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Systematic Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Groundwater Assets of Jalore District, Rajasthan

Vikram Tak, Pawan kumar Swarnkar*, Sonlata Bargotya

Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Madhav University, Sirohi, (Rajasthan), India

Abstract: Water is the matrix of life and quality of water is a serious concern in the present era. As water sources can be briefly grouped into two categories - surface water and ground water. Ground water is treated as more cleanly, pure and major source of drinking water across the globe. Therefore, it is essential to estimate in terms of quality index for the suitability of drinking and domestic purposes. This thematic issue is concerned with the water quality index by analyzing some basic physico-chemical parameters namely TDS, pH, COD, turbidity, alkalinity, Cl⁻, SO₄⁻², total hardness etc. the results were finally compared with BIS drinking water standards. The results suggest that more of water management practices have to be emphasized for ideal water utilization.

Keywords: water quality index, physico-chemical parameters, sustainability, Jalore District

Received March 10, 2022; Revised April 12, 2022; Accepted April 21, 2022

Citation: Vikram Tak, Pawan kumar Swarnkar, Sonlata Bargotya, Systematic Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Groundwater Assets of Jalore District, Rajasthan. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 10 (4). 249-255. January 2022. doi:10.12691/aees-10-4-10

1. Introduction

Water is the basic energy fuel for life start up as it is vital for economic, social, agricultural and industrial development and energy production all are correlated with water availability and water is the matrix of life. During last decade it is observed that increase human interference has increased the stress in water demand and inadequacy of fresh water availability [1,2,3]. The prolonged degradation of water has not only exploited the water resources but also created risk of multiple health problems. This can render us with a situation where we might not have any single drop of drinking water. The improvement growth of industrial and surplus organization has used disclaiming impacts on environment. This may be credited to pesticides, fertilizers, insecticides and heavy metal contamination [4] this contamination through seepage and leaching integrate with water resources and cause ‘water pollution’ [5]. Apart from this environmental imbalance are its other aspects.

So, to attain the balanced and healthy lifestyle water quality parameter has to be taken into consideration. In this aspect awareness about the current situation and steps has to be taken for necessary measures. Since, groundwater is considered as ultimate and most were the source of water for mankind it is necessary to check its parameter for water quality assessment analysis [6-24]. Therefore, sustainable water development should be emphasized and achieving water security should be principal agenda of sustainable goals.

Considering the above facets of groundwater pollution, the thematic issue focuses on groundwater analysis at Bhinmal and Bagoda of Jalore district Rajasthan. This research work attempts to inspect the chemical properties like pH, alkalinity, turbidity, hardness, chloride, fluoride, total hardness and the analyzed data were compared with standard value marked by BIS.

1.1. Study Area

Jalore- This district is in the south western part of Rajasthan. This district is situated between and the north western border of Jalore is shared with Barmer, North Eatern boundary is shared with Pali, South East lies Sirohi and in South Gujarat is in contact. It covers the total area of 10, 640 sq.kms. Jalore is divided into 7 tehsils- Ahore, Bhinmal, Sanchore, Sayla, Bagoda, Raniwara, Jalore and, Chitalwana.

Bhinmal-Bhinmal is a town in the Jalore District of Rajasthan. Jalor located 72 kilometres away from Jalore town in south direction. In older time, it was capital of Gurjaradesa which is southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat in present times. Bhinmal is situated at 25.0°N 72.25°E.An average elevation of Bhinmalis 155.33 metres (479 feet).

Bagoda- Bagoda a small village in Bhinmal Tehsil of Jalore District and comes under Jodhpur Division. It situated 85 km away in west from Jalore city, 15 km away from Bhinmal and 509 km far from Jaipur.

Figure 1. Jalore Districts in Rajasthan (India)

Figure 2. Water quality classification sample point location

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Groundwater Sampling

8 samples have been taken (post monsoon period oct.2021) for water analysis from Bhinmal, Bagoda, Tehsile of Jalore district (open and bore wells).

Table 1. Detail of parameters methodology and units of parameters

Table 2. Detail of sample ID, Latitude, Longitude, Elevation, Azimuth, hinmal & Bagoda panchayat samiti of jalore district, Rajasthan

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Geological Framework

Geological set-up of the district is represented by Quaternary alluvium and various igneous and meta-sedimentary rocks. Vastarea is covered by Quaternary alluvium and windblown sand. In the southeastern part of the district around Jaswantpura, Delhi super group rocks comprising of Phyllite, Schist and Erinpura granite and gneisses are exposed. Erinpura granite and gneisses are also exposed near Jalore town. Younger Alluvium mainly occurs along river courses and stream channels.

3.2. Hydrogeology

Ground water occurs under unconfined condition in saturated zone of rock formation. Its occurrence is controlled by topography, physiographic and structural features of the geological formations. The movement of the groundwater in hard rock areas is governed by size, openness, interconnection and continuity of structurally weak planes while in unconsolidated rocks, ground water movement takes places through pore space between grains. Water bearing properties of different aquifers in the district are described below.

