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Fodder Estimations for Dairy Activity in Tribal Area of Upper Pravara Basin in Maharashtra (India)

Pandharinath T. Karande*, Vijay S. Bhagat, Rajendra B. Zolekar

Department of Geography, Adv. M. N. Deshmukh Arts, Science and Commerce College Rajur, Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India, 422604

Abstract: Livestock is a continuous and major source of income to the tribal people in India. The scarcity of fodder is a major constraint observed for dairy activity in rural and tribal zones. Therefore, the fodder was estimated to understand the fodder source and budgeting for planning and management of sustainable dairy activity in the study region. The grazing on forest and open lands and stall feeding of harvested fodder are major feeding methods observed in the study area. The grazing estimates about 59% of fodder requirements and stall feeding estimates about 41%. The significant positive correlation was estimated for 1) 6 months grazing period with forest land, grasses reported as crop, other crops and area not available for cultivation, 2) 7 months grazing period with net sown area, good soil, rice crop, fallow land and private grasslands, 3) 8 months grazing period with an area not available for cultivation, good soil quality, good rainfall, more other crops, fallow land and grass reported as a crop and 4) 9 months grazing period with forest and area under crops. Green fodder shows deficit of about 80.6% of requirements in 95% villages with an adverse effect on dairy activity. Surplus green fodder is available only in villages having perennial irrigation facilities. Dry fodder estimated about 13.7% surplus which tribal people are using as supportive fodder in shortage period. These methods are useful for estimations and analysis of available fodder in rural and tribal zones of Indian and developing countries.

Keywords: fodder estimations, fodder availability, fodder requirements, fodder scarcity

Received April 17, 2021; Revised May 22, 2021; Accepted May 30, 2021

Citation: Pandharinath T. Karande, Vijay S. Bhagat, Rajendra B. Zolekar, Fodder Estimations for Dairy Activity in Tribal Area of Upper Pravara Basin in Maharashtra (India). Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 9 (5). 557-574. January 2021. doi:10.12691/aees-9-5-7

1. Introduction

Animal husbandry [1] is a supported occupation of agriculture and a major source of income as well as employment in India [2]. Two-third of the total population and three-fourth of the total workforce of India is depending upon agriculture and agro-based business [3]. The majority of the farmers are keeping animals for milk, meat, leather, bones, dung-manure, etc. as support business to the agriculture. Most of the farmers are keeping animals as main business, traditionally. In India, about three-fourth of the population is living in rural areas and about 38% of them are poor [4]. The animals are the main source of proteins and income to the poor population [1,5] and one of the ways of poverty alleviation [6]. Dairy farming is an important source of income to small landholders of dry, drought-prone and hilly zones [4,7]. Fodder is a prime need of dairy activity. Shortage of feeds and fodders are major constraints scattered and small size landholders [8,9]. Scholars [9,10,11] have reported shortfalls of fodder supply and minimal milk production in the dry season for farmers.

Researchers [12] have recently calculated the deficit of green fodder is 23%, dry fodder 31%, and concentrates feeds 47% in India. Reports on the 12th plan [13] have focused that the development of fodder and feed resources as necessary to sustain livestock in India. The country faces a deficit in 2010 is about 35.7% green fodder, 10.9% dry fodder and 44% concentrate feeds. In the year 2050 demand for total fodder is increasing by 23.9% compared to the year 2010 [13]. In the future to sustain livestock and dairy farming, the growth of green fodder is essential in the study as well as in the country. Therefore, the present study has focused on fodder estimations for dairy activity.

The availability of fodder and lack of sound scientific techniques for measuring the amount of fodder required per animal has imposed severe limitations on the research carried out in this field. In the given study area, the need for fodder is mostly met by grazing the animals in the forest, thus making it difficult to measure the fodder obtained from it. Furthermore, the grazing months vary from person to person as well as from time to time, depending upon the duration of the rains received in the area. Generally, the farmers neither equally distribute nor keep an exact account of the amount of fodder provided at their places. In this respect, the present research study will be quite beneficial for the development of dairy business not only in the given study area but also in other rural areas of the country as it concentrates on the study of different types of feeding methods, grazing patterns, weight of fodder obtained from crops, total availability of fodder, quantity of fodder required per animal and quantification of the need and shortage of fodder.

