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Boundary Layer Stagnation-Point Flow of Second Grade Fluid over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet

Abdul Rehman*, Ghulam Farooq, Israr Ahmed, Muhammad Naseer, Muhammad Zulfiqar

Department of Mathematics, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan

Abstract: In this paper, the steady boundary layer stagnation point flow and heat transfer of a second grade fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet is investigated. The solutions are obtained through homotopy analysis method (HAM) and the Keller-box technique. Comparisons of both the solutions are given graphically as well as in tabular form. The effects of second grade parameter β Prandtl number Pr and other important physical parameters are presented through graphs and the salient features are discussed.

Keywords: boundary layer flow, heat transfer, second grade fluid, exponential stretching/shrinking, homotopy analysis method, keller-box technique

Citation: Abdul Rehman, Ghulam Farooq, Israr Ahmed, Muhammad Naseer, Muhammad Zulfiqar, Boundary Layer Stagnation-Point Flow of Second Grade Fluid over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 3 (6). 211-219. January 2015. doi:10.12691/ajams-3-6-1

1. Introduction

Boundary layer flow due to stretching and stagnation point flows have achieved considerable attention due to its applications in industry and manufacturing processes. A large number of researchers are engaged with this area. Mention may be made to the works of [1-15]. In the analysis mentioned above simple stretching and stagnation flow have been used. However some researchers have used the exponential stretching because of its engineering applications. Sanjayanad and Khan [16] and Khan and Sanjayanad [17] have discussed the boundary layer flow of viscoelastic fluid due to exponential stretching sheet with and without heat transfer analysis. Later on, the idea of exponential stretching have further discussed by Nadeem et al [18,19] for considering different non-Newtonian fluid models. Recently, Wei et al [20] have considered the stagnation point flow over an exponentially stretching/shrinking sheet for the viscous fluids.

Motivated from the above analysis, the aim of the present paper is to discuss the boundary layer flow of second grade fluid over an exponential stretching sheet. To the best of author’s knowledge only a single attempt is available which discussed the exponential stagnation with the exponential stretching when fluid is taken as Newtonian. However, this analysis has not been discussed so far for non-Newtonian fluids. Therefore, in this paper we have discussed both the analytical and numerical solutions of the second grade fluid with exponential stagnation point flow with exponential stretching in the presence of mixed convection heat transfer. It is also worth able to mention here that we have discussed the two strong solution techniques together. The analytical solutions are carried out with the help of homotopy analysis method [21-28]. For validity of the solution we have also provided numerical solutions obtained with the of Keller-box technique [29,30,31]. The physical features of embedding parameters are discussed through graphs.

2. Formulation

Let us consider a stagnation point flow of an incompressible second grade fluid over a stretching sheet. The stretching and stagnation point is assumed to be of exponential type. The Cartesian coordinates (x, y) are used such that x is along the surface of the sheet, while y is taken normal to it. The related boundary layer equations of second grade fluid in the presence of heat transfer take the following form

[picture] | (1)

[picture] | (2)

[picture] | (3)

Here are the velocity components along the axes, is the fluid density, is the second grade parameter, is the kinematic viscosity, is temperature, is the thermal diffusivity, is pressure and is the free-stream velocity. The corresponding boundary conditions for the problem are

[picture] | (4)

[picture] | (5)

where the free-stream velocity , the stretching velocity , and the surface temperature , are defined as

[picture] | (6)

in which and are constant velocities, is constant temperature and is the reference length. Defining the following similarity transformations:

[picture] | (7)

[picture] | (8)

With the help of transformations defined in and , is identically satisfied and and take the form

[picture] | (9)

[picture] | (10)

in which is the nondimensional second grade fluid parameter and is the Prandtl number. The boundary conditions in nondimensional form can be written as

[picture] | (11)

[picture] | (12)

where .

The shear stress on the surfaces , the frictional drag coefficient the heat flux at the surface and the local Nusselt numbers in dimensionless form are defined as

[picture] | (13)

[picture] | (14)

[picture] | (15)

[picture] | (16)

where , and is the local Reynolds number.

3. Analytical Solution of the Problem

The analytical solution of the above boundary value problem is obtained with the help of HAM. For HAM solution we choose the initial guesses as

[picture] | (17)

The corresponding auxiliary linear operators are

[picture] | (18)

They satisfy

[picture] | (19)

where are arbitrary constants. The zeroth-order deformation equations are defined as

[picture] | (20)

[picture] | (21)

in which

[picture] | (22)

[picture] | (23)

The appropriate boundary conditions for the zeroth order system are

[picture] | (24)

[picture] | (25)

Further details of the HAM solution can be found in [21,22].

4. Numerical Solution

For accuracy of the HAM solution the problem is also solved using the Keller-box technique. For Keller-box scheme the nonlinear system of differential equations is first converted into a first order system using appropriate substitution. This first order system is then approximated by difference equations using central difference. The resulting finite difference system is linearized by applying Newton's method, at the end the obtained linearized system is solved using block-elimination procedure.

