Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Some Restricted Partition Functions

Sabuj Das

Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics Raozan University College, Bangladesh

Abstract: In 1742, Euler found the generating function for P(n). Hardy said Ramanujan was the first, and upto now the only, Mathematician to discover any such properties of P(n). In 1952, Macmahon established a table of P(n) for the first 200 values of n. This paper showed how to find the number of partition of n by using Macmahon’s table. In 1742, Euler also stated the series in the enumeration of partitions. This Paper showed how to generate the Euler’s use of series in the enumeration of partitions. In 1952, Macmahon also quoted the self-conjuate partitions of n. In this Paper, Macmahon’s self-conjugate partitions are explained with the help of array of dots. This paper showed how to prove the Euler’s Theorems with the help of Euler’s device of the introduction of a second parameter z, and showed how to prove the Theorem 3 with the help of Euler’s generating function for P(n), and also showed how to prove the Theorem 4 with the help of certain conditions of P(n).

Keywords: at most, array, convenient, discover, denominator, diagonal, Euler’s device, Euler’s identity, Macmahon’s table, Self-conjugate

Received April 09, 2014; Revised November 07, 2014; Accepted November 24, 2014

Citation: Sabuj Das, Some Restricted Partition Functions. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 2 (6). 386-393. January 2014. doi:10.12691/ajams-2-6-5

1. Introduction

In this paper, we give some related definitions of P(n), Pe(n), Qo(n), Qe(n), X(n), Y(n), P(n, p, *), ,, (n), S2m(n-m(m+l)), P(n, p, ≤ q), P(n, ≤ p, ≤ q), P(n, ≤ p, *), and establish the Remark 1: X(n) =Y (n) with numerical example when n=8, and also formulate the generating functions for . We prove the Euler’s Theorems with the help of Euler’s device of the introduction of a second parameter z, when z=1 and z=x respectively, and describe elaborately all self-conjugate partitions of n [5].We prove the Theorem 3 in terms of (n), and prove the Theorem 4 with numerical example when n=11.

2. Some Related Definitions

P(n) [3]: The number of partitions of n. Example: 4, 3+1, 2+2, 2+1+1, 1+1+1+1P(4)=5.

Pe(n): The number of partitions of n into even parts.

Qo(n) [6]: The number of partitions of n into distinct odd parts.

Qe(n): The number of partitions of n into distinct even parts.

X(n) [2]: The number of partitions of n with no part repeated more than twice.

Y(n): The number of partitions of n with no part divisible by 3.

P(n, p, *): The number of partitions of n into p parts.

σ(n) [4]: The sum of divisors of n including 1 and n.

: The number of partitions of n into an even number of distinct parts no greater than m.

: The number of partitions of n into an odd number of distinct parts no greater than m.

S2m(n-m(m+1)): The number of partitions of n-m(m+1) into even parts not exceeding 2m.

P(n, p, ≤ q): The number of partitions of n into p parts, none of which exceeds q.

P(n, ≤ p, ≤ q): The number of partitions of n into p or any smaller number of parts, none of which exceeds q.

P(n, ≤ p, *): The number of partitions of n into p or any smaller number of parts.

3. Construction of a Table of Values of P(n, p, *) ([1] and [5])

Table of p-partitions of n (i.e. values of P(n, p, *,)

We get P(n, 1, *) = 1, or , when n is odd or even Also P(n, n, *) = 1 P(n, n-1 *) = 1. From above table; (n, k) is denoted by the n-th space of kth row, and the set of spaces (n, 1), (n + 1, 2), (n + 2, 3), (n + 3, 4) ------- the n th diagonal.

We first complete the first and second rows and the first and second diagonals.

The integers of the (n+ 1) th diagonal are the sums of one, two, three, four, ------ terms of the n th column, starting from the top.

That is, the second column is 1,1 0,0 ----, so that the third diagonal is 1, 2, 2, 2, 2,---- -----. The third column is 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, ----, so that the fourth diagonal is 1, 2, 3, 3, ----.

The fourth column is 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, -------, so that the fifth diagonal is 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, -----, i. e. the fifth diagonal is 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 2 + 1, 1 + 2 + 1 + 1, 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 0, -----, and so on to any extent.

4. We Discuss now about the Generating Functions for Pe(n), , Y(n), Qo(n), Qe(n), S2m(n-m (m+1)) and - . [These are Euler’s use of series in the enumeration of partitions]

We consider a function, whose denominator is the product of infinite factors (l-x²), (1-x⁴), ------- ∞ and it is written as

[picture] | (1)

where Pe(n) is the number of partitions of n into even parts.

It is convenient to define pe(n) = 0, if n is an odd integer.

