Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Anthelmintic Activities of Polypodium Decumanum Leaf-Extracts

Pawan Sharma, Chhater Singh*, Rohit Saraswat

Department of Pharmacy, Dron College of Education Meerut

Abstract: Various herbal plants used in traditional medicines contain a vast array of substances that can be used to treat various disease and complications, the present study deals with anthelmintic activity of different extracts of leaves of Polypodium decumanum, a potential medicinal plant. The crude plant extracts of leaf part exhibited anthelmintic activity. Two concentrations (30mg/ml and 40mg/ml) of each extract were studied, which involved for the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the test worms. It was found that ethyl acetate extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity followed by ethanolic extract and aqueous extract in causing paralysis and death of earth worms.

Keywords: Polypodiun decumanum, anthelmintic activity, piperazine citrate

Received November 25, 2020; Revised December 29, 2020; Accepted January 12, 2021

Citation: Pawan Sharma, Chhater Singh, Rohit Saraswat, Anthelmintic Activities of Polypodium Decumanum Leaf-Extracts. American Journal of Biomedical Research, 9 (1). 1-4. January 2021. doi:10.12691/ajbr-9-1-1

1. Introduction

Helminthes infections are among the most common infections in humans, affecting a large population of the world. Although the majority of infections are due to worms, generally limited to tropical regions and cause enormous hazard to health and contribute to the prevalence of undernourishment, anemia, eosinophilia and pneumonia. Parasitic diseases cause ruthless morbidity affecting large population in endemic areas [1,2]. The gastro-intestinal helminthes becomes resistant to currently available anthelmintic drugs therefore is a foremost problem in the treatment of helminthes diseases. Hence, there is an increasing demand towards natural anthelmintics. There is economic impact of parasitic gastroenteritis, which is caused by mixed infection with several species of stomach and intestinal roundworms. Parasitic diseases cause morbidity including lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and schistosomiasis [3].

Development of anthelmintic resistance against helminthes is reported in number of countries which gives a clear indication that control programs based exclusively on their use are not sustainable. The development of integrated programs to control helminthes is vital, but such control programs require viable alternatives to the use of anthelmintics. Medicinal plants have served through ages, as a constant source of medicaments for the exposure of a variety of diseases. The history of herbal medicine is almost as old as human civilization [4,5]. The plants are known to provide a rich source of botanical anthelmintics, antibacterials and insecticides. A number of medicinal plants have been used to treat parasitic infections in man and animals.

The predominant effect of piperazine citrate on worm is to cause a flaccid paralysis that result in expulsion of the worm by peristalsis [6]. Piperazine citrate by increasing chloride ion conductance of worm muscle membrane produces hyperpolarisation and reduced excitability that leads to muscle relaxation and flaccid paralysis. Some synthetic phenolic anthelmintics e.g. niclosamide, oxyclozanide and bithionol has shown to interfere with energy generation in helminth parasites by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation [7,8]. Another possible anthelmintic effect is that tannins bind to free proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of host animal or glycoprotein on the cuticle of parasite and cause death.

The aim of this research was to identify the anthelmintic effect of the Polypodium decumanum plant extract obtained from the leaves of the plant.

2. Materials and Methods

The Polypodium decumanum used in this study was procured from the forest of Sikkim and was authenticated from the Regional Research Institute, Bangalore. The anthelmintic activity was performed on adult earthworm (Eisenia foetida) owing to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with the intestinal roundworm parasites of human beings.

Each groups consisted of six adult earthworms (Eisenia foetida):

1st group - Vehicle (Normal saline)

2nd group - Standard drug (Piperazine citrate)

3rd group - Ethyl acetate extract of Polypodium decumanum (30 mg/ml)

4th group - Ethyl acetate extract of Polypodium decumanum (40 mg/ml)

5th group - Ethanol extract of Polypodium decumanum (30 mg/ml)

6th group - Ethanol extract of Polypodium decumanum (40 mg/ml)

7th group - Aqueous extract extract of Polypodium decumanum (30 mg/ml)

8th group - Aqueous extract of Polypodium decumanum (40 mg/ml)

2.1. Preparation of Aqueous Extract

The dried powder (70g) was extracted with water for 72hr and the same was dried on water bath [9].

2.2. Preparation of Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extract

The dried powder (70g) extracted in a soxhlet apparatus using ethanol (95%) and ethyl acetate, at a temperature range of 45°C to 60°C. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness at reduced pressure in vacuum evaporator [9].

2.3. Experimental procedure

Ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts from the leaves of Polypodium decumanum were investigated for anthelmintic activity against Eisenia foetida. Test samples of three extracts (ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous) were prepared at the concentrations of 30 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml in 25 ml of normal saline. Six worms of approximately equal size were placed in petridish containing above solution of extracts. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and normal saline as control. The concentrations (30mg/ml and 40 mg/ml) of each extract were tested by bioassay, which involved determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. Piperazine citrate was used as standard reference and saline water as control. The Anthelmintic assay was carried as per the method with minor modifications [10]. The assay was performed on adult earthworms, Eisenia foetida due to its anatomical and physiological resemblance with that of intestinal round worm parasite of human beings [11,12]. Because of easy availability, earthworms have been used widely for the initial evaluation of anthelmintic compounds in vitro [13]. The earthworms were collected from moist soil and washed with normal saline to remove all faecal matter and were used for the anthelmintic study. The earthworms of 6-8 cm in length and 0.2-0.3 cm in width were used for all experimental protocol.