5. Results and Discussion

The problem of stagnation point boundary layer flow of a second grade fluid over an exponentially stretching sheet is solved analytically as well as numerically. The analytical solutions of the system of ordinary differential equations subject to the boundary conditions are obtained through homotopy analysis method (HAM). The convergence of the HAM solution is havily dependent upon the proper selection of . To find appropriate values of and the convergence regions of and are plotted in Figure 1-Figure 3 for specified combinations of involved parameters. Figure 1 is displaying the convergence regions for for different values of second grade parameter when stretching parameter It is observed that convergence region for viscous fluids is and convergence region is for that is with increase in convergence region reduced. Figure 2 is graphed for convergence region of for different values of when second grade parameter From Figure 2 it is observed that convergence region for rigid plat case is while for convergence region is Figure 3 is sketched to observe convergence region for the temperature gradient for specified vales of stretching parameter, second grade parameter and the Prandtl number. It is noted that convergence region is

Figure 1. h - curves for for different drawn at the 20th order-approximation

Figure 2. h - curves for for different drawn at the 20th order-approximation

Figure 3. h - curve for for different drawn at the 20th order-approximation

Figure 4. Comparison of Keller-box and HAM solutions for for

Figure 5. Comparison of Keller-box and HAM solutions for for different values of

Figure 6. Comparison of Keller-box and HAM solutions for for different values of

Figure 7. Influence of over for different values of

Figure 8. Influence of over for different values of

Figure 9. Influence of over for different values of

Figure 10. Influence of over for different values of

Figure 11. Variation of Skin-friction for different combinations of and against

To check accuracy of the HAM solution, the problem is also solved with the help of second order implicit finite difference scheme Keller-box technique. Figure 4-Figure 6 are prepared for comparison of both the HAM and Keller-box solutions for specified values of involved parameters. Figure 4 is schemed to spot behavior of the HAM and Keller-box solutions for different values of when It is noted that both solutions are in excellent contract. Figure 5 is organized to observe behavior of the two solutions for different values of second grade parameter when It is witnessed that both the solutions are in decent agreement. From Figure 5 it is also noted that an escalation in second grade parameter demands a decrease in the velocity profile, this is due to the fact that higher resembles to higher tensile stress between fluid layers, that in return corresponds to higher resistance to fluid motion. Figure 6 is drawn to check the behavior of the two solutions for the temperature profile for different values of the Prandtl number when and respectively. From Figure 6 it is seen that both the solutions are again in good agreement and that an increase in demands a decline in the temperature profile and also corresponds to decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness. This is due to the fact that large corresponds to low thermal diffusivity, which in return corresponds to less energy transfer ability due to which thermal boundary layer decreases. Figure 7 is designed to observe influence of second grade parameter over the velocity profile for different values of . From Figure 7 it is observed that has a dual behavior for for different . That is, for an increase in implies decrease in , whereas for an increase in corresponds to a decrease in . From Figure 7 it is also noted that has greater reliance over when is away from unity, but when is near to unity, dependence of over is minimal. Figure 8 is plotted to perceive the effects of for different values of . From Figure 8 it is observed that as stretching parameter increases the temperature profile decreases more rapidly with respect to as compare to smaller Figure 9 is drafted to observe the behavior of with respect to for different values of second grade parameter . From Figure 8 it is observed that decrease in with is slow for larger values of . Figure 10 is included to check the behavior of temperature profile against different when and . It is perceived that has a dual behavior against for different , that is when , an increase in produces increase in , whereas when , an increase in gives opposite behavior. Figure 11 is affiliated to check behavior of second grade parameter over skin-friction coefficient against Reynolds number for different values of . It is depicted from Figure 11 that with an increase in skin-friction coefficient increases. The rate of increase in against decreases with an increase in . It is also noted that skin-friction coefficient has strong dependence over and behavior of other involved parameters are noticeable only when whereas, shoots to infinity when while decays to zero for Figure 12 portrays behavior of Nusselt numbers for different values of local Reynolds number against . From Figure 12 an increase is observed in with respect to .

Figure 12. Variation of Nusselt numbers for different values of against

Table 1-Table 2 are prepared to compare the HAM and Keller-box solutions for velocity and temperature gradients at the surface of stretching sheet. From Table 1-Table 2 it is obvious that both the solutions are compatible. From Table 1 it is also predicted that wall shear stress at the surface decreases with , when , while increases with , when . Whereas with respect to second grade parameter wall shear stress decreases. Table 2 contains values for temperature gradient at surface of stretching sheet. From Table 2 it is noted that with an increase in and the local heat flux decreases, whereas with an increase in the heat transfer at the wall decrease.

Table 1. Comparison of behavior of wall shear stress at the surface τw, against different parameters. The tabulated values are the corresponding absolute values of f''(0)

Table 2. Comparison of behavior of heat flux at the surface qw against different parameters

References

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