On the Relationship between Ocular and Ventricular Fluid Dynamics. Advancing a Joint Classification and a Pilot Study in Patients Suffering from Nonocclusive Hydrocephalus

Carlo Aleci^{1, 2,} , Carlo Mannone³ and Nicoletta Rebaudengo⁴

¹The Gradenigo Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Turin, Italy

²The Neuro-Ophthalmology Center, University of Turin, Italy

³Medical Centre 50, Boulevard des belges, Lyon, France

⁴The Gradenigo Hospital, Department of Neurology, Turin, Italy

Cite this paper:
Carlo Aleci, Carlo Mannone and Nicoletta Rebaudengo. On the Relationship between Ocular and Ventricular Fluid Dynamics. Advancing a Joint Classification and a Pilot Study in Patients Suffering from Nonocclusive Hydrocephalus. Neuro-Ophthalmology & Visual Neuroscience. 2015; 1(1):27-36. doi: 10.12691/novn-1-1-6

Abstract

Similarity in embryological development, anatomical and structural organization as well as chemical physical properties of organs and apparatus makes them common targets for specific pathological events. Such multi-involvement could well be the case of the cerebrospinal and aqueous circulatory systems, respectively in the brain ventricles and in the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye. After having described the resemblances in secretion, circulation, absorption and composition of the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and of the ocular aqueous humor, a joint classification of their pathological involvement, namely hydrocephalus and glaucoma, is advanced. Finally, based on our preliminary results, morpho-functional alterations of the ventricular fluid dynamics leading to communicant hydrocephalus is suggested to affect to a certain extent the ocular hydrodynamics as well, predisposing the eye to ocular hypertension.

Keywords:
ventricles anterior chamber posterior chamber aqueous humor cerebrospinal fluid hydrocephalus glaucoma ocular hypertension

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References:

[1]	Green, K., Bountra, C., Georgiou, P. and House, C.K, “An electrophysiologic study of rabbit ciliary epithelial cells,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 26(3). 371-381. 1985.
[2]	Miglior, M, Oftalmologia Clinica, Monduzzi Editor, Bologna, Italy, 1989.
[3]	Francini, F. and Losano, G, Elementi di Fisiologia dell’Uomo, UTET Editor, Turin, Italy, 1983.
[4]	Silverberg, G.D., Mayo, M., Saul, T., Rubenstein, E. and McGuire, D, “Alzheimer’s disease, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and senescent changes in CSF circulatory physiology: a hypothesis,” Lancet Neurology, 2(8). 506-511. 2003.
[5]	Schiffer, D, La Neurologia, UTET Editor, Turin, Italy, 1985.
[6]	Gomez, D.G., Di Benedetto, A.T., Pavese, A.M., Firpo, A., Hershan, D.B. and Potts, DG, “Development of arachnoid villi and granulations in man,” Acta Anatomica, 111(3). 247-258. 1982.
[7]	Knepper, P.A.and McLone, D.G, “Glycosaminoglycans and outflow pathways of the eye and brain,” Pediatric Neurosurgery, 12(4-5). 240-251. 1985-1986.
[8]	Felgenhauer, K, “Protein size and CSF composition,” Wien Klinische Wochenschrift, 52(24). 1158-1164. 1974.
[9]	Reiber, H, “Dynamics of brain-derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid,” Clinica Chimica Acta, 310. 173-186.2001.
[10]	Roos, K, Principles of neurologic infectious diseases, Medical Pub. Division, McGraw-Hill Editor, New York.2005.
[11]	Tripathi, R.C., Millard, C.B. and Tripathi, B.J, “Protein composition of human aqueous humor: SDS-PAGE analysis of surgical and post-mortem samples,” Experimental Eye Research, 48(1). 117-130. 1989.
[12]	Davies, P.D., Duncan, G., Pynsent, P.B., Arber, D.L. and Lucas, V.A, “Aqueous humour glucose concentration in cataract patients and its effect on the lens,” Experimental Eye Research, 39(5). 605-609. 1984.
[13]	Nathan, BR, Cerebrospinal fluid and intracranial pressure, In: Goetz CG Editor, Textbook of Clinical Neurology, Saunders Publisher, Philadelphia, 2003.
[14]	Bradley, K.C, “Cerebrospinal fluid pressure,” Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 33(3). 387-397.1970.
[15]	Magnaes, B. (1976) Body position and cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Part 2: clinical studies on orthostatic pressure and the hydrostatic indifferent point. Journal of Neurosurgery, 44(6). 698-705. 1976.
[16]	Berdahl, J.P., Fautsch, M.P., Stinnett, S.S. and Allingham, R.R, “Intracranial pressure in primary open angle glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, and ocular hypertension: A case-control study,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(12). 5412-5418. 2008b.
[17]	Smith, R.B., Aass, A.A. and Nemoto, E.M, “Intraocular and intracranial pressure during respiratory alkalosis and acidosis,” British Journal of Anaesthesia, 53(9). 967-972. 1981.
[18]	Kodadoust, A.A., Stark, W.J. and Bell, W.R, “Coagulation properties of intraocular humours and cerebrospinal fluid,” Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 24(12). 1616-1631. 1983.
[19]	Salvanet-Bouccara, A., Mandelbaum-Stupp, C, “Value of beta-blockers in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial ipertension,” Journal Francais d Ophtalmologie, 8(8-9). 535-539. 1985.
[20]	Galeano, M., Calisto, A., Bramanti,A., Angileri, F., Campobello, G., Serrano, S. and Azzerboni, B, “Classification of morphological features extracted from intracranial pressure recordings in the diagnosis of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH),” Conf Proceedings IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Soc. 2768-2771. 2011.
[21]	Oi, S, “Classification of hydrocephalus: critical analysis of classification categories and advantages of “Multi-categorical Hydrocephalus Classification” (Mc Hc),” Childs Nervous System, 27(10). 1523-1533. 2011.
[22]	Rekate, H.L, “A consensus on the classification of hydrocephalus: its utility in the assessment of abnormalities of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics,” Childs Nervous System, 27(10). 1535-1541. 2011.
[23]	Foss-Skiftesvik, J., Andresen, M. and Juhler, M, “Childhood hydrocephalus-is radiological morphology associated with etiology,” Springerplus, 2(1). 11. 2013.
[24]	Tully, H.M. and Dobyns, W.B, “Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes,” European Journal of Medical Genetics, 57(8). 359-368. 2014.
[25]	Berdhal, J.P., Allingham, R.R. and Johnson, D.H, “Cerebrospinal fluid pressure is decreased in primary open-angle glaucoma,” Ophthalmology, 115(5).763-768. 2008a.
[26]	Scheie, H.G, “Width and pigmentation of the angle of the anterior chamber: a system of grading by gonioscopy,” AMA Archives of Ophthalmology, 58(4). 510-512. 1957.
[27]	Van Herick, W., Shaffer, R.N. and Schwartz, A, “Estimation of width of angle of anterior chamber. Incidence and significance of the narrow angle,” American. Journal of Ophthalmology, 68(4). 626-629. 1969.
[28]	Ren, R., Jonas, JB., Tian, G., Zhen, Y., Ma, K., Li, S., Wang, H., Li, B., Zhang, X. and Wang, N, “Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in glaucoma: a prospective study,” Ophthalmology, 117(2). 259-266. 2010.
[29]	Bayer, A.U., Ferrari, F. and Erb, C, “High occurrence rate of glaucoma among patients with Alzheimer’s disease,” European Neurology, 47(3). 165-168. 2002.
[30]	Yang, Y., Yu, M., Zhu, J., Chen, X. and Liu, X, “Role of cerebrospinal fluid in glaucoma: Pressure and beyond,” Medical Hypotheses, 74(1). 31-34. 2010.
[31]	Ren, R., Zhang, X., Wang, N., Li, B., Tian, G. and Jonas, J.B, “Cerebrospinal Fluid pressure in ocular hypertension,” Acta Ophthalmologica, 89(2). e142-148. 2011.
[32]	Chang, T.C. and Singh K, “Glaucomatous disease in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus,” Journal of Glaucoma, 18(3). 243-246.