We consider a function, which is the product of infinite factors, one of which is (l+xn +x2n) and it can be written as

[picture] | (2)

Each element of the product comes from multiplying together one term from each bracket either xo or xn or xn+n from 1+xn +x2n. So in the corresponding partition no part occurs more than twice.

Therefore we can say that the coefficient of xn in the above expansion is the number of partitions of n with no part repeated more than twice.

The generating function for is of the form

[picture] | (3)

where the coefficient is the number of partitions of n with no part divisible by 3. From (2) and (3) we have

Equating the coefficient of xn from both sides, we get the following remark.

Remark 1[8]: = , i.e. the number of partitions of n with no part repeated more

than twice is equal to the number of partitions of n with no part divisible by 3.

Proof: We develop a one-to-one correspondence between the partitions enumerated by and those enumerated by . Let be a partition of n with no part is repeated more than twice. We transfer this into a partition of n with no part is divisible by 3. If a part of the partition, which is divisible by 3, enumerated by can be expressed into three equal parts, such that: 6 = 2+2+2, 3 = 1+1+1. Rearranging the parts of the partition, we can say that the parts are not divisible by 3. Clearly, our correspondence is one-to-one.

Conversely, we start any partition of n into with no part is divisible by 3, say , we consider the same part not less than thrice, it would be unique sum by same three parts by taking a group, such that, 5+1+1+1 = 5+3 and 2+2+2+1+1 = 6+1+1.

This gives n as a partition with no part is repeated more than twice. Thus, we have the one-to-one correspondence. The corresponding is onto, so that . Hence the Theorem.

Example 1: When n = 8, the listed partitions of 8 with no part repeated more than twice is given below:

8 = 7+1 = 6+2 = 6+1+1 = 5+3 = 5+2+1 = 4+4 = 5+3+1 = 4+2+1+1 = 4+2+2 = 3+3+2 = 3+3+1+1= 3+2+2+1. So, there are 13 partitions i.e., . Again, the list of partitions of 8 with no part is divisible by 3 is given below:

8 = 7+1 = 5+2+1 = 5+1+1+1+1 = 4+4 = 4+2+1+1 = 4+2+2= 4+1+1+1+1 = 2+2+2+2 =2+2+2+1+1= 2+2+1+1+1+1 = 2+1+1+1+1+1+1 = 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1.

So, there are 13 partitions i.e., . .

Here we formulate the generating function[3], which enumerates all self-conjugate partitions of n.

We can represent the partition 15 + 5 + 1 of 21 graphically by an array of dots as in A₁

Here we have a square of 3² points and two tails, each representing a partition of (21-3²) = . 12 = 6 into 3 parts at most.

Generally a self-conjugate partition of n can be read as a square of m² dots and two tails representing partitions of (n-m²) into m parts at most.

So we can say that enumerates the partitions of n-m² into even parts not exceeding 2m or of (n-m²) into parts not exceeding m or of (n-m²) into at most m parts. Now each of these corresponds represents a self-conjugate partition of n having a square of m² points. Hence we have enumerates all self-conjugate partitions of n. Thus for n = 10: 7 + 3 = 9+1 has two partitions, which have distinct odd parts. These two partitions are self-conjugate partitions and their graphs are as follows

The generating function for S2m(n-m(m+1)) is of the form

[picture] | (4)

where the coefficient S2m(n-m(m+1)) is the number of partitions of n-m(m+1) into even parts not exceeding 2m or of (n-m(m+1)) into parts not exceeding m.

Example 2: If m = 3 the above expansion becomes;

It is convenient to define S₆ (o) = 1 and S₆ (n) = 0, if n is odd integer.

The generating function for Qo(n) is of the form

[picture] | (5)

where the coefficient Qo(n) is the number of partitions of n into distinct odd parts.

The generating function for Qe (n) is of the form

[picture] | (6)

It is convenient to define Qe(0) = 1 and Qe (n) = 0, if n is odd positive integer.

The coefficient Qe (n) of xn in the above expansion is the number of partitions of n into distinct even parts.

From above expansions we get the following remarks.

[These are known as Euler’s Theorems]

Theorem 1:

i.e.

[picture] | (7)

Theorem 2:

i.e,

[picture] | (8)

Proof of Remarks:

We have

[picture] | (9)

[picture] | (10)

[picture] | (11)

and so on.

These are used in proving the Theorems.

Now we shall convert the function into the another function. We have the function

[picture] | (12)

If z = 1, then (12) becomes

i.e.

Hence the Theorem.

If z = x, then (12) becomes;

where the indices in the numerators

1.2, 2.3, 3.4,......

i.e.

Hence the Theorem.

We also get that Theorem 1 represents the following statement.

The number of partitions of n into odd and unequal parts is equal to the numbers of it self-conjugate partitions.

