Dear Label_Name,

Greetings! I hope you are well.

I am writing on behalf of an international publishing house, Science and Education Publishing, USA (http://www.sciepub.com).

Science and Education Publishing (SciEP) is a multidisciplinary open access publisher of Journals covering the fields of Science, Technology and Medicine. All SciEP publications are subject to high-quality peer review, editorial and production processes and are freely available online.

Welcome to the April, 2013 edition of SciEP newsletter, providing monthly summaries of articles on science & education related topics of interest to scientist and professionals. The mission of our journals is to provide an open access forum for publishing new findings on issues pertinent to scientific and academic field. We also invite you to submit original research papers, review articles, short reports, or case studies are considered for publication in our Multidisciplinary Journals.

American Journal of Public Health Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajphr-1-1-3

The Implementation of a Tele-Homecare System with Service Oriented Architecture and HL7 Message Transmission Standard
Ching-Sung Wang

American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
DOI: 10.12691/ajmbr-1-1-2

The Influence of Ethanol on Pyruvate Kinases Activity in Vivo, in Vitro, in Silico
Lelevich Sergey Vladimirovich, Khrustalev Vladislav Victorovich, Barkovsky Eugene Victorovich, Shedogubova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
DOI: 10.12691/ajmsm-1-1-1

Clinical and Histological Features in Wegener Granulomatosis
Li Cavoli Gioacchino, Passantino Rita, Bono Luisa, Tortorici Calogera, Ferrantelli Angelo, Giammarresi Carlo, Rotolo Ugo

American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
DOI: 10.12691/ajidm-1-1-2

The Curse of Lymphatic Filariasis: Would the Continual Use of Diethylcarbamazine Eliminate this Scourge in Papua New Guinea?
Anne Lanham, Lillian Mwanri

We have released issues of some journals on February 2013.
American Journal of Public Health Research
American Journal of Medical Sciences and Medicine
American Journal of Medical and Biological Research
American Journal of Pharmacological Sciences
American Journal of Clinical Medicine Research
American Journal of Nursing Research
American Journal of Cancer Prevention
American Journal of Medicine Studies
American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
American Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research
American Journal of Biomedical Research
American Journal of Mechanical Engineering
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Journal of Preventive Medicine
American Journal of Food and Nutrition
American Journal of Hypertension Research
American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Journal of Cancer Research and Treatment
American Journal of Zoological Research
Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
American Journal of Microbiological Research
Biomedical Science and Engineering

We are pleased to announce that submissions are now being accepted for peer review for all the journals across all our subject areas in SciEP.

Please submit your manuscript via our online submission system:
http://www.sciepub.com/author/signin

To unsubscribe from our mailing list, please click on the following link: unsubscribe

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Kind regards,

David Rain
Email:join@sciepub.com
Science and Education Publishing (http://www.sciepub.com)

Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using WQI in Bhokardan Area of Jalna District, Maharashtra State

K. P. Dandge*, S. S. Patil

Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431004 (M.S.), India

Abstract: The quality of surface and ground water resources is deteriorating with time due to numerous natural and anthropogenic sources of pollution. As surface and ground water is major source of drinking water in rural area in the study area, made essential to monitor its quality regularly. Water Quality Index (WQI) show a significant role and a useful tool for evaluating the overall quality of water aimed for drinking purpose. This method converts the complex and large data on water quality trends to a single value which can be easily understandable to the common public, local governing bodies and policymakers. In the present research work an attempt was made to check suitability of surface and ground water for drinking purpose using Water Quality Index method. The water quality was estimated by analyzing selected physico-chemical parameters which play significant role in determining water quality such as pH, Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Potassium, Total Hardness, E. Coli, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Dissolved Oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand. Total 32 surface and 35 ground water samples were collected from different selected locations in the study area during pre and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The overall results revealed that almost all the surface water sources from the Bhokardan area, Jalna District, India was found unsuitable for drinking purposes. The application of WQI method to evaluate sequential variations in surface as well as ground water quality was therefore found suitable and effective tool for monitoring and proper management of drinking water resources.