2. Study Area

The study area is located in the upper Pravara basin of Ahmednagar district (Maharashtra) in India (Figure 1). This study area including 44 villages and it is tribal. The study area lies between 19°28’03.97”N to 19°38’40.28” N latitudes and 73°36’58.01” E to 73°54’40.44”E longitudes in Akole tehsil (Figure 1). The River Pravara flows West to the East forming the center of the study area. The offshoots i.e. Kulangarh-Navarichadongar-Kalsubai (1646m) at North and Sipnur-Ratangarh (1237m) at South extended from West to East from the Mountain Sahyadri (Western Ghats) are borders of the region. The slopes are very steep at top of the ridges and have shallow soils whereas comparatively deep soils are distributed at foothill zones. The water holding capacity of the soils are varied according to slopes. The deep soils sustain the wetness for a long time as compared to the shallow. They are supplying fodder to domestic animals in the region.

Deep soils are covered by medium to dense deciduous, evergreen monsoon forests and grasses at places. The Pravara is a major non-perennial river flowing West to East. The major reservoir (Wilson dam) is located in the central part of the study area and Ghatghar dam at the West, Nilwande dam at the center and small dams on small tributaries in the north part. The river sometimes has water downstream of the dam in the period of rotations given to agriculture. Therefore, the study area has a perennial water supply for dairy farming near rivers and dams.

Rice is a major crop in the region that has the potentials for fodder supply in the dry season. A tribal population is a major group living in the region engaged in agriculture and animal rearing. The Dangi cow, the local breed is sustained in the contrasted condition i.e. heavy rainfall followed by a dry season. They are rearing the cows as well as buffaloes for milk and bull productions for self-sustenance. The small amount of milk from some families is supplying to the promoter for processing and earning some amount for domestic purposes. The standard of living is poor and needs to be improved soon. Therefore, the present study is proposed to estimation of fodder for improvement of the dairy activity in the tribal area.

Figure 1. Study area

3. Methodology

The methodology was prepared for estimations of requirements and availability and fodder and its budget. The analyses in the research are fully replying on a primary survey and secondary data. Finally, surplus and deficit villages were identified based on estimated availability and requirement of fodder for livestock in the study using book keeping methods.

3.1. Data

Out of 44 villages, 10 villages were selected for selecting the farmers for primary data using pre-tested questionnaires and interviews. About 245 milk producing farmers were selected from selected villages (10 villages) using random sampling method. The scholars [12,14,15,16,17] have used pre-tested questionnaires and [16,18] have used personal interviews for collection of information about feeds and fodder. This study is based on primary data collected about fodder and type of feeding for calculating the availability of fodder in the study area.

Information about land use and livestock were procured from Akole tehsil office and Livestock Census of Akole Tehsil (2012), respectively. The population Census (2011) report of the Ahmednagar district was used for the analysis of the village-wise forest area for calculating the fodder. Similar data was used by scholars [19,20,21] for fodder analysis. The Census [22] was used for the calculation of fodder requirements in the study area.

3.2. Estimations

Availability and requirements of fodder were calculated than surplus and deficit villages were identified in the study area. 1) The availability of fodder was calculated through land use and cropping pattern and 2) requirements were estimated based on fodder need for livestock units. Deficit and surplus villages were identified based on the difference between availability and requirements of fodder in the study region.

3.2.1. Availability of Fodder

The fodder availability depends on land use and cropping pattern. The scholars [19,23,24,25,26] have used land use, whereas [27,28,29,30] have used cropping pattern for fodder estimations. Similarly, land use and cropping patterns were used as basic data for these calculations. The primary data about per unit fodder production by using a questionnaire filled by randomly selected farmers sampled villages in the study area.

The per unit fodder production was calculated for 1) all crops including Rice, Nagali, Varai, Bajra, Jawar, Hulaga, Chawali, Tur, Mug, Groundnut, Khurasani and Soybean, 2) fodder crops like Maize, Napier grass and Lasung has and 3) grasses reported as crops in government reports (Table 1). Here, fodder was calculated for crops based on residues after harvesting for major production. Similarly, researchers [31,32,33] have used crop residues calculating for fodder estimations whereas the weights of fodder crops and grasses were used by scholars [12,34,35] for estimations of the availability of fodder.

Table 1. Methods of fodder calculations

Crop wise average fodder production (T/Ha) was calculated to estimate the available fodder in the village and in the study area (Table 2).