Granite: These aquifers occur predominantly in Jaswantpura tehsil. Few intrusive are also found which have low permeability. Ground water is retained in weathered zones, fractures, joints etc. Depth of open wells tapping these aquifer ranges from 20 to 50m. Yield of wells varies from 20m³/day to188m³/day. The depth to water level in the area tapping this aquifer ranges from 11m to 31m.

Rhyolite: These aquifers occur predominantly towards Jaswantpura tehsil. Ground water occurs under water table condition and is mostly tapped by dug wells. Depth of wells ranges from20mto 30m. The depth to water level ranges from 11m to 18m bgl. Yield of wells ranges from 30 to 80 m³/day.

Younger Alluvium: Alluvium occurs predominantly in the entire district. It is confined to river bed sand river banks. The depth to water level is less than10m bgl near river courses but exceeds 40m in other areas. Yield of dug wellsrangesfrom60-150m³/day and that of tube wells from 80-560m³/day

Deep Aquifer System: Exploratory drilling in the district reveals that Alluvium covers the maximum part of the district. Depth of tubewells ranges from 10-40m³/day with a drawdown of 1.28-16.28m.Transmissivity varies from 370-5696m²/day.

Hydro geochemical studies of ground water in Sanganer Tehsil (Rajasthan) were reported [25].

3.3. Hydrogiology

3.3.1. Block: Bhinmal& Bagoda

Bhinmal & Bagoda block is located in south west of Jalore town covering an area of 1365.61 sq. km. In this block main water bearing formations are younger alluvium and older alluvium. The potential zones “A₁”, “A₂(N)” ad “A₂(W)” comprising of younger alluvium cover an area 187.5 sq. km. Depth to water in this zone ranges between 15.10 & 48.50 metres below ground level and discharge of wells (Dug Well, DCBW and Tube Well) in this zone ranges between 50 M³/day & 360 M³/day. Quality of ground water is generally potable (E.C. < 4000 micro-siemens.cm). The potential zones “Ao₂(W)”, “Ao₂(NW)”, “Ao₃(NE)” and “Ao₃(W)” comprising of water ranges between 15 metres & 60 metres below ground level and discharge of wells (Dug Wells, DCBW and Tube Well) ranges between 50 M³/day & 432 M³/day, Quality of ground water is generally fresh to slightly saline (Electrical Conductivity ranges from less than 4000 micro-siemens/cm to 8000 micro-siemens/cm). Ground water occurs under confined conditions in area of block located northwest of villages. The remaining areas of Bhinmal block covering 35.62 sq. kms. is saline.

Chemical analysis of ground water samples collected in this block indicate that electrical conductivity of ground water varies from 710 micro-siemens/cm (Nohra) to 10,000 micro-siemens/cm (Bhinmal). Nitrate content of ground water in this block varies from 22 mg/l (Kushalpura) to 317 mg/l (Borta). Fluoride content of ground water in this block varies from 0.80 g/l (Phagotra) to 4.68 mg/l (Dhumaria). This block has been categorised as “Over-Exploited” with stage of ground water development as 220.59%.

3.3.2. Chemical Quality

Chemical analysis is done in two ways. Some chemical analyzes are performed on the site (pH, temperature, turbidity, odour, colour, conductivity) of the sample itself. And some are done in the laboratory (Total alkalinity, Total Hardness, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, TDS). Chemical analysis forms the basis of interpretation of quality of water in relation to source, geology, climate and use [20].

Figure 3. Various Graph of physical-chemical parameter analysis of Ground water samples in Bhinmal, Bagodapanchayatsamiti, Jaloredistrict, Rajasthan. (a) pH (b)TDS(c)EC(d) Fluoride (e) Nitrate (f) Total Hardness (g) Chloride (h) Total alkalinity

Table 3. Report of the chemical examination of water (The junior Chemist, PHED, Laboratory,Jalore) (Distric–Jalore)

Table 4. Minimum, Maximum, Mean and standard deviation of parameters water samples collected duringpost-Monsoon in 2021 from Bhinmal and Bagodablock

Some scientist [21] have analysed the results of the physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, total hardness, nitrate and sulphate. According to them strong positive correlation was obtained between EC and TDS. The data obtained from the analysis of ground water samples taken during post (October 2021) monsoon period is given in the Table 3 and Figure 3.

3.4. Physical Parameters

3.4.1. Colour

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of the colour of the ground water is 25 TCU. Whereas in the sample, the value of colour has been obtained zero. Which is below the maximum standard value, so there is no impurity in the sample, therefore, this water is considered suitable for drinking view of colour.

3.4.2. Taste and Odour

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of Odour of the ground water is inoffensive. Whereas in the sample, the value of has been obtained also acceptable for all samples. So, there is no impurity in the sample, Therefore, this water is considered suitable for drinking view of odour and taste.