Keywords: drinking water quality, WQI, Bhokardan area

Received August 04, 2021; Revised September 08, 2021; Accepted September 16, 2021

Citation: K. P. Dandge, S. S. Patil, Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using WQI in Bhokardan Area of Jalna District, Maharashtra State. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 9 (9). 800-805. January 2021. doi:10.12691/aees-9-9-3

1. Introduction

Surface and groundwater resources are extremely sensitive aquatic systems to pollutants due to their exposure to the various point and non-point sources of pollutions [1]. Exhaustive monitoring surface waters are essential and vital to assure the accessibility of quality water for its various uses [2,3]. The stress on water resources is from various sources and impacts can take different forms. Rapid growth in population resulted in rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development give rise to high adverse impacts on the quality and quantity of water in India [4]. The result of land usage patterns on river water quality was studied in three, different river basins located in Epirus, Northwestern Greece by [5] and observed that, inorganic nutrient load was mostly due to sites that drain agricultural areas. Similar investigation carried out on water quality of the Songhua River in Northeast China by [6] and results showed that the main pollutants was nitrogenous pollutants released from non-point sources. The nitrate appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in the central region of the India and observed 411 mg/l of nitrate [7]. The main sources of variation in surface water quality are due to both seasonal factors and anthropogenic activities [8].

The WQI provides a single number which expresses the overall state of a particular water body at a particular period after assessing several water parameters for that particular water body [9]. Water Quality Index is a competent technique for evaluating the fitness of water quality for different uses. The assessment of surface and ground water quality can be a complex process undertaking various parameters capable of creating numerous pressures on overall water quality. It is also a very applied and tool for relaying the information on overall quality of water to the layman and concern government, non-government organization local governing bodies [10]. The use of WQI simpliﬁes the presentation of results of investigation associated to a water body, as it summarizes in a single unitless value, the collective effect of several water quality parameters analyzed. The use of water quality index in estimating the quality of surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes have increased tremendously since the initial WQI established by Horton (1965) and upgraded version by [12].

In the rural communities of the Jalna District, agriculture is the main livelihood activity and the backbone of the societies. Climate change is expected to impact agriculture by increasing water demand, limiting crop productivity and resulted into reducing water availability in areas where irrigation is needed [13]. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to examine the suitability of surface water samples collected along rivers and dams, using the ‘Weighted Arithmetic Index Method’ specified by [12]. The reason for selecting the WAWQI method since it has advantage over other methods such as in this method multiple water quality parameters are combined into a mathematical equation that rates fitness of water body through a number called water quality index as well as it defines the suitability of surface as well as ground water sources for human consumption.

2. Study Area

Bhokardan is one of the taluka situated in the Jalna district. Geographically it is located at 20.250508 °N 75.774236 °E. It has an average elevation of 587 metres and having area of 1273 sq. km. The Location map of the study area is presented in Figure 1. The ancient city lies on minor peaks on the south bank of Kelana river. Keeping in view the present demand and source and sustainable management of water, Central Ground Water Board has categorised Bhokardan taluka as Critical and Semi critical Taluka under the National Aquifer Mapping Programme in India, during XII five-year plan [14]. The rural societies are mainly depending on agricultural and allied activities. The dominant cultivation of cash drop is cotton in combination with a mix of maize, pearl millet (bajra), pulses (tur, mug, uadid) and soybean in the kharif season and sorghum (jowar) and to some degree wheat in the rabi (winter) season [13]. The main surface and ground water uses in the study area is for drinking and agricultural purposes including livestock. Government public open wells are main source of drinking water in the study area.

Figure 1. The location map of the study area

3. Materials and Methods

The sampling locations mostly consist of rural areas in this region. Samples were collected at 67 locations preferably of drinking water sources of government owned or identified and private wells for a year. Total 32 and 35 integrated surface and ground water samples were collected respectively during pre and post-monsoon period for the year 2014-2015 and analysed it for various quality parameters like pH, Alkalinity Total hardness, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Chloride, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Fluoride, Phosphate, Nitrate, Sulphates Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) using standard methods [15,16]. Samples were collected in two litre capacity plastic cans which were acid washed and pre rinsed with reagent grade distilled water followed by washing with water to be sampled. The methodologies implemented for the determination of water quality parameters of the collected samples Table 1.

Table 1. Water quality parameters and their associated units and analytical method used

Depending on the significant role of the water quality parameters and its corresponding value in the total quality of water for drinking purposes each quality determining parameter has been allocated individual weightage [17]. In the first step, selected 13 water quality parameters which play significant role in assessment of drinking water quality has been allocated a weight (wi) presented in Table 2. The maximum weight of 5 has been allocated to the parameter nitrate, turbidity and E. coli due to its significant role in water quality. Total hardness and potassium which are given the minimum weight of 2 since it may not be harmful to human health. The highest weight allocated is 5 and lowest is 1. In the next step, the relative weight (Wi) is calculated by using the following formula

[picture] | (1)

Where, Wi is the relative weight, wi is the weight of individual quality parameter and n is the number of quality parameters considered for water quality assessment. Calculated relative weight (Wi) values of each parameter are also given in Table 2.