Table 2. Crop wise average fodder production

3.2.2. Requirement of Fodder

The fodder requirements are differ according to feeding patterns and type of livestock (species, age, sex, and status of cattle as milch or dry). Reliable estimates of feed demand are not available, so different treats have use for estimation of feed demand [36]. Therefore, the requirements of fodder are estimated based on the feeding patterns and livestock distributions in the study area.

A) Feeding patterns

Yearly distribution of month wise feeding varies according to regional variation. Two methods of feeding for livestock are observed in the study region: 1) slot-wise feeding pattern including grazing and stall feeding, and 2) mixed feeding pattern showing both grazing and stall feeding throughout the year. Ten villages were selected for data collection, analysis and estimations of fodder requirements in the study area. The feeding patterns for these selected villages were identified based on data collected using questionnaires circulated to dairy farmers in these selected villages. Finally, the average feeding pattern for the region (Figure 8) was identified based on the feeding patterns estimated for the sample villages.

The duration of livestock grazing in the region was identified based on data collected from the farmers and analyzed to identify the grazing patterns as: 1) six months grazing, 2) seven months grazing, 3) eight months grazing, and 4) nine months grazing.

B) Distribution of livestock

Breed-wise livestock distribution is essential for calculating the requirement of fodder in the study region. Livestock variety: crossbreed cows, indigenous cows (Dangi cow), buffaloes and goats are observed in the study area [12]. Further, cattle and buffalo are classified milch, dry, bullock, and calf for calculating the fodder requirements.

Village wise livestock distribution is obtaining from Livestock Census of Akole Tehsil, (2012) as male and female calf, male and female adult (breeding cow and buffalo). The percentage of the milch and dry adult female cattle and buffaloes were estimated based on information available in Maharashtra state [22] (Table 3).

Table 3.Milch and dry adult female livestock in the study area

The pet animal-wise requirements of fodder are varying according to the type of livestock, variety, age, sex, lactation period, etc., [37]. Researchers [6,17,28,33,38] have calculated the requirements of fodder for the dairy activity. The sex and age of livestock were used for calculating the requirement of fodder in the study area. The requirements are given by the scholar [28] were used for the fodder estimation of indigenous cows, buffaloes and goats for the study area. Further, the primary survey was conducted for estimations of fodder required for crossbreed cows (Table 4).

Table 4. Requirement offodder

The animal wise yearly requirements of fodder in the study area were calculated using the following formula:

[picture] | (1)

TA = Total animal

GFR = Green fodder requirement per day

DFR = Dry fodder requirement per day

The requirement of fodder depends on fodder feeding methods. Grazing, stall feeding and mixed feeding methods are used in the area. Mainly requirement of fodder classified into 1) grazing and 2) stall feeding. The feeding method-wise percentage was calculated by using primary data collected from the dairy farmers. The availability was calculated based on the fodder requirements of grazing animals. It is assumed that livestock gets as much fodder as they need in the form of grazing.

3.2.3. Budgeting

Fodder budgeting was performed based on the availability and requirement of fodder for livestock in dairy activity. Scholars [6,9,12,39,40,41] have revealed the shortage of feeds and fodders by suing fodder budget. India’s livestock feed consumption and projections are studied by researcher [28] which is useful to prepare the fodder budget in the study area. Scholars [42] have revealed tree leaves and shrubs budget and nutritional values. These methods compile to analyze the fodder budget in the study area. Fodder demand and supply were studied by Meena [43] for fodder budgeting as surplus or deficit. The methodology by researcher [43] was used for fodder budgeting in this study.

[picture] | (2)

AF = Available fodder

RF = Requirement of fodder.

If the value is positive then fodder is surplus and negative value presents deficit fodder for dairy activities. The village wise surplus or deficit fodder situation was estimated which will be helpful to improve dairy farming in the study area.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1. Availability of Fodder

Livestock is an asset of farmers and agricultural laborers. Livestock is for milk, meat, skin, energy for agriculture, manure, etc. [1,10,11,16,39]. Livestock rearing depends on the availability of fodder. Therefore, it is necessary to know the available fodder for the planning and management of livestock in any region. However, reliable data for fodder supply is not available at regional as well as national levels [36,44,45,46,47,48]. Therefore, the availability of fodder was estimated based on agriculture and fallow lands for livestock planning in the region.

Fodder is available from various sources: residues of crops (cereals, pulses, oilseed crops, etc.), fodder crops and grasses in the study region. The spatial distribution of fodder varies according to the geographical conditions in the region.