The earthworms were divided into eight groups containing six earthworms in each group. All the extracts and standard drug solution were freshly prepared in normal saline before starting the experiments. Different extracts and standard drug solutions were poured in different petri plates. All the earthworms were released into 10ml of formulation as follows: Ethanol, ethyl acetate, aqueous extract and Piperazin citrate in two different concentrations. Observations were made for the time taken to paralysis and death of worms [14].

Time for paralysis was noted when no movement of any sort could be observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously. Death was concluded when the worms lost their motility when dipped in warm water (50ºC) followed with fading away of their body colors. Time of paralysis was noted when no movement was observed except when the worms were shaken vigorously. All the readings were taken in triplicate. Then all the extracts were compared with the standard by observing the paralysis time and death time of earthworms on different extracts.

3. Results and Discussion

Anthelmintic activity results revealed that different extracts of Polypodium decumanum were found to exhibit significant Anthelmintic activities against earth worm. Two doses 30 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml of ethyl acetate, ethanolic and aqueous extracts were taken to observe the paralysis time (PT) and death time (DT) of earthworms with these doses (Table 1).

Among the Ethyl acetate extract of two concentrations of 30 mg/ml show the Paralysis time (PT) and Death time (DT) is 8.42 minutes and 11.9 minutes and for concentration of 40 mg/ml PT and DT is 3.43 and 7.16 respectively (Figure 1, Figure 5).

Ethanol extract of two concentrations of 30 mg/ml show the Paralysis time (PT) and Death time (DT) is 12.70 minutes and 17.23 minutes and for concentration of 40 mg/ml PT and DT is 10.36 and 15.9 minutes respectively (Figure 1, Figure 6).

Table 1. Evaluation of Anthelmintic activity

Figure 1. Graphical representation of Anthelmintic activity

Figure 2. Effect of Piperazine citrate (10mg/ml) extracts of Polypodium decumanum on earthworm

Figure 3. Effect of normal saline with Tween extract of Polypodium decumanum on earthworms

Figure 4. Effect of aqueous extracts of Polypodium decumanum on earthworms

Figure 5. Effect of ethyl acetate extract of Polypodium decumanum on earthworms

Figure 6. Effect of ethanol extract extracts of Polypodium decumanum on earthworms

Finally the aqueous extract of two concentrations of 30 mg/ml show the Paralysis time (PT) and Death time (DT) is 54.2 minutes and 66.85 minutes and for concentration of 40 mg/ml PT and DT is 22.23 and 28.16 minutes respectively (Figure 1, Figure 4).

Normal saline of 25 ml not show any activity (Figure 1, Figure 2) and 10% solution of Piperazine citrate used as standard show the Paralysis time (PT) and Death time (DT) is 21.66 minutes and 61.33 minutes (Figure 1, Figure 2).

4. Conclusion

Anthelmintic activity was observed on different extracts of Polypodium decumanum after studying the acute toxicity on the plant. Two doses 30 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml of ethyl acetate, ethanolic and water extracts were taken to observe the paralysis time (PT) and death time (DT) of earthworms with these doses. It was observed that all the extracts of exhibited dose dependent anthelmintic activity against earthworms. Ethyl acetate extract was more significant followed by ethanol and water extract in causing paralysis and death of earthworms when compared with the standard drug (piperazine citrate, 10 mg/ml). It had been reported that phenolics, flavonoid, diterpenoid, phytosterol are responsible for anthelmintic activity of many plants.

References

[1]   | Agaie, B.M., Onyeyili, P.A., Bundy, Anthelmintic activity of crude aqueous leaf of Anogeissus leiocarpus in sheep. African J. of Biotechnology, 1994, 6, 1511-1515.
[2]   | Chandrashekhar, C.H., Latha, K.P., Vagdevi, H.M., Vaidya, V.P., Kosalge, Anthelmintic activity of the crude extracts of Ficus racemosa. Int. J. of Green Pharmacy. 2009, 103.
[3]   | Raina, M.K., Quality control of herbal and herbo-mineral formulations. Indian Journal of Natural Products, 2003, 19, 11-15
[4]   | Aswar, M., Aswar, U., Watkar, B., Vyas, M., Wagh, A., Gujar, K.N., Anthelmintic activity of Ficus benghalensis. Int. J. of Green Pharmacy. 2008, 170-172.
[5]   | Mukerjee, P.K., Quality control of Herbal drugs: An approach to evaluation of botanicals, 1st ed, Bussiness Horizons, New Delhi, 2002.
[6]   | Bundy, D.A., Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helminthic infection I: the global burden of intestinal nematode disease. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 1994, 8, 259-261.
[7]   | Berti G., Bottari P., Marsili A., Morelli I., A triterpenoid epoxide from polypodium vulgare. Tetrahedron Letters. 1966, 7 (9), 979-982.
[8]   | Herfindal and Gourley, 2000. Textbook of Therapeutics: Drug and Disease Management, 6th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 305-323.
[9]   | B Bibhilesh; Mendhe; Umesh Nema; Piyush Gupta; R Bhushan. Inter J Pharm Sci and Res., 2010, 1(3): 69-72.
[10]   | EO Ajaiyeoba; PA Onocha; OT Olarenwaju. Pharm Biol., 2001, 39: 217-20.
[11]   | V Suresh; G Arunachalam; N Senthil Kumar. J.Pharmy Res., 2011, 4(1): 283-284.
[12]   | RD Vidyarthi. A textbook of Zoology. Chand S and Co, New Delhi, 14thed, 1967.
[13]   | KD Chatterjee. Parasitology, Protozoology and Helminthology. In Guha Ray Sree Saraswaty Press Ltd,Calcutta, 6thed, 1967.
[14]   | T Sollmann. J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1918, 12: 120-70.