Table 2. Showing weight assigned and relative weight calculated for selected parameters

In the third step, a quality rating scale (qi) for individual quality parameter is calculated by dividing its actual concentration in each water sample by its corresponding standard according to the guidelines laid down in the BIS and the outcome multiplied by 100.

[picture] | (2)

where qi is the quality rating, Ci is the concentration of individual chemical parameter in each water sample in mg/L, and Si is the Indian drinking water standard for each chemical parameter in mg/L according to the guidelines of the BIS 10500, 2012 and Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

For estimating the WQI, the SI is first determined for individual quality parameter by multiplying quality rating with relative weight, finally the summation of sub-index is used to determine WQI as per the following formula

[picture] | (3)

[picture] | (4)

Where, SIi is the sub index of ith parameter; qi is the rating depends on concentration of ith parameter and n is the number of parameters. The calculated WQI values are classified into five types, “Excellent water” to “Water, unsuitable for drinking” as per Table 3.

Table 3. Surface water classification based on Water Quality Index

4. Results and Discussions

Surface water is storage of water on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland and ocean. Surface water is naturally refilled by rainfall and naturally vanished through discharge to evaporation, transpiration and sub-surface seepage into the groundwater [18]. The accessibility of surface water in a watershed depends upon the rainfall within the watershed, storing capacity of the particular watershed, porousness of the soil, runoff features of the land, timing and duration of precipitation and the local evaporation rates etc [19]. Surface water quality is a significant factor that decides its usage for drinking and irrigation purposes [20]. Surface water quality monitoring and evaluation has become a critical problem because it affects human and aquatic life [21].

Human health is affected strongly by quality of water [22]. Assessing the quality of groundwater is significant due to its important aspect determining suitability for industrial use, agricultural, domestic, and drinking [23]. The main sources of groundwater pollution such as, agricultural area, landfills, hazardous waste disposal sites, sewerage systems, with high amounts of unabsorbed fertilizers, pesticides and other contaminants [24]. Water quality is affected by natural as well as human induced actions like irrigation, geology and local climate. Due to the enhancement in industrialization and urbanization, quality of groundwater decreases rapidly [25].

As per water quality status reviewed by [26] the overall surface water quality of the Jalna district was poor, which could be due to high Total Dissolved Solids, Fluoride, Sulphate, Nitrate and E-coli concentrations exceeding the permissible limit. In present study following outcomes were observed related to various surface water quality parameters. The physicochemical characteristics of surface and ground water samples in Bhokardan area was statistically analysed and the results such as maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation parameters are depicted in Table 4 and Table 5. The physical and chemical parameters of the analytical results of surface and groundwater were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards for drinking and public health standards [27].

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of the concentrations of water quality parameters in surface water during pre and post monsoon season

Table 5. Descriptive statistics of the concentrations of water quality parameters in ground water during pre and post monsoon season

5. Water Quality Index (WQI)

It was observed that the WQI was very suitable for the categorization of the surface and ground waters monitored [3]. The study carried by showed, the efficiency of water quality index to investigate and understand a dataset for effective evaluation of surface waters [28]. Tyagi & Sharma, 2014 studied of different types of water quality indices, interpreted that the aim of WQI is to recommend a single value to water quality of a source. Besides, interpretation of all important water quality parameters, WQI can reduce many parameters into a simple expression resulting into easy interpretation of water quality monitoring data for better understanding to layman. The WQI results showed that majority of the surface water sample fall under very poor and unsuitable drinking water category. The WQI assessment data significantly depicted that, 97% of the water samples fall within the “Water not suitable for drinking purpose” and only 3% sample fall under “Very poor water” categories, none of the sample exhibited good and excellent quality in the study area during pre-monsoon period while, 31%, 34% and 35% of the water samples were exhibited “Water not suitable for drinking”, “Very poor water” and “Poor water” class respectively. None of the sample exhibited good and excellent quality in the study area during post-monsoon like pre-monsoon period. The surface water quality was observed most worsened during pre-monsoon season as compared to post-monsoon season. Analogues trends were observed by various investigators and their co-investigators in different part of the India [30,33]. The studies carried out by Bora & Goswami, 2017 also revealed similar seasonal trends in surface water quality as of present investigation.