4.1.1. Crops Residues

The farmers are using crop residues for animal feed, mushroom production, fertilizer, industry material, bioenergy, etc. [32,33]. Crop residues (basically straw of rice and wheat) are useful as fodder in dairy activity [49,50] as a supplement to green fodder [51] in the dry and rainy season [9]. Crop residues are important for animal feeding in developing countries to improve the nutritional values of animal productions [31,52]. Further, demand for crop residues in India is very high and small dairy farmers have increased 50% the milk production using crop residues [53]. These crop residues help to fulfill the fodder deficit [21]. The farmers are rearing milch animals depends on crop residues in India [54]. It has higher potentials for dairy farming [31] and the management of crop residues [27]. Crops residues are major supportive fodder in the study area. The availability of fodder depends on crop residues in the study area. The crops in the region are Rice, Nagali, Varai, Bajra and Jawar.

1) Cereals

Rice is a major crop in the study area which is grown over 36 % of the NSA. Rice produces fodder higher than the other crops. It was estimated about 7549.9 T (40%) of total fodder production (Table 5) and main fodder for Dangi cows and buffaloes in the region. Villages like Murshet (86.4%), Chichondi (83.4%), RanadBk. (83.2%), Ambewangan (82.8%), Kodani (81.2%), Bari (79.6%), Shendi (74.7%) and Pendshet (74.3%) show a higher proportion of fodder production from Rice residues. All these villages are located on the Western part of the study area with heavy rainfall and less fodder production observed on the Eastern part with less rainfall. Chitalwedhe (0.7%), Nilwande (1.8%), Jamgaon (10.5%), Digambar (10.9%) show less fodder production from Rice (Table 6 and Figure 2).

Other cereals (Nagali, Varai, Bajra and Jawar) produce about 1816.6 T (9.7%), (Table 5). Nagali and Varai crops are observed on the sloping lands around the Rice crop fields. Whereas Bajra and Jawar crops are growing in the Eastern parts with less precipitation areas. More fodder production from these cereals is observed in the villages like Digambar (34.8%), Dongarwadi (34.0%), Babhulwandi (33.1%) and Pimparkane (30.6%) and villages like RanadBk. (1.0%), Ladgaon (1.2%), Padhulwandi (1.4%), Deogaon (1.7%), Murshet (2.1%) and Kelungan (3.0%) show very less production (Table 7 and Figure 3). Bajra crop is grown over 2.53% NSA and fodder production is very less (0.02%) but the Jawar crop gives comparatively more fodder production in Eastern parts.

Table 5. Fodder production-cereals

Table 6. Fodder production-rice

Table 7. Fodder production- other cereals

Figure 2. Fodder production-rice

Figure 3. Fodder production- other cereals

2) Pulses

Farmers are using fodder produced from pulses crops (Hulaga, Chawali, Tur and Mug) residues as a subsidiary fodder in this region. It produces only 292.1 T (1.56%) fodder (Table 8). The mean of fodder from pulses is 1.8% and 26 villages produce less fodder than the mean. Pabhulwandi (10.3%) is a higher producer village and ShenitKh., Nilwande, Dongarwadi (0.1%) are the lesser producers. The villages like Terungan (7.1%), Koltembhe (4.4%), Bhandardara (4.3%), Ratanwadi (4.1%) ShenitBk., Katalapur (0.2%), Jamgaon (0.3%) and Chitalwedhe (0.4%) (Table 9 and Figure 4) also show minor fodder production from the pulses. The fodder production from pulses is proportional to the area under these crops.

Table 8. Fodder production-pulses

Table 9. Fodder production-pulses

3) Oilseeds

Oilseeds are included Groundnut, Khurasani and Soybean and produce 1539.4 T (8.0%) fodder useful to support dairy farming in the study region (Table 10). The area under and fodder production from Groundnut and Khurasani is approximately similar and Soybean (1.04%) shows less fodder production. Maximum fodder production from oilseeds is observed in the villages i.e. Kohandi (31.6%), Jamgaon (28.6%), Rajur (22.1%), Shelwihire (21.0%), Malegaon (18.0%), etc. and less in Murshet (0.8%), Bari (1.2%), Panjare (1.3%), Ambewangan, Ranad Bk. (1.5%), etc. (Table 11 and Figure 5).