3.4.3. Turbidity

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of Turbidity of the ground water is inoffensive. Whereas in the sample, the value of has been obtained also Acceptable for all Samples. So, there is no impurity in the sample, Therefore, this water is considered suitable for drinking and irrigation view of Turbidity.

3.4.4. pH

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of pH of the ground water is 6.5-8.5. Whereas in the samples, the value of pH has been obtained in normal range (7.4 to 7.9) and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 7.4, 7.9, 7.75, 0.16036 obtained. This is normal range. Therefore, this water is considered suitable for drinking view of pH.

3.4.5. Chloride

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of chloride of the ground water is 1000 mg/l. Whereas in the sample, the value of has been obtained 1280-W3, 1620-W4, mg/l. and Remaining samples values is obtained significantly below the BIS guideline, and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 120 mg/l, 1620mg/l,763.5mg/l,483.556mg/l. The obtained data shows that the chloride content is normal for W1, W2, W5, W6, W7 and W8 samples. Hence water is not considered suitable for drinking of W3, and W4 view of chloride.

3.4.6. Fluoride

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of Fluoride of the ground water is 1.5mg/l. Whereas in the sample, the value of has been obtained 6.0-W1, 2.2-W2, 4.9-W3, 3.7-W4,2.0-W6,1.8-W7, 2.8-W8 mg/l. and Remaining samples values is obtained significantly below the BIS guideline, and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 1.1mg/l, 6.0mg/l, 3.0625mg/l, 1.68178 mg/l. The obtained data shows that the fluoride content is normal for W5 samples. Hence water is not considered suitable for drinking of W1, W2, W3, W4, W6, W7 and W8 view of fluoride.

3.4.7. Nitrate

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of nitrate of the ground water is 45mg/l. Whereas in the sample, the value of has been obtained 61-W1, 65-W3, 63-W4, 90-W5and Remaining samples values is obtained significantly below the BIS guideline, and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 15mg/l, 90mg/l, 49.25mg/l, 24.7776mg/l. The nitrate content is found to be above to normal value for the W1, W3, W4, W5, samples. Hence remaining water samples are considered suitable for drinking view of nitrate.

3.4.8. Total Dissolved Solids

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of TDS of the ground water is 2000 mg/l. Whereas in the sample, the value has been obtained to be 2405-W2, 3510-W4, 2900-W5, 2200-W7, 2100-W8 mg/land Remaining samples values is obtained significantly below the BIS guideline and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 650mg/l, 3510mg/l, 2111.875mg/l, 881.67mg/l. Hence water is considered suitable for drinking of W2, W4, W6, view of TDS.

3.4.9. T.H (Total Hardness)

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of TH of the ground water is 600 mg/l. Whereas in the sample, the value has been obtained to be 980-W4, mg/land Remaining samples values is obtained significantly below the BIS guideline and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 140 mg/l, 980mg/l, 352.5mg/l, 288.531mg/l. The obtained data shows that the TH content is normal for W1, W2, W3, W5, W6, W7, W8. Hence water is considered suitable for drinking view of TH.

3.4.10. Total Alkalinity

According to the BIS guideline, the normal value of Total alkalinity of the ground water is 600 mg/l. Whereas in the sample, the value of has been obtained significantly below the BIS guideline and the value of minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of samples is 260mg/l, 550mg/l, 405mg/l, 114.143mg/l. TA content is normal for all samples. Therefore, this water is considered suitable for drinking view of Total alkalinity.

3.4.11. Electrical Conductivity

According to EC examination reportW1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W7, and W8 value found 2405, 650, 3510, 1430, 2900, 1700, 2200 & 2100 µS/cm respectively.

3.4.12. Biological Contamination

According to bacteriological examination report, Colliform Organism (MPN per 100 ml) and E.Coli Organism (per 100ml) are not present in the taken sample. Therefore, this water is considered suitable for drinking view of Biological Contamination.

4. Conclusion

A physico-chemical study was carried out using the standard methods from a Bhinmal & Bagoda block of jaloredistricts, Rajasthan (India) during the post-monsoon seasons (October 2021) for analysis groundwater quality. The results show that all the parameters did not fall within the BIS guideline acceptable limits for drinking purposes. Colour and odour in the post-monsoon are acceptable. E.C in the post-monsoon varied from 1562 to 9798. Turbidity concentration in the post-monsoon is zero. pH of groundwater in the post-monsoon varied from 7.4 to 7.9. T.A concentration in the post-monsoon varied from 260 to 550 mg/l. Total Hardness concentration in the post-monsoon varied from 140 to 980 mg/l. Chloride concentration in the post-monsoon varied from 120 to 1620mg/l. Fluoride concentration in the post-monsoon varied from 1.1 to 6mg/l. Nitrate (NO₃ˉ) concentration in the post-monsoon varied from 15 to 90 mg/l. TDS concentration is varied from 650 to 3510 mg/l.

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