The WQI data of the study revealed that, 17% groundwater sources were of good quality, 40% had poor water quality, 29% exhibited very poor water quality and 14% showed water unsuitable for drinking purpose during pre-monsoon season while 62% groundwater sources were of good quality, 20% had poor water quality, 9% exhibited very poor water quality and 9% showed water unsuitable for drinking purpose during post-monsoon season. The high WQI values in groundwater samples were principally due to the occurrence of higher values of turbidity and E. Coli. The higher concentration of water quality parameters like total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, potassium, total hardness, fluoride and chloride also accountable for high WQI values in the study area. None of the location falls under excellent water quality during pre and post-monsoon period. The study showed that the quality of groundwater was found mostly under the category of good water during the post-monsoon season, as compared to that of pre-monsoon season. Similar results were observed by [35].

6. Conclusion

Surface and ground water quality and its suitability for drinking purposes in Bhokardan area has been evaluated. The water quality index data of the present study revealed that majority of the surface water sample fall under very poor and unsuitable drinking water category. The surface water quality was observed highly deteriorated during pre-monsoon season with an average WQI value of 647.6 as compared to post-monsoon season having average WQI value of 392.3. Usually, pre-monsoon samples have higher number of polluted sites. The ground water quality was found most poor during pre-monsoon season with an average WQI value of 198.4 as compared to post-monsoon season having average WQI value of 132.4.

The quality of groundwater was far better during the post-monsoon season, as compared to that of pre-monsoon season. The high WQI values in groundwater samples were principally due to the occurrence of higher values of turbidity and E. Coli. The studies of WQI for both surface and ground water, revealed that almost all the parts of the Bhokardan area, Jalna District, is unsuitable for drinking purpose during both pre and post- monsoon season. Overall analysis outcomes depicted that the agricultural runoff, waste disposal, leaching and traditional methods irrigation are the main reasons of lake water pollution in addition to this some degree of pollution from geogenic origin such as rock weathering. Hence, there is a crucial necessity of appropriate attention and management of surface water resources. The application of WQI to evaluate variations in surface and ground water quality was therefore found suitable and effective tool for monitoring and proper management surface and ground water resources.

Statement of Competing Interests

The authors have no competing interests.

References

[1]   | H. Tao, A. M. Bobaker, M. M. Ramal, Z. M. Yaseen, M. S. Hossain, and S. Shahid, “Determination of biochemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen for semi-arid river environment: application of soft computing models,” Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 923-937, 2019.
[2]   | J. E. Bollinger et al., “Comparative analysis of nutrient data in the lower Mississippi River,” Water Res., vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 2627-2632, 1999.
[3]   | E. Sánchez et al., “Use of the water quality index and dissolved oxygen deficit as simple indicators of watersheds pollution,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 315-328, 2007.
[4]   | CPCB, “Status of Water Quality in India-2011,” New Delhi, 2013.
[5]   | M. E. Kotti, A. G. Vlessidis, N. C. Thanasoulias, and N. P. Evmiridis, “Assessment of River Water Quality in Northwestern Greece,” Water Resour. Manag., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 77-94, 2005.
[6]   | S. Yu, J. Shang, J. Zhao, and H. Guo, “Factor Analysis and Dynamics of Water Quality of the Songhua River, Northeast China,” Water. Air. Soil Pollut., vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 159-169, 2003.
[7]   | D. Marghade, D. B. Malpe, and A. B. Zade, “Major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater of a fast growing city of Central India,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 184, no. 4, pp. 2405-2418, 2012.
[8]   | S. A. Bhat and A. K. Pandit, “Surface Water Quality Assessment of Wular Lake, A Ramsar Site in Kashmir Himalaya, Using Discriminant Analysis and WQI,” J. Ecosyst., vol. 2014, pp. 1-18, 2014.
[9]   | MPCB, “Water Quality Status of Maharashtra 2017-18,” Mumbai, 2018.
[10]   | R. Bhutiani, D. R. Khanna, D. B. Kulkarni, and M. Ruhela, “Assessment of Ganga river ecosystem at Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India with reference to water quality indices,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 107-113, 2016.
[11]   | R. K. Horton, “An Index Number System for Rating Water Quality,” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 300-306, 1965.
[12]   | R. M. Brown, N. I. McClelland, R. A. Deininger, and R. G. Tozer, “Water quality index-do we dare?,” Water Sew. Work., vol. 117, no. 10, p. 339 343, 1970.
[13]   | L. Barkved, S. Ghosh, S. Isabel, and S. G. Salunke, “Water resources , water use and potential risks in Jalna : impacts of extreme drought on water issues and use. Final report on WP 2.2: Extreme Risks, Vulnerabilities and Community based-Adaptation in India. (EVA): A Pilot Study,” New Delhi, 2014.
[14]   | CGWB, “Aquifer Maps and Ground Water Management Plan: Bhokardan Taluka, Jalna District, Maharashtra Part-I,” Nagpur, 2016. [Online]. Available: http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Maharshtra/Bhokardan Taluka, Jalna District, (Part-I).pdf.
[15]   | W. E. F. APHA., AWWA., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, D.C: APHA-AWWA-WEF.: American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C, USA, 1998.
[16]   | S. Maiti, Handbook of methods in environmental studies, Volume 1: Water and Wastewater analysis. Jaipur: Oxford Book Company, Jaipur, 2011.
[17]   | C. R. Ramakrishnaiah, C. Sadashivaiah, and G. Ranganna, “Assessment of Water Quality Index for the Groundwater in Tumkur Taluk , Karnataka State , India,” E-Journal Chem., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 523-530, 2009.