Table 10. Fodder production-oilseeds

Table 11. Fodder production-oilseeds

Figure 4. Fodder production-pulses

Figure 5. Fodder production- oilseeds

4.1.2. Fodder Crops

Farmers are growing Maize, Napier grass and Lasunghas as fodder crops in their agriculture lands for livestock. Perennial irrigation facility is available in few villages i.e. Chitalwedhe, Nilwande and some area of Jamgaon in the study area. These fodder crops are producing 2575.1 T (13.77%) fodder (Table 12). Crop wise production is varying as i.e. Maize (8.38%), Napier grass (4.77%) and Lasunghas (0.67%). Nilwande village produces maximum green fodder production (89.3%), then Chitalwedhe (86.8%) and Jamgaon (41.6%), (Table 13 and Figure 6). All other villages show no fodder crops on agricultural lands due to poor irrigation facilities.

Table 12. Fodder production- fodder crops

Table 13. Fodder production- fodder crops

4.1.3. Grasses on Private Land

According to the governmental reports, farmers are keeping their lands for wild grass for livestock. This land occupies about 48.76% of the NSA (26.33%) in the study area (Table 14). Some villages like Titawi (72.0%), ShenitBk. (56.2%), Mutkhel (53.4%), ShenitKh. (50.1%), Samrad (49.0%), Ladgaon (47.3%), Digambar (47.1%), etc. are keeping more area for wild grasses. These lands are a sloping area that is not suitable for other crops. The villages like Chitalwedhe (0.4%), Shendi (4.6%), Bari (6.9%), Chichondi (7.1%), Jahagirdarwadi (8.6%), Murshet (8.8%) show very less land under wild grass (Table 15 and Figure 7). Farmers are harvesting green grasses in the rainy season and some length of a period after the rain over. Further, harvested dry grass is useful throughout the year as a fodder.

Table 14. Fodder production-grasses

Table 15. Fodder production-grasses

Figure 6. Fodder production- fodder crops

Figure 7. Fodder production-grasses

4.1.4. Gross fodder

Dairy activity is depending on the availability of green and dry fodder production throughout the year. Fodder crops, wild grass and residues of cereals, pulses, oil seed crops are sources of fodder in the study region. About 99.2% of NSA is under crops and useful for fodder production. It is notable that, private grasslands are considered as agricultural lands in the study area. These lands produce about 18696.7 T. Maximum fodder (76.43%) is producing from cereals (50.10%) and grasses (26.33%) (Table 16). Pulses, oilseeds and fodder crops give very less fodder production. The commercial dairy activity requires perennial green fodder however geographical situation is not a suitable supply of perennial supply of the green fodder.

Table 16. Gross fodder production

4.2. Requirement of Fodder

The fodder requirements are differ according to livestock species, age, sex, and status of cattle as milch or dry. Reliable estimates of feed demand are not available, so different treats have use for estimation of feed demand [36]. Many researchers have estimated the fodder requirements based on availability and fodder production and considered equal values for the same. Dairy farmers aren’t keeping any records about the available and required fodder [28]. Scholars [55,56] have reported variations in fodder requirements for cattle and buffalo. Therefore, estimations of actual fodder requirements for cattle and buffaloes in particular region is very difficult. Here, the required fodder is estimated based on the feeding approach therefore the data about feeding methods and livestock distributions were used for the estimations.

A) Feeding methods

Feeding management is affecting daily milk yield from livestock [57]. Different feeding methods like traditional feeding, total mixed feeding, silage free-feeding were reported by researchers [58]. Further, stall feeding and mixed feeding (grazing and stall feeding) methods are observed for indigenous cattle in Karnataka [5] and the data was used for the estimations of fodder requirements. Similarly, grazing, stall feeding and mixed method of feeding was observed in the study area. Therefore, similar approach was used estimations of fodder requirements of livestock in the study area.

Two methods of feeding for livestock was observed in the study region: 1) slot-wise feeding includes grazing and stall feeding according the time span and 2) mixed feeding shows both grazing and stall feeding method throughout the year. The proportion of fodder requirements varies according to seasons and physiographic characteristics of the region. Primary data was collected and used for estimations of fodder requirements in the study area. Some of the dairy farmers are grazing their pet animal for 7 months and they contribute 41% of the total fodder whereas some of them are raring livestock across the year and contributing 18 % of the total fodder required. Stall feeding contributes about 41% of the total fodder including 26% from 5 months fully stall feeding and 15% from mix feeding throughout the year (Table 17).