We consider a function , which is the product of m factors

(1-x), (1-x²),-----(1-xm) as in the form = (1-x) (1-x²) (1-x³)-- (1-xm)

It is convenient to define (0) =1, (0) = 0.

Example 3: If m = 4, the above expansion becomes

Since (1) = 0, (1) = 1 with relevant partitions is 1. So (1) - (1) = - 1

(2) = 0, (2) = 1 with relevant partition is 2, so (2) - (2) = - 1

(3) = 1 with relevant partition is 2+1, (3) = 1 with relevant partition is 3, So(3) -(3) = 1-1 = 0.

(4) = 1 with relevant partition is 3 +1 and (4) = 1 with relevant partition is 4, so (4) - (4) = 1-1 = 0.

(5) = 2 with relevant partitions being 4+1, 3+2 and (5) = 0, (5) - (5) = 2.

(6) = 1 with relevant partition is 4+2 and (6) = 1 with relevant partition is 3+2+1, so (6)- (6) = 1 -1 = 0.

(7) = 1 with relevant partition is 4+3 and (7) = 1 with relevant partition is 4 + 2 + 1, so (7) - (7) = 1 - 1 = 0.

(8) = 0 and(8) = 1 with relevant partition is 4+3+1, so(8) - (8) = 0 - 1 = - 1.

(9) = 0 and (9) = 1 with relevant partition is 4+3+2, so (9) - (9) = 0 - 1 = - 1.

(10) = 1 with relevant partition is 4+3+2 + 1, and (10) = 0, so (10) - (10) = 1 - 0 = 1.

Here we give the following Theorem, which is related to the term σ(n).

Theorem 3: If n is any positive integer, then nP(n) = P(0) σ(n) + P(1) σ(n-1) + --- + P(r) σ (n-r) + --- + P(n-1) σ(1).

Proof: We have the generating function for P(n) is

[picture] | (13)

If it gives f(x) = ,. .... (14)

where

or,

Differentiating it w. r. to x we get;

[picture] | (15)

From (14) we get;

or, (by (13) and (14))

or, (by (13), (15))

Now equating the coefficients of xn from both sides, we get; Hence the Theorem.

5. We also Discuss about the Restricted Partition Functions . [These are also Euler’s use of series in the enumeration of partitions]

The generating function for P(n, p, ≤ q) is of the form.

[picture] | (16)

It is convenient to define P(n, p, ≤ q) = 0, if n< p.

The coefficient P(n, p, ≤ q) is the number of partitions of n into p parts, none of which exceeds q.

Example 4: If q = 3, the above function becomes

From (16) we have;

Equating the coefficient of xnzp from both sides, we get the following remarks.

Remark 2: P(n, p, ≤ q) = P(n, ≤ q, p).

If q → ∞ in (16), such as , x< 1 then (16) becomes;

[picture] | (17)

where the coefficient P(n, p, *) is the number of partitions of n into p parts.

From (17) we have;

Equating the coefficient of xnzp from both sides, we get the following remark.

Remark 3: P(n, p, *) = P(n, *, p).

Proof of Remark 3: We can represent a partition of 15 graphically by an array of dots or nodes such as

The dots in a column corresponding to a part. Thus B represents the partition 6+4+3+1+1 of 15. We can also represent B by transposing rows and columns in which case it would represent the partition graphically as conjugate of B

The dots in a column corresponding to a part, so that it represents the partition 5+3+3+2+1+1 of 15. Such pair of partitions are said to be conjugate. The largest part in either of these partitions is equal to the number of parts in the other. So that we can say that the number of partitions of n into p parts is the same as the number of partitions of n having largest part p, i. e. P(n, p, *) = P(n, *, p). Hence the Remark.

Example 5: The list of partitions of 8 into 4 parts is given below

5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 = 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2

The number of such partitions is 5, i.e. P(8, 4, *) = 5.

Again the list of partitions of 8 having largest part 4 is given below

4 + 4 = 4 + 3 + 1 = 4 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4 + 2 + 2.

So the number of such partitions is 5. i.e. P(8, *, 4) = 5.

Here 4 + 4, 4 + 3 + 1, 4 + 2 + 1 + 1, 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, and 4 + 2 + 2 are the conjugate partitions of 2 + 2 + 2 + 2, 3 + 2 + 2 + 1, 4 + 2 + 1 + 1, 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 and 3 + 3 + 1 + 1 respectively. Thus the number of partitions of 8 into 4 parts is equal to the number of partitions of 8 into parts, the largest of which is 4.

Generally, we can say that the number of partitions of n into p parts is the same as the number of partitions of n having largest part p.

The generating function for P(n, ≤ p, ≤ q) is of the form

[picture] | (18)

where the coefficient P(n, ≤ p, ≤ q) is the number of partitions of n into p or any

smaller number of parts, none of which exceeds q.