[18]  
F. Dökmen, “Temporal Variation of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and pH Values in Surface Waters of Gölcük-Kocaeli, Turkey BT - Plants, Pollutants and Remediation,” M. Öztürk, M. Ashraf, A. Aksoy, M. S. A. Ahmad, and K. R. Hakeem, Eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015, pp. 341-347.

[19]   | MoWR, “Surface Water,” Hydrology Project : Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India. http://hydrology-project.gov.in/SurfaceWater.html#Q5 (accessed May 25, 2020).
[20]   | K. Brindha and R. Kavitha, “Hydrochemical assessment of surface water and groundwater quality along Uyyakondan channel, south India,” Environ. Earth Sci., vol. 73, no. 9, pp. 5383-5393, 2015.
[21]   | K. R. Singh, A. P. Goswami, A. S. Kalamdhad, and B. Kumar, “Assessment of surface water quality of Pagladia, Beki and Kolong rivers (Assam, India) using multivariate statistical techniques,” Int. J. River Basin Manag., pp. 1-10, Jan. 2019.
[22]   | V. Amiri, M. Rezaei, and N. Sohrabi, “Groundwater quality assessment using entropy weighted water quality index (EWQI) in Lenjanat, Iran,” Environ. Earth Sci., vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 3479-3490, 2014.
[23]   | T. Subramani, L. Elango, and S. R. Damodarasamy, “Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India,” Environ. Geol., vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1099-1110, 2005.
[24]   | P. Pal, “Chapter 1 - Introduction,” in Industrial Water Treatment Process Technology, P. Pal, Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2017, pp. 1-19.
[25]   | R. R. Srinivas, C. H., Piska, R.S. Venkateshwar, Chinna & Rao, M.S.S. & Reddy, “Studies on ground water quality of Hyderabad,” Pollut. Res., vol. 19, pp. 285-289, 2000.
[26]   | K. Dandge and S. Patil, “Water Quality Status of Jalna District Of Marathwada Region , Maharashtra State : A Review,” Int. J. Res. Advent Technol., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 972-976, 2018.
[27]   | BIS, “Indian Standard, DRINKING WATER-SPECIFICATION (Second Revision),” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, New Delhi, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/bis_10500-2012_wq_standards_0.pdf.
[28]   | E. Fathi, R. Zamani-Ahmadmahmoodi, and R. Zare-Bidaki, “Water quality evaluation using water quality index and multivariate methods, Beheshtabad River, Iran,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1-6, 2018.
[29]   | S. Tyagi and B. Sharma, “Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index,” Am. J. Water Resour. 2013 1 (3), pp 34-38., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 34-38, 2014.
[30]   | S. K. Singh, P. Singh, and S. K. Gautam, “Appraisal of urban lake water quality through numerical index, multivariate statistics and earth observation data sets,” Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 445-456, 2016.
[31]   | P. J. Puri, M. K. N. Yenkie, D. B. Rana, and S. U. Meshram, “Application of water quality index (WQI) for the assessment of surface water quality (Ambazari Lake),” Pelagia Res. Libr. Eur. J. Exp. Biol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 37-52, 2015.
[32]   | G. Singh and R. K. Kamal, “Application of Water Quality Index for Assessment of Surface Water Quality Status in Goa,” Curr. World Environ., vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 994-1000, 2014.
[33]   | A. Lkr, M. R. Singh, and N. Puro, “Assessment of water quality status of Doyang River, Nagaland, India, using Water Quality Index,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-13, 2020.
[34]   | M. Bora and D. C. Goswami, “Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India,” Appl. Water Sci., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 3125-3135, 2017.
[35]   | S. Khan, S. Khan, M. N. Khan, and A. A. Khan, “Pre and Post Monsoon Variation in Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Groundwater Quality of Shahjahanpur the Town of Martyrs, India: A Case Study,” Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 107-114, 2015.