Table 17. Distribution of feeding

Monthly distribution of grazing

The grazing period in the year is important for feeding the livestock in the region. Increasing length of grazing season [34] is useful to save the cost of required fodder in stall feeding [59]. This is the main fodder source in the study area and average grazing period is 7 months with equal distribution in the study region. The maximum (7.5 months) period of grazing is observed in Sarowarwadi and minimum (7.1 months) in Pabhuwandi village (Table 18).

Table 18. Village wise average months of grazing

Feeding patterns

Five patterns of grazing and stall feeding are observed in the study area: 1) six months grazing and six months stall feeding, 2) seven months grazing and five months stall feeding, 3) eight months grazing and four months stall feeding, 4) nine months grazing and three months stall feeding and 5) twelve months mix feeding (Table 19 and Figure 8).

Table 19. Monthly distribution of fodder

Figure 8. Monthly distribution of fodder

Table 20. Relationship of duration of grazing with different parameters

Grazing pattern

Four grazing patterns are observed in the study area: 1) six months grazing, 2) seven months grazing, 3) eight months grazing, and 4) nine months grazing (Table 20). The correlation of grazing patterns were estimated with parameters like NSA, fallow land, area not available for cultivation, forest, crops (rice, grasses and other crops), rainfall and soil in the study area. Karl Pearson correlation technique with multifaceted manner was used for this analysis. The table value was 0.735 at the 0.01 significance level.

1) Six months grazing pattern

The positive correlation between six months grazing period was estimated with forest, grass as crop, other crops and area not available for cultivation (Table 20). The correlate with forest (0.406) and grass as a crop (0.183) observed more area under forest area in the villages like Sarowarwadi (60%), Udadawane (53%), Ratanwadi (40%). These villages are dependent on the forested area for six months for grazing. Secondly, private grass lands are observed more in the villages like Titawi (85%), Udadawane (67%), Rajur (60%), Ratanwadi (58%), Pabhulwandi (57%), Babhulwandi (54%), etc. The negative correlation was observed between six months grazing pattern with soil type, NSA, fallow land, rice crop and rainfall. Therefore, forest and private grass lands are important for six months grazing in the study area.

2) Seven months grazing pattern

Further, positive correlation of seven months grazing period was observed with NSA, soil, rice crop, fallow land and private grass lands (Table 20). It has more correlation with NSA (0.541) and soil (0.219) qualities. Maximum area under NSA is observed in the villages like Ranad Bk. (94%), Titawi (84%), Pabhulwandi (73%), Babhulwandi (71%) Jahagirdarwadi (72%), etc. and these villages are depending on NSA for seven months grazing. Comparatively, good soils for the grass are observed in the villages like Babhulwandi, Pabhulwandi, Titawi, Ratanwadi, Jahagirdarwadi and Waranghudhi. These villages are depending for seven months grazing in the rainy season. After the rainy season stall feeding is used by dairy farmers using available fodder from crops. There is a negative correlation between seven months grazing pattern with an area not available for cultivation, other crops, forest and rainfall. Therefore, NSA and soil quality is positively correlating with seven months of grazing period in the study area.

3) Eight months grazing pattern

There is a positive correlation between eight months grazing period with an area not available for cultivation, soil quality, rainfall, other crops, fallow land and grass as a crop (Table 20). Mainly, eight months grazing is significantly correlating with an area not available for cultivation (0.736) at 0.01 the significance level. The maximum area not available for cultivation is observed in the villages like Ratanwadi (27%), Jahagirdarwadi (14%), Titawi (8%) and Rajur (8%) and these lands are under wild grass which is useful for grazing for eight months. Comparatively, good soils for grass are observed in the villages like Babhulwandi, Pabhulwandi, Titawi, Ratanwadi, Jahagirdarwadi and Waranghudhi. There are a negative correlations found between eight months grazing pattern with NSA, rice crop and forest. Therefore, area not available for cultivation and soil qualities are important for eight months grazing in the study area.

4) Nine months grazing pattern

There is a positive correlation between nine months grazing period with forest and area under crops (Table 20). Mainly, nine months grazing is highly correlating with forest (0.493) and crops (0.247) expect rice. The maximum forest area is observed in the villages like Sarowarwadi (60%), Udadawane (53%), Ratanwadi (40%). These villages are depending on forest land for nine months grazing. Secondly, area under other crops is observed in the villages like Sarowarwadi (23%), Babhulwandi (22%), Ratanwadi (21%), Jahagirdarwadi (18%), Pabhulwandi (17%), etc. There is a negative correlation between nine months grazing pattern observed with soil qualities, fallow lands, NSA, private area under grass, area not available for cultivation and rainfall. Therefore, forest and area under crops expect rice is important parameters for nine months grazing in the study area.