Example 6: If q = 2 then the function (18) becomes

If q→∞, such as xq = 0,x< 1, then (18) becomes;

[picture] | (19)

where the coefficient P(n, ≤ p, *) is the number of partitions of n into p or any smaller number of parts. From (19) We have;

Equating the coefficient of xnzp from both sides, we get the following remark.

Remark 4: P(n, ≤ p, *) = P(n + p, p, *)

Again from (19) we have;

Equating the coefficient of xnzp from both sides, we get the following remark.

Remark 5: P (n, ≤ p, *) = P(n, *, ≤ p)

Proof: The generating function for Pp (n) is

Suppose that 0 < x < 1, so that the product is convergent.

For consider the product

Any term out of the first, 2nd,--- pth factors may be represented by

xα, x²β, x³γ,----xpθ, where α, β, γ,----θ are any of the numbers 0, 1, 2, ---, p.

Thus α = 0, β = 1, γ = 2, the partition is one partition of 8 and α=1, β =2, γ = 1, the partition is also one of 8.

If the product of these terms is xn, we have α + 2β + 3γ + ----- + pθ = n, which is not unique. Hence the coefficient of xn in the product is the number of partitions in which n can be obtained by adding any representation of the numbers 1, 2 ----, p repetitions being allowed. Now the coefficient of xn in the product is the number of partitions of n into at most p parts.

But in Remark 3 we have discussed that the number of partitions of n into p parts is equal to the number of partitions of n into parts, the largest of which is p. So we can say that the number of partitions of n into at most p parts is equal to the number of partitions of n into parts which do not exceed p. i. e. P(n, ≤ p, *) = P(n, *, ≤ p).Hence the Remark.

Here we give the Theorem, which is related to the term P(n, p, *).

Theorem 4: P(n, p, *) = P(n-1, p-1, *) + P(n-p, p *).

where asterisk ‘*’ means that no restrictions is placed on the nature of the parts.

Proof: We make the p-partitions of n and then we have to distribute n elements into p irrelevant parts, whose sum is n. This can be done by adding a part p to each partition of n-p into 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, -------, or p parts. Therefore;

P(n, p, *) = P(n-p, 1, *) + P (n-p, 2, *) + P(n-p, 3, *) + ----+ P(n-p, p *). Changing n into n-1 and p into p-1, we have;

P(n-1, p-1, *) = P(n-p, 1, *) +P(n-p, 2, *) + P(n-p, 3, *) + ----+ P(n-p, p-1, *).

From above we get; P(n, p, *) = P(n-1, p-1, *) + P(n-p, p, *). Hence the Theorem.

Example 6: If n = 11, p = 4, then P(11, 4, *) = 11. Again if n = 10, p = 3, then P(10, 3, *) = 8. Finally if n = 7, p = 4, then P (7, 4, *) = 3.

Therefore we get; P(11 4, *) = 11 = 8 + 3 = P(10, 3, *) +P(7, 4, *).

6. Conclusion

In this study, we have found the number of partitions of n when n =1 to 17 by using Macmahon’s table. We have verified the remark 1 when n =8, and have found that the function enumerates all self-conjugate partitions of n, and have also proved the Euler’s Theorems with the second parameter z=1 and x respectively. We have established the Theorem 3 with the help of Euler’s generating function for P(n) and have verified the Theorem 4 with numerical example.

Acknowledgment

It is a great pleasure to express my sincerest gratitude to my respected teacher Professor Md. Fazlee Hossain, Department of Mathematics, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. I will remain ever grateful to my respected teacher Late Professor Dr. Jamal Nazrul Islam, JNIRCMPS, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

References

[1]   | Andrews, GE, An Introduction to Ramanujan’s Lost Notebook, Amer. Math. Monthly, 86, 1979. 89-108.
[2]   | Burn, R.P. (1964). A Pathway into Number Theory, 2nd Edition.
[3]   | Hardy G.H and Wright, E.M. Introduction to the Theory of Numbers, 4th Edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1965.
[4]   | IVAN and NIVEN, An introduction to the theory of Numbers, Fifth edition (1969).
[5]   | Macmahon, Combinatory analysis, Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Michigan Library, 2005.
[6]   | S.BARNARD and J.M. CHILD, Higher Algebra, Macmillan (1967).
[7]   | S.Ramanujan (1919), Some properties of P(n),number of partitions of n, Proc. of the Cam. Philo. Society X1X: 207-210.
[8]   | Sabuj Das and Haradhan Kumer Mohajan, Generating Functions For X(n) an Y(n), American Review of Mathematics and Statistics, Vol. 2 No. 1, March 2014.