thus reducing the risk of failure or excessive inclination.

Figure 9 shows the insignificant impact of Young's modulus on the structural response of the rigid pile.

As shown in Figure 10, the displacements of the rigid pile decrease as the pressure modulus increases. The results show a significant variation in displacements for different values of pressure modulus. These results further highlight the additional rigidity provided by the pile. It should also be noted that displacements evolve linearly with depth. The displacements observed at the pile tip show that the position of the bending center observed at mid-span does not change. From the observations in figure 10, we can see that displacements are linear and increase when the soil's pressure modulus is lower. A clay soil with a lower pressure modulus reacts by showing an increased capacity to deform and allow greater pile movements. On the other hand, a soil with a higher pressure modulus offers greater resistance, limiting deformation and displacement of the rigid pile. Lower values of soil pressure modulus indicate a greater capacity of the soil to deform under lateral load, resulting in greater displacements of the rigid pile. The results also show that pile stability may be more compromised in soils with lower pressuremeter moduli, as these soils tend to allow greater deformations, which can influence pile stability.

Figure 10 also shows that the reduced moment and shear forces are almost insensitive to the soil pressure modulus. Figure 11 and Figure 12 show that shear force has a significant influence on rigid pile displacements, compared to moment. Both shear force and moment have a greater influence on the pile's ability to deform and modify its behavior in relation to the soil. An increase in applied load leads to a proportional increase in displacement in clay soil. Increased applied loads lead to increased pile displacements, a phenomenon often observed in structures subjected to heavy loads.

5. Conclusion

The aim of this study is to gain a better understanding of the behavior of piles in clay soil under lateral loads and head moments, taking into account soil-structure interaction, which is a complex phenomenon. After establishing the behavioral model, we studied the influence of certain parameters, such as soil reaction modulus, pile diameter, Young's modulus and pressure modulus, on the behavior of rigid piles.

Analytical and numerical approaches were used to predict pile response under lateral loads. The results showed the significant impact of the interaction model adopted and the forces applied at the head of the pile. The study shows that soil parameters have a greater influence on foundation behavior than pile parameters. The results also show that the forces applied at the head of the pile have a non-negligible influence on the behavior model.

References

[1]   | MÉNARD L., BOURDON G., & GAMBIN M., Méthode générale de calcul d'un rideau ou d'un pieu sollicité latéralement en fonction des résultats pressiométriques, Sols Soils N° 22-23 Volume VI, 1969.
[2]   | TERZAGHI K., Evaluation of coefficients of subgrade reaction, Géotechnique, 1955, Vol. 5, N°4, 41–50.
[3]   | POULOS H. G., Behavior of laterally loaded pile. journal of geotechnical engineering, A.S.C.E, 97, 1971.
[4]   | BOWLES J. E., Foundation Analysis and design, 2d. New York, Montreal: McGraw-Hill, xiv, 1977, 1175p.
[5]   | SALL O. A., FALL M., BERTHAUD Y., BA M., & NDIAYE M., Influence of the Soil-Structure Interaction in the Behavior of Mat Foundation, Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2014.
[6]   | SALL O. A., BA M., NDIAYE M., SANGARE D., FALL M, & THIAM A., Influence of concrete and soil mechanical properties on mat foundation stresses, Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 2015.
[7]   | SALL O. A., BA M., SARR D., NGOM D. ET SEYE M. A., - Prise en compte de l'interaction sol-structure dans l'étude du comportement des pieux sous charge axiale, Afrique SCIENCE, 2017.
[8]   | IKRAM L., & BENAYACHE K, Study and modeling of pile behavior under lateral loads, Université Mohamed Seddik Benyahia Jijel, Faculté des sciences et de le technologie, Algeria, 2020.
[9]   | WINKLER E., Die lehhre von der eiastizitat und Festigkeit (On elasticity and fixity), Prague, 1867.
[10]   | MATLOCK H., Correlations for the design of laterally loaded piles in soft clay, Offshore Technology Conference, Texas, 1970, (p.1, pp.577-594).
[11]   | REESE L. C., & COX W. R., Pile foundation analysis and design, Jon Wiley and sons, 1974.
[12]   | POULOS H. G., & DAVIS E. H., Pile Foundation Analysis And Design, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1980.
[13]   | HADJADJI T., Analysis of pile behavior under horizontal loading, Thèse de doctorat 307, Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées, Paris, 1993.
[14]   | REESE L. C. & SULLIVAN W.R., Documentation of Computer program COM624, Austin: Geotechnical Engineering Center, the University of Texas at Austin, 1980, 234 pages.
[15]   | ROSCOE K. H., A comparison of tied and free pier foundations, 4th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 1957, pp 419-423.
[16]   | MINDLIN R.D., Force at a Point in the Interior of a Semi-Infinite Solid, Physics., 1936, pp 195-202.
[17]   | FRANK R., Calcul des fondations superficielles et profondes, éditions Techniques de l’Ingénieur et Presses de l’ENPC,1999, 141 p.