B) Livestock distribution

Distribution of livestock was used for estimation of fodder expenditure [28,36,55,56] for green and dry fodder, concentrate feeds, size of cowshed, veterinary services, need of fresh water for drinking and washing purpose, labor for dairy farm work, labor cost, feed cost, equipment, transport cost, maintenance, etc., [9,12,54,60,61,63,64,65].

Livestock is also essential for calculating production of milk, manure, animal power, source of asset, employment, etc. [1,7,10,11,16,64,66,67,68,69,70,71]. Here, livestock distributed in the region was analysed for estimation of fodder requirements and budgeting.

The fodder requirements vary according to livestock species, age, sex, and status of cattle as milch or dry [6,12,17,28,21,33,38,43,60]. Therefore, the fodder required for the livestock was estimated based on distribution according to species, sex, milking condition of cows, buffaloes and goats (Table 21). It is also vary according to breed of the livestock. The requirement of green fodder is estimated about 32340.4 T and dry fodder 34585.8 T in the study region. Approximately, the demand for green and dry fodder is similar. Breed-wise demand of fodder is 59.8% for indigenous cattle, 25.8% for buffalo, 7.3% for goats and 7.1% for crossbreed cattle (Table 22). The farmers are raring mainly indigenous breed of the cattle and crossbreed cows are very meager.

Table 21. Category wise livestock

Table 22. Livestock wise yearly fodder requirements

Table 23. Livestock category wise yearly fodder requirements

Milch cows and buffaloes consume about 25.3% (crossbreed cows-3.6%, indigenous cows-12.2% and buffaloes-9.5%), dry cows and buffaloes about 11.9% (crossbreed cows- 1.3%, indigenous cows-6.7% and buffaloes-3.9%), bullock and buffaloes male about 43.5% (crossbreed males - 0.8%, indigenous males-34.0% and buffalo males 8.7%), calf about 11.8% (crossbreed cows 1.3%, indigenous cows 6.8% and buffaloes 3.7%) and goats about 7.3% fodder. The fodder requirement for the dairy animal is comparatively less than adult male cattle (bullock) (34.0%) and male buffalo (Table 23). Indigenous breed of cattle is observed in the study area. The farmers are using bullocks as animate energy for agriculture. Therefore, they consume more fodder than the dairy animals in the region.

Finally, fodder requirement was estimated about 66926 T in the region with distribution of 59% from grazing and 41% for stall feeding including green fodder of 20% and dry fodder of 21% (Table 24).

Table 24. Feeding wise yearly fodder requirements

4.3. Fodder Budgeting

Shortage of fodder is one of the major problems of livestock rearing in India [9,40,72] due to increasing the pressure of livestock and decreasing fodder croplands [43]. The scarcity of fodder is directly affecting the milk production in the dry season [6,10,11,15,21,43,73,74]. This problem mainly affects the production from the small dairy holders in developing countries due to erratic rainfall, shrinking grazing lands, changing land use patterns, urbanization, etc. [10]. Less animal productivity is observed due to climatic, social and economic factors in India [15]. Many researchers have reported that the shortage of green fodder and concentrate feeds is the main root cause of the low performance of a dairy activity [64,67]. India shows deficit of dry fodder about 31%, green fodder about 23% and concentrate feeds about 47% [12]. The study area is also facing shortage of the fodder. Therefore, here balance between available and required fodder for livestock in the region was calculated (Table 25). The amount of available fodder from grazing was estimated based requirements due scarcity of data regarding the fodder production used for grazing. The amount of fodder availability from grazing and requirement for grazing animal is similar. Here, fodder balance in the region was mainly focused on availability and requirement of fodder for stall feeding.

4.3.1. Grazing

Estimation of availability and requirement of fodder from grazing is 39486.4 T (Table 25).

4.3.2. Stall Feeding

Green and dry types of fodder are observed in the region and fodder budget was estimated village wise.

A) Green fodder

About 80.6% of required green fodder is observed as deficit in the region (Table 25). Here, it is notable that about the deficit of green fodder in the region is far more than the national reported figure 30% in 2020 [13]. The region earns the green fodder from grazing in rainy season from forests, pasture lands, cultivable wasteland, fallow land, barren uncultivable wastelands, etc. So, the demand and shortage of green fodder increases after rainy season. The topography, climate, scarcity of water, soil erosion, poor irrigation facility and management are also associated with supply of green fodder.

Surplus green fodder was estimated for the villages i.e. Chitalwedhe (252%) and Nilwande (130%) which have perennial irrigation facilities and about 95.4% villages show a shortage of green fodder (Table 26 and Figure 9).

B) Dry fodder

The study area shows surplus dry fodder of about 13.7% (Table 25). Crops residues and wild grass are the main sources of dry fodder. Rice is the main cereal crop produce maximum fodder (above 40%) (Table 5) and grasses on private land produces above 26% (Table 14) dry fodder. The farmers are using this surplus dry fodder as an optional source of fodder available throughout the year.

Thirty-one villages show sufficient dry fodder for livestock. Surplus dry fodder is observed for the villages like Murshet (470%), Manhere (189%), Koltembhe (163%), Dongarwadi (111%), Bari (92%), Ranad Bk. (89%), etc., (Table 27 and Figure 9). The demand and supply of dry fodder are the same in Titawi and Ratanwadi villages.Only 13 villages show scarcity of dry fodder in Western tribal area of the upper Pravara Basin. Maximum scarcity of dry fodder was observed in villages like Katalapur(55%), Nilwande (53%), Jahagirdarwadi (44%), Shelwihire (36%), Kodani (33%), Guhire (24%), ShenitKh. (23%), Bhandardara (15%), Terungan (15%), Malegaon (11%), Kohandi (8%), Shenit Bk. (8%), and Chitalwedhe (2%), (Table 27 and Figure 10).

Table 25. Fodder budget

Figure 9. Fodder budget- green fodder

Figure 10. Fodder budget- dry fodder

Table 26. Fodder budget: green fodder

Table 27. Fodder budget-dry fodder

The total deficit of green and dry fodder was estimated about 31.9% (Table 25) of requirements. Only 15.9% of villages show surplus green and dry fodder mainly villages like Murshet (186%), Chitalwedhe (162%), Nilwande and Pabhuwandi (62%), and Manhere (52%), etc. Other 84.1% of villages show shortage of green and dry fodder. The maximum shortage was observed in the villages like Katalapur (77%), Jahagirdarwadi (70%), Kohandi and Shewihire (65%), ShenitKd. (60%), Guhire (59%), etc. (Table 28 and Figure 11).

Table 28. Fodder budget-stall feeding

4.3.3. Gross Fodder

Gross fodder includes estimated amount from grazing and stall feeding. The deficit of gross fodder is estimated about 8743 T (13.1% of requirements) (Table 25). About 15.9% villages show surplus fodder. The villages like Murshet (76%), Chitalwedhe (67%), Nilwande (26%), etc. have a maximum surplus of fodder (Table 29 and Figure 12). Here, it is observed that about 84.1% villages are facing a deficit of fodder. The maximum deficit is estimated in the villages like Katalapur (32%), Jahagirdarwadi (29%), Kohandi and Shewihire (27%), ShenitKd. (25%), Guhire (24%), etc. (Table 29 and Figure 12).

Table 29. Fodder budget

Figure 11. Fodder budget- stall feeding

Figure 12. Village wise fodder budget

5. Conclusions

Fodder availability from cereals, pulses, oilseeds, fodder crops, grassland, etc., livestock distribution, fodder feeding methods, the requirement of fodder and fodder budget have been discussed in the paper to understand the feasibility of dairy activity. The grazing estimates about 59% of total fodder requirements and stall feeding estimated 41%. The significant positive correlation was estimated for 1) six months grazing period with forest land, grasses reported as crop, other crops and area not available for cultivation, 2) seven months grazing period with net sown area, good soil, rice crop, fallow land and private grasslands, 3) eight months grazing period with an area not available for cultivation, good soil quality, good rainfall, more other crops, fallow land and grass reported as a crop and 4) nine months grazing period with forest and area under crops. Green fodder shows deficit of about 80.6% of requirements in 95% villages with an adverse effect on dairy activity. Surplus green fodder is available only in villages having perennial irrigation facilities. Dry fodder estimated about 13.7% surplus which tribal people are using as supportive fodder in shortage period. These methods are useful for estimations and analysis of available fodder in rural and tribal zones of Indian and developing